AP Psychology Final

Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by

removing an unpleasant stimulus

Central to behaviorism is the idea of

rewards reinforcing a behavior.

Sternberg defined creative intelligence as

using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems.

Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes biofeedback?

Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate.

pidgin language

The first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure

Cheryl, who is 85, is having difficulty remembering her phone number and address; at times, she is unsure of where she is. Cheryl is most likely experiencing

major neurocognitive disorder

Measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a _____________

scatterplot

Balance is influenced by the *

semicircular canals

Julie is interested in developing a test to measure achievement levels of middle school students. Which of the following domains of psychology is most applicable to Julie's interest?

Psychometric

Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the

Somatic Nervous System

About ____ of people score between the mean and one standard deviation below the mean, and about ____ of people score between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean.

34%

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Which of the following is an example of Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy?

A therapist refutes irrational beliefs

Oliver has been afraid to leave his house for several months. He cannot identify anything in particular that scares him, but he has begun having food and groceries delivered and keeps his shades drawn. Oliver most likely suffers from what disorder?

Agoraphobia

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal?

Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree (Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?

An operant response

Jimmy has a difficult time paying attention in class. He often gets up from his seat, he demonstrates repetitive behaviors, and has difficulty making eye contact with others. What disorder is Jimmy most likely experiencing?

Autism spectrum disorder

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? *

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying?

Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

__________ refers to a thought, emotion, or behavior that is abnormal, atypical, or rare.

Deviant

Greg experienced trauma as a young child. Now as an adult, in times of stress, his voice and mannerisms change and he claims to be a different person. Greg's symptoms are most in line with what psychological disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder

Scott is undergoing psychoanalysis to try to deal with his severe anxiety. What technique is his therapist likely to use?

Free association

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception?

Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present. I. Behaviorism II. Psychoanalysis III. Structuralism IV. Humanism *

III, II, I, IV

Dr. Freddy believes that the development of schizophrenia is solely caused by biological factors. Which of the following is NOT accounted for by this belief?

If one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50 percent chance of also developing schizophrenia. (If biological factors were the only cause of schizophrenia, then one twin should have a 100 percent chance of developing schizophrenia if the other twin develops it.)

Which of the following describes the concept of schema?

Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. (Marsha has created a schema, or way of thinking, about what should happen in a restaurant.)

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?

Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms? *

Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland

Dr. Vazquez is interested in comparing the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy with that of antidepressant drugs in treating depression. Which research design is he most likely to use?

Randomly assigning participants to either take an SSRI or receive a brief electrical current through their brain

Which of the following individuals would most likely experience the lowest level of stigma because of their psychological disorder diagnosis?

Ronaldo, a man, who was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (People tend to be more sympathetic toward individuals who receive gender atypical diagnoses.)

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense?

Semicircular canals

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system?

Sensation

What is the primary advantage of conducting a survey rather than using other types of research methods?

Surveys can gather information from a diverse representation of and a large number of people.

Rogelio has a number of health problems and would like to avoid medication as much as possible. He is considering biofeedback as an alternative form of treatment. Biofeedback would most benefit which of Rogelio's health problems?

Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax

An Olympic snowboarder paces and listens to music in order to calm himself down so that she performs well in competitions. This behavior is MOST clearly explained by ___________.

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection?

The cochlea

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal?

The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives.

If a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neuronal firing?

The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron.

creole language

The second generation tends to impose its own grammatical structure on the makeshift language

Which of the following is the primary reason for using the most current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?

To use a reliable classification system for mental disorders

Dr. Rodriguez is interested in finding out if stress levels throughout the year have a relationship with students' grades. The research method she most likely used is

a correlational study

Umami

a fifth taste sensation that is related to savory, meaty tastes such as MSG.

random sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

When seeking approval to conduct an experiment using participants from her college psychology course, a student researcher should

apply to the institutional review board at the university

random assignment

assigning participants to groups by chance

The ______________ is in charge of transmitting messages from the ear to the brain.

auditory nerve

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. The Gestalt law that would affect Audra's perception of the picture above is influenced by the law of

closure

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

Stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

effect

Kara works as a dog trainer. She reads a new book that describes some unusual training methods, and she wants to test them out on the dogs she works with. She assigns each dog to one of two groups by picking a number out of a hat. Half the dogs are assigned to one group, and half the dogs are assigned to the other group. For a month, she trains one group using her old methods and the other group using the unusual methods. At the end of the month, Kara records that the dogs that were trained with her old methods obey her 80 percent of the time and those that were trained with the unique methods obey her 90 percent of the time. Kara concludes that the unique methods work better. Kara can best improve her experimental design by

having someone else test the dogs

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of

his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

The Rosenhan study

illustrated that people are likely to interpret behavior as confirming a diagnosis.

The advantage of an experiment is that it allows a researcher to

infer cause and affect

Self-reference

information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information.

Catatonia

is associated with remaining motionless for long periods of time.

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically

likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Consolidation can be described as the process of

long-term memories being formed from short-term memories

Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research *

may reveal a causal relation

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates

negative punishment

The temporal lobe plays a role in ____________, and the parietal lobe plays a role in ____________.

object recognition; spatial processing

Assimilation

occurs when new information or experiences are incorporated into existing knowledge.

predictable-world bias

occurs when people see patterns in things that are random. They may make predictions based on past events rather than on actual probabilities of future events.

Cohort effect

the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period

Peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Being able to remember a long list of instructions is a measure of

working memory capacity (related to executive function)

Which research design, using twenty participants, would most effectively determine how well a drug treats depression?

Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again.

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus?

It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

Molly is potty training her daughter, Mia. Every time Mia begins to urinate in her diaper, Molly says the word "bathroom" in the hope that Mia will begin to urinate when she hears this word while sitting on the toilet. Molly's efforts most resemble the studies of

Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters?

Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

Example of Somatic symptom disorder

Lena's symptoms have no obvious physical cause but are nonetheless painful to her.

Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents?

Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew.

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision?

Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?

Retinal disparity

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear?

She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is

the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.

_________________ does not decrease a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Rogers had a ___________ approach to therapy, which included __________________________.

humanistic; unconditional positive regard