AP Psychology Chapter 14 Quiz:

unconscious/implicit bias

are attitudes or stereotypes which affect our own actions, understandings, and decisions in an unconscious way. These are pervasive and these implicit associations one holds does not necessarily align with one's declared beliefs or even reflects stances one would explicitly endorse. Most people hold certain biases that are consistent with their own in-groups, although not always. This biases are malleable. a. A prejudice we have or a particular assumption that we make about any other people based on common cultural stereotypes, rather than on a really thoughtful judgment.

cognitive roots of prejudice research

includes research on forming categories, such as how we more readily identify characteristics which differ from our own and so we are therefore more likely to identify a mixed race face as the race that is not our own. We also see this as we classify people by how much they differ from the other individuals in our own in-group and we more often see members of the outgroup as more similar to each other while we are more diverse in our in-group. Violent examples in history more readily come to our mind and so feed our stereotypes. Blaming the victim is a phenomenon which occurs in some part because this makes it easier to justify the abuser's actions and convince people that it is less likely to happen to them. We are inclined naturally to see the way things in our culture are as the way they are meant to be (believing the world is just).

stereotype

is a belief which is generalized to apply it to an entire group, and then is applied to every single member of that particular group.

prejudice

is an unjustified, and typically negative, attitude towards a particular group of people and all those associated with that group.

conformity

is the act of altering our own behavior of thoughts in order to fit in with what society's behavior or thoughts are.

obedience

is the compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another person's authority.

group polarization

is the enhancement of a particular group's prevailing inclinations through various discussions among the participants of that group.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

is the idea that once we agree to a small request, we will later ultimately agree to a larger request.

social facilitation

is the improved performance that people demonstrate when doing easy or well-learned tasks in the presence of other people.

normative social influence

is the influence resulting from an individual's desire to get approval or to avoid any disapproval.

informational social influence

is the influence which results from an individual's willingness to readily accept another person's ideas and opinions of reality.

other-race effect

is the natural human tendency to be able to remember and recall faces of people that are their own race than faces of other races. Emerges from 3 to 9 months of age.

ingroup bias

is the natural human tendency to favor the group that we belong to rather than the outgroup.

automatic prejudice

is the natural human tendency to illustrate some unconscious beliefs and predispositions, for example toward a certain race, even if they do not wish to feel that certain favorability towards one race or another.

deindividuation

is the natural occurrence of loss of self-restraint and self-awareness when one is put in a group situation which sub sequentially fosters anonymity and arousal.

just-world phenomenon

is the natural tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that all people therefore get what they do deserve and that they all deserve whatever they get.

social loafing

is the natural tendency of people to work less when contributing ideas as part of a group than they would if they were individually responsible.

group think

is the particular mode of thinking which is a result of the desire for harmony among members of a decision-making group when this desire for harmony overrides any realistic appraisal of various alternatives.

outgroup

is the people who we perceive as different then our own in-group and we use the pronoun "them".

peripheral route persuasion

is the persuasion which occurs as a result of incidental cues, such as the extent to which we find the speaker attractive or not.

Stanford prison research

is the study by Philip Zimbardo that, in 1972, revealed that when people were put into the roles of guards at a prison, they soon adopted that role by degrading their prisoners. He then used this to explain the occurrences at the U.S.-run Abu Ghraib prison where U.S. soldiers tortured and questioned Iraqi prisoners using guard dogs, saying that when ordinary people are put into evil situations, like prisons, the situations win and the people lose.

back door phenomenon

is the tendency for people who say no to a large request to comply with a much smaller one.

attribution theory

is the theory by Fritz Heider which was used to explain a person's behavior by either attributing it as a result of their environmental surroundings or as a result of their own disposition. This explained that humans have a natural tendency to provide casual explanations for a behavior, and we often credit it either to the present situation or to the person's natural disposition.

cognitive dissonance theory

is the theory that our behavior is a result of us acting in a n attempt to relieve the discomfort experienced when two of our thoughts disagree with each other. This explains that when we realize that our actions and our attitudes are clashing and disagreeing, we can fix it by changing our future attitudes.

automatic mimicry/ chameleon effect

is the theory that we as humans automatically take on the emotional tones of those around us.

scapegoat theory

is the theory which describes the human tendency to, when bad things occur, use our prejudice to provide an outlet for our felt anger by providing someone to blame for the bad occurrence.

central route persuasion

is the type of persuasion that occurs when an interested person listens intently to the arguments and then responds with thoughtful and favorable thoughts.

norms

is the understood regulation for accepted and expected behavior in which norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

discrimination

is the unjustified behavior which is then selectively applied to members of that certain group.

attitude

is the way in which we are predisposed, in part by our beliefs, to respond to other people, situations, and objects.

culture

refers to the characteristic traditions, behaviors, values, ideas, and attitudes which are shared by a particular group and then are passed on to oncoming generations.

us and them research

refers to the findings that we automatically create in-groups and out-groups depending on who we identify most with and the in-group becomes the "us" while the outgroup becomes the "them. This explains why we often blame the outgroup for things we view as negative, form close relationships with those who share common beliefs and ideas, reward people in our in-group more than people in our outgroup, and yawn (imitate) people who are in our in-group but not those in the outgroup. These particular groups are formed through our own social identities.

emotional roots of prejudice research

refers to the findings which indicate that predispositions and stereotypes can occur from the heart as well as the society and that sometimes it makes us feel better if we can find someone else to blame for our problems or negative things that are happening in the world. Fear promotes anger which further promotes aggression which is taken out against "them", members of the outside race or group for which we blame the event. This fear can even be of death, such as the finding that when we are reminded of our impending death we become more caring and trusting of our in-group but it produces loathing and aggression towards the outgroup - those who threaten our world.

ingroup

refers to the people with whom we share a common identity, using the pronoun "us".

social psychology

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

power of individuals

social control and personal control interact, meaning the power of the situation and the power of the person. When we want to reassert our sense of freedom, we may act opposite to the behavior which is expected. The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities has led to many inventions we take for granted today. Change is more likely if you hold true to your position and don't swat, the power of social influences are great, but so is the power of a committed individual.

fundamental attribution error:

the natural tendency of observers to, when they are evaluating a person in a situation, to overestimate their personal disposition and characteristics and underestimate their surroundings and environmental factors.

Solomon Asch

was the Polish psychologist who studied conformity of answers among individuals when in social pressure situations. line test in a group.

Philip Zimbardo

was the psychologist who studied the aspect of 'role' which is a set of expectations about a certain social position which defines how people in that position should behave. He studied this concept during his Stanford police experiment.

Leon Festinger

was the psychologist who studied the cognitive dissonance theory and said that when our attitudes and our actions collide, we attempt to reduce this resulting tension by aligning them together, changing our attitudes.

Stanley Milgram

was the social psychologist and student of Asch who studied obedience through many experiments to investigate the power of social influence. conducted the shock experiments ordering "teachers" to continue to harm their "learners"