AP Psychology Mock Exam
Vic has unpredictable and repeated attacks of overwhelming anxiety that frequently leave him dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, and in tears. A psychologist is likely to view Vic's behavior as indicative of a. a panic disorder b. a psychotic breakdown c. a dissociative reaction d. a phobia e. an obsession
a. a panic disorder
Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? a. agression b. short-term memory c. auditory discrimination d. visual acuity e. pattern matching
a. aggression
John B. Watson is best known as the founder of a. behaviorism b. functionalism c. rationalism d. structuralism e. mechanism
a. behaviorism
Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of a. bipolar disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. autistic disorder d. hypochondriasis e. anorexia nervosa
a. bipolar disorder
In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using? a. cognitive b. self-efficacy c. biomedical d. learning e. psychodynamic
a. cognitive
"It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured." This belief is best explained by a. cognitive dissonance theory b. the two-factor theory of emotion c. evolutionary psychology d. the availability heuristic e. drive-reduction theory
a. cognitive dissonance theory
Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that a. conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another b. contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for conditioning to occur c. reinforcement contingencies predict extinction d. any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus e. the only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them
a. conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another
Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they a. design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur b. deinstitutionalize individuals through the use of halfway houses c. treat currently existing problems before they reach epidemic proportions d. treat currently existing problems only after they have reached epidemic proportions e. treat a disease in an attempt to slow the spread of it
a. design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called a. heuristics b. algorithms c. syllogisms d. propositions e. concepts
a. heuristics
The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. medulla d. reticular formation e. cerebellum
a. hippocampus
To score high on a test of creativity, a person's answers should be a. original and valuable b. normative and divergent c. normative and convergent d. unconscious and illogical e. simple and contextual
a. original and valuable
In studying the behavior of five year olds in free-play situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's a. problem-solving strategies b. toy preferences c. degree of cooperative behavior d. prosocial play activities e. choice of playmates
a. problem-solving strategies
The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction include a. proximity and similarity b. contrasting values c. similar tendencies to dominate or submit d. similar attitudes toward authority e. shared attributional biases
a. proximity and similarity
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? a. receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors b. receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors c. interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons d. effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons e. effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons
a. receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test's a. reliability b. validity c. frequency distribution of scores d. central tendency of scores e. standard error of measurement
a. reliability
When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as a. rooting b. suckling c. the patellar reflex d. the moro reflex e. the babinski reflex
a. rooting
The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? a. an infant recognizes her father's voice b. a college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing c. a kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it d. a rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed e. a motorist drives at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight on the highway
b. a college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing
A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research a. a correlational study b. an experiment c. a case study d. a survey e. a cross-sequential study
b. an experiment
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for a. Alzheimer's disease b. cardiovascular disease c. schizophrenia d. substance abuse e. anorexia nervosa
b. cardiovascular disease
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from a. biochemical changes in the pituitary b. cognitive labels of physiological changes c. instinctual behavior d. level of arousal e. need for affiliation
b. cognitive labels of physiological changes
Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? a. circulatory system b. endocrine system c. limbic system d. sympathetic nervous system e. parasympathetic nervous system
b. endocrine system
In a research study, informed consent is a concern of a. replicability b. ethics c. statistical significance d. practical applicability e. cross-cultural representativeness
b. ethics
The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of a. proximity b. figure-ground c. closure d. common fate e. simplicity
b. figure-ground
Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following? a. schema b. functional fixedness c. availability d. insight e. confirmation bias
b. functional fixedness
After discussing a topic, a group makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion. The group's action is an example of a. group consensus b. group polarization c. group consistency d. the mere-exposure effect e. diffusion of responsibility
b. group polarization
Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold? a. set-point theory b. homeostasis c. self-serving bias d. refractory period e. assimilation
b. homeostasis
In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in a. priming b. levels of processing c. proactive interference d. procedural memory e. episodic memory
b. levels of processing
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that a. patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching b. many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information c. pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus d. the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized e. pattern recognition is better in normal-sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals
b. many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? a. sleep apnea b. narcolepsy c. insomnia d. circadian rhythm sleep disorder e. somnambulism
b. narcolepsy
Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance? a. content b. predictive c. face d. concurrent e. test-retest
b. predictive
Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. postformal d. concrete operations e. formal operations
b. preoperational
Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? a. some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender b. some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment c. a factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factor d. a factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond e. a factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group
b. some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment
Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. neostriatum d. somatic e. cortical
b. sympathetic
When it is permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person? a. when an employer inquires about the mental health status of the client b. when the client provides written permission to share results c. when a school official requests the test scores to aid in a college admission decision d. when the test scores are within the normal range e. never
b. when the client provides written permission to share results
An individual diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder would be most likely to show a. an irrational fear of social situations b. an inability to recall important life events c. a biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning d. a complete disregard for social mores e. a tendency to engage in ritualistic behaviors to avoid illness
c. a biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning
A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred? a. latent learning b. pluralistic ignorance c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. the halo effect e. the Hawthorne effect
c. a self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event? a. telegraphic speech b. motherese c. babbling d. holophrasing e. paraphrasing
c. babbling
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate? a. individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry b. most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period c. basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures d. most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation e. infants and young animals cry when they are hungry
c. basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures
Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous. Which of the following psychotherapeutic approaches is being used? a. assertiveness training b. cognitive therapy c. behavioral therapy d. humanistic therapy e. psychoanalytic therapy
c. behavioral therapy
A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. biomedical d. sociological e. psychoanalytic
c. biomedical
According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the a. ego b. ego-ideal c. id d. libido e. superego
c. id
Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory? a. roger has not eaten all day; therefore, he daydreams about pizza b. pam was extremely thirsty and drank two bottles of water after running two miles c. jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home d. despite low grades, fred continues to study because he is interested in the material e. kevin says that he is constantly hungry and eats at least five meals a day to reduce his hunger
c. jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home
Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at a. testing the worth of various theoretical definitions b. operationally defining one theory of intelligence c. predicting children's success in school d. selecting workers for successful job performance e. establishing the learning potential of French military recruits
c. predicting children's success in school
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? a. identification b. denial c. projection d. reaction formation e. sublimation
c. projection
The rationale underlying the use of projective personality test, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they a. can be efficiently administered in groups and scored by computer b. can be given by almost anyone, since they are simple to administer and score c. reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli d. provide clues to the subjects' personalities based on behavioral theory e. reveal patterns of the subjects' personality traits by requiring responses to a large number of objective questions
c. reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker a. correctly answered all of the items on the test b. obtained the highest scores in the standardization sample c. scored at the average level for test takers of the same age d. scored above the level of the average American adult e. took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items
c. scored at the average level for test takers of the same age
As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a. motion parallax b. retinal disparity c. size constancy d. continuity e. common fate
c. size constancy
Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? a. social rejection b. impulsive behavior c. social competence d. divergent thinking e. shyness
c. social competence
Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which of the following? a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. specific phobia d. obsessive-compulsive disorder e. dissociative identity disorder
c. specific phobia
Which of the following behaviors is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? a. beth continues to participate in class because she is positively reinforced b. adam is sleeping while the rest of his classmates are working on their group project c. sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, sutan asks him for $15 more d. james feels pressure to go to the movies with his friends even though he prefers to go bowling e. diana feels guilty because she did not help her family clear the table after dinner
c. sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, sutan asks him for $15 more
The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called a. situational attribution b. impression management c. the fundamental attribution error d. an implicit personality theory e. identification
c. the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as a. impression management b. the Purkinje shift c. the mere-exposure effect d. reaction formation e. subliminal suggestion
c. the mere-exposure effect
Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? a. the nodes of ranvier b. the myelin sheath c. the terminal buttons d. the soma e. the axon
c. the terminal buttons
Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? a. noncontingent b. shaping c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio e. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as a. spontaneous neural activity b. the biofeedback monitor c. a fixed-interval schedule d. a circadian rhythm e. active consciousness
d. a circadian rhythm
A stereotype is defined as which of the following? a. an adjustment of one's behavior in response to peer pressure b. an action performed in response to authority c. a belief that one's own culture is superior to all others d. a generalization about a social group e. a negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group
d. a generalization about a social group
Which of the following is the best example of shaping? a. a child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room b. an employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months c. a child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times d. a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday e. a rate receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage
d. a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday
An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing a. withdrawal symptoms b. alcohol-induced psychosis c. state-dependent learning d. alcohol tolerance e. delirium tremens
d. alcohol tolerance
Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness? a. exposure to stress associated with final examination week b. having a serious argument with a close friend c. experiencing the death of a loved one d. being around someone who has a serious case of the flu e. suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper
d. being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? a. the basal ganglia b. wernicke's area c. the substantia nigra d. broca's area e. the inferior colliculi
d. broca's area
A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called a. object permanence b. equilibrium c. functional fixedness d. conservation e. circular reactions
d. conservation
Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? a. managerial skills b. employee motivation c. job satisfaction d. corporate profitability e. pay incentive programs
d. corporate profitability
All of the following are reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests, EXCEPT to a. allow comparisons among scores of various test takers b. reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables on scores c. increase the reliability and validity of the test scores d. decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test e. increase the objectivity of the scoring procedures used
d. decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test
Vance is a popular honors student who, unlike his reference group, writes his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory. His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as a. the need to rebel against authority b. disinterest in the opinion of others c. the perception of one's self as different d. deviation from cultural norms e. the inability to work in a group
d. deviation from cultural norms
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of a. physiological needs b. safety needs c. belongingness needs d. esteem needs e. self-actualization needs
d. esteem needs
Visual acuity is best in the a. lens b. iris c. pupil d. fovea e. cornea
d. fovea
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is a. primarily associated with peak experiences b. associated with extroversion c. typical of older individuals d. innate e. a developmental task of adolescence
d. innate
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the a. suprachiasmatic nucleus b. cerebellum c. limbic system d. medulla e. hippocampus
d. medulla
Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called a. mental representation b. deep structure c. a schema d. object permanence e. assimilation
d. object permanence
Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as a. declarative b. semantic c. sensory d. procedural e. repressed
d. procedural
Hallucinations are characteristic of a. fugue b. clinical depression c. panic attacks d. psychotic disorders e. personality disorders
d. psychotic disorders
In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be a. made up of at least 30 members of the population b. as large as possible c. normally distributed d. representative of the population e. made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population
d. representative of the population
The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a a. bar graph b. normal distribution c. histogram d. scatterplot e. frequency polygon
d. scatterplot
A student's test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this student has a. received the 42nd highest score b. answered 86 percent of the test items correctly c. scored the same as 42 of her fellow students d. scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students e. scored the same as or higher than 58 percent of her fellow students
d. scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following? a. reciprocal determinism b. self-determination c. psychic determinism d. self-efficacy e. phenomenology
d. self-efficacy
A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating a. rote learning b. imitation training c. discrimination training d. stimulus generalization e. classical conditioning
d. stimulus generalization
For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? a. the CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli b. the CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS c. the CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength d. the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength e. when the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR
d. the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength
The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called a. neural integration b. refraction c. synaptic transmission d. the action potential e. differential conduction
d. the action potential
Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers? a. the amount of time spent with the mother b. the mother's ability to protect the infant from physical harm c. the mother's ability to provide nourishment to the infant d. the tactile characteristics of the mother e. the particular vocalizations of the mother
d. the tactile characteristics of the mother
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates a. self-actualization b. psychological reactance c. a preoperational schema d. the bias for psychological determinism e. an internal locus of control
e. an internal locus of control
A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as a. general adaptation b. positive reinforcement c. reward training d. modeling e. biofeedback
e. biofeedback
Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? a. trigeminal and vestibular b. ganglion and vestibular c. bipolar and vestibular d. bipolar and schwann e. bipolar and ganglion
e. bipolar and ganglion
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following? a. achievement b. communication skills c. intelligence d. body image e. clinical disorders
e. clinical disorders
Which of the following results of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ? a. correlations are higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins b. correlations are higher for children and their biological parents than for children and their adoptive parents c. correlations are higher for parents and their children than for husbands and wives d. correlations for two children in the same family are lower when one of the children is adopted than when both are the biological offspring of the parents e. correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive
e. correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive
Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on a. the order in which stages of moral development occur b. the key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development c. the number of stages in moral development d. how the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures e. differences between males and females in the course of moral development
e. differences between males and females in the course of moral development
An advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that group therapy a. requires less commitment from the client b. achieves results more quickly c. produces a significantly higher recovery rate d. produces a higher rate of spontaneous remission e. enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique
e. enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique
The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its a. loudness b. timbre c. amplitude d. complexity e. frequency
e. frequency
A study can be regarded as scientific only if a. it utilizes an effective placebo b. its findings are accepted by experts in the field c. its findings are consistent with established theories d. its conclusions are based on strong correlational data e. its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
e. its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting a. self-actualization attributes b. the fight-or-flight response c. attributional deficits d. cognitive dissonance e. learned helplessness
e. learned helplessness
A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder is best described as an individual who experiences a. memory loss b. intense mood swings c. extreme fear of open spaces d. physical symptoms with no known cause e. persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts
e. persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts
All human languages have several basic sounds in common called a. pheromones b. semantic units c. syntactic units d. morphemes e. phonemes
e. phonemes
Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? a. computed tomography (CT) b. electrooculography (EOG) c. electroencephalography (EEG) d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e. positon emission tomography (PET)
e. position emission tomography (PET)
Balance is influenced by the a. cochlea b. basilar membrane c. eardrum d. auditory nerve e. semicircular canals
e. semicircular canals
The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? a. people of different cultures use similar words for common objects b. languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure c. the number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures d. people of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions e. speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages
e. speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages
A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? a. encoding failure b. social facilitation c. retrograde amnesia d. repression e. the serial position effect
e. the serial position effect
An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? a. the group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group b. the better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability c. neither group learned a significant amount d. there is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods e. there is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance
e. there is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance
Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research? a. they have just begun to address such issues b. they disclaim ethical concerns regarding research c. they have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only d. they have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only e. they have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects
e. they have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects
Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from which of the following? a. repression of unpleasant emotions b. malfunctions of the body c. unconscious conflict d. inadequate reinforcement e. unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
e. unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
