AP Psychology Unit 1

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What is psychology's subfields?

1. Basic research: pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base of psychology 2. Applied research: researches practical problems a) Basic research is broad like why do teens use drugs whereas applied research is more specific, developing ways to stop drug use in programs targeting specific groups of teens (look at why teens need the drugs) 3. The helping profession

What would you do as an industrial organizational psychologists?

Industrial organizational psychologists 1. Study the relationship between people and their working environments 2. They may develop new ways to increase productivity, improve personnel selection, or promote job satisfaction in an organizational setting a) Their interests include organizational structure and change, consumer behavior, and personnel selection and training 3. As an io psychologist, you might conduct workplace training, or provide organizational analysis and development a) You may find yourself working in business, industry, the government or a college or university b) Or you may be self employed as a consultant or work for a management consulting firm

which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy? a) biological b) clinical c) industrial-organizational d) cognitive e) evolutionary

b) clinical

which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7 hour study session? a) testing effect b) distributed practice c) SQ3R d) retrieval practice effect e) psychometric

b) distributed practice

according to the behaviorist perspective, psychologicl science should be rooted in what? a) introspection b) observation c) cultural influences d) growth potential e) basic needs

b) observation

Which school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs? a) functionalist b) structuralist c) behavioral d) humanistic e) psychodynamic

a) functionalist

which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree? a) psychiatrists b) psychologist c) clinician d) counselor e) psychotherapist

a) psychiatrists

Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger? a) social-cultural b) psychdynamic c) behavioral d) functionalist e) biological

a) social-cultural

What are psychology's roots?

1. Ancient greek philosophers 2. idea of empirical evidence begins 3. Modern psychology starts in Germany

What is the difference between clinical psychology and psychiatry?

1. A clinical psychologist (Ph. D) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy a) Both counseling and clinical psychologists administer and interpret tests, provide counseling, and therapy and sometimes conduct basic and applied research 2. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D or D.O0 who use treatments like drugs, and psychotherapy to treat psychological diseased patients a) Therapy is mostly done by clinical psychologist and psychiatrists give drugs and don't see a lot of patients

What are the research subfields for basic research?

1. Biological Psychologists: explore the links between the brain and the mind a) How nutrition has impact on the brain and how you feel 2. Developmental: Study changing abilities from womb to tomb a) Notice bad things when depressed b) A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitie, and social change throughout the life span 3. Cognitive: study how we perceive, think, and solve problems a) Personality: investigate our persistent traits b) Theory: traits are last your whole life c) The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting 4. Social: Explore how we view and affect one another Impacts of media on our perception and what we think about a) Counseling, group therapy, used in workplaces b) The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another 5. Educational: studies and helps individuals in school and educational setting a) Improve education and studies learning disabilities b) The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning 6. Psychometric and quantitative psychologists: study the methods and techniques used to acquire psychological knowledge a) Psychometrics: the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits b) May update existing neurocognitive or personality tests or devise new tests for use in clinical and school settings or in business and industry c) Also administer, score, and interpret such tests d) Quantitative psychologists collaborate with researchers to design, analyze, and interpret the results of research programs e) As a psychometric or quantitative psychologist, you will need to be well trained in research methods, statistics, and computer technology f) You will most likely be employed by a university or college testing company, private research firm, or government agency

What are careers in the helping professions?

1. Clinical psychologists 2. community psychologists 3. counseling psychologists

What is cognitive neuroscience?

1. Cognitive psychology scientifically explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember information 2. Cognitive neuroscience: the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) a)The cognitive approach has given us new ways to understand ourselves and treat disorders

How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?

1. Early researches defined psychology as a "science of mental life." 2. In the 1920s, under the influence of John B Watson and the behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the scientific study of observable behavior 3. In the 1960s, the humanistic psychologists and the cognitive psychologist revived interest in the study of mental processes 4. Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes

What is humanistic perspective of psychology?

1. Historically an important approach 2. How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self fulfillment a) focus on live your best life 3. Sample questions: how can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth? 4. Someone working from the humanistic perspective might have been interested in understanding how angry feelings affect a person's potential for growth. a) As we will see, modern day positive psychology incorporates humanistic psychology's emphasis on human flourishing b) Humanists believe that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs c) No easy to test their theories with the scientific method, but many therapists find humanistic ideas helpful in aiding clients to overcome obstacles in their lives

What are the research subfields for applied research?

1. Industrial/organizational: Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace a) Training programs and health initiatives at work b) The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces c) Helps companies and organizations select and train employees, boost morale, and productivity, design products, and implement systems 2. Human factors psychologists: focus on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments a) An I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

What would you do as a neuropsychologists?

1. Investigate the relationship between neurological processes (structure and function of the nervous system) and behavior 2. As a neuropsychologist you might assess, diagnose, or treat central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke a) You might also evaluate individuals for evidence of head injuries, learning and developmental disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder, and other psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHA) 3. If you are a clinical neuropsychologist, you might work in a hospital's neurology, neurosurgery, or psychiatric unit 4. Neuropsychologists also work in academic settings, where they conduct research and teach

What is psychology's three main levels of analysis? What is the biopsychosocial approach?

1. Levels of Analysis: the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon a) The perspective are complementary because everything is related to everything else 2. Biopsychosocial approach: an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis a) Includes Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences to behavior or mental process b) Each level provides a valuable vantage point for looking at a behavior or mental process, yet each by itself is incomplete c) Like different academic disciplines, psychology's varied approaches, or perspectives, ask different questions and have their own limits

What do psychologists in various professions do and where do they work

1. The APA has formed 56 divisions 2. Psychology's specialities include the basic research subfields (cognitive, developmental, educational, experimental, psychometric, and qualitative, and social psychology), the applied research subfields (forensic, health,, industrial-organizational, neuropsychology, rehabilitation, school, and sport psychology); and the helping professions (clinical community, and counseling) 3. Work settings for psychologists include a wide range of government agencies, industrial, and business settings, clinics, and counseling centers, health care institutions, schools, universities, and research organizations

Who is Mary Calkins and Mary Floy Washburn? What early school of psychology do they belong to?

1. Mary Calkins, James's student, became the APA's first female president a) When Calkins joined, the other students (all men) dropped out b) So James tutored her alone c) Later, she finished all the requirements for a Harvard Ph>D., outsourcing all the male students on the qualifying exams d) Alas, Harvard denied her the degree she had earned, offering her instead a degree from Radcliffe College, its undergraduate sister school for omen e) Calkins resisted the unequal treatment and refused the degree f) Harvard won't give the pH.D to Calkins even though she earned it and still hasn't given it to her all of these years later g) She nevertheless went on to become a distinguished memory researcher and the APA's first female president in 1905 2. Mary Floy Washburn became the first female psychology Ph.D. who wrote an influential book and became the second female APA president in 1921 a) Her gender meant she was barred from joining the organization of experimental psychologists (the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method) despite its being founded by Titchener, her own graduate adviser 3. Today, between 1996 and 2013, women claimed two thirds or more of new US psychology PhDs and were 9 of the 18 elected presidents of science oriented Association of Psychlogical science

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

1. Nature vs nurture: the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture a) Nature vs nurture is ancient b) The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience c) Nurture works on what nature endows d) Recent research says 70% of intelligence is genetic and 30% is nurture 2. The ancient Greeks debated this, with Plato assuming that we inherit character and intelligence and that certain ideas are also inborn, and Aristotle countering that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses a) In the 1600s, philosophers rekindled the debate with Locke rejecting the notion of inborn ideas, suggesting that the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes b) Descartes disagree believing that some ideas are innate which gained support from a curious naturalist, Charles Darwin c) Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species explain the diversity of species by proposing the evolutionary process of NATURAL SELECTION: the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations 3. Such debates continue yet over and over again we will see that in contemporary science the nature vs nurture tension dissolves: NURTURE WORKS ON WHAT NATURE ENDOWS a) Our species is biologically endowed with an enormous capacity to learn and adapt b) Every psychological event is simultaneously a biological event

What is psychoanalytic? Who is Sigmund Freud?

1. Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life a) Involve asking people questions about how something makes them feel and trying to take the whole and break it down into its individual parts (reductionism) b) Breaking down the elements and function of the brain drives psychology and leads to Freud's unconscious mind c) many decisions made from unconscience mind d) sex drive influences behavior e) more extreme version 2. Sigmund Frued, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior a) The unconscious mind: the unsocialized animal part of the brain b) Frued is a neurologist in Vienna who only works on rich patients and is held in high regard c) He talks to patients, does length histories on them and theorizes that people have a conscious and unconscious mind and he says that they are suffering because of conflicts in unconscious mind d) Have to confront unconscious mind problems with the conscious mind in order to heal e) The unconscious mind is more popular now because there are inactive points of the brain that allow you to do something without consciously thinking about it 3. Sigmund Freud emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior. a) Which is why psychology was defined as the science of mental life until the 1920s 4. Frued's big contributions: a) Mind can affect and hurt your body and make you sick or well A) Ex: have a headache, take the advil and feel better soon even though the medicine hasn't kicked in yet because of the placebo effect b) Unconscious mind 5. Freud revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory a) While treating patients for various psychosomatic complaints, Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind: the part of our mind which we do not have conscious control that determines how we think and behave b) Freud believed that this hidden part of ourselves builds up over the years through repression- the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them. c) Freud believed that to understand human thought and behavior, e must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques 6. While many therapists still use some of Freud's basic ideas in helping clients, Freud has been criticized for being unscientific and reating unverifiable theories a) Freud's theories were and are widely used by various artists b) Many of Freud's terms moved from being exclusively used by psychologists to being used in day to day speech (like defense mechanism) c) Emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes as our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior 7. Psychodynamic psychology is the updated, modern day version of Freud's ideas

How did psychology develop from its pre scientific roots in early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science?

1. Psychology traces its roots back through recorded history to India, China, the Middle East, and Europe. Buddha and Confucius focused on the power and origin of ideas 2. The ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle pondered whether mind and body are connected or distinct, and whether human ideas are innate or result from experience 3. Descartes and Lcke reengaged those ancient debates, with Locke offering his famous description of the mind as a "blank slate" on which experience writes 4. The ideas of bacon and locke contributed to the development of modern empiricism

What is psychology's historic big issue?

1. Psychology's biggest and most enduring issue has been the nature-nurture issue, which focuses on the relative contributions of genes and experience 2. Charles Darwin's view that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies is an important principle in contemporary psychology 3. Today's science emphasizes the interaction of genes and experiences in specific environments

What is the SQ3R method? What is the testing effect?

1. Testing effect: enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning a) You must actively process information in order to learn it 2. SQ3R study method: a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, question, read, retrieve, review a) Survey: scan the headings of each section and notice how the module is organized A) Trying and failing to retrieve the answer is actually helpful to learning and those who test their understanding before reading, and discover what they don't yet know, will learn and remember better b) Read: A) Actively searching for the answer to the question B) Only read as much of the section as you can absorb without tiring C) Read activity and critically and ask questions and take notes c) Retrieve the main ideas A) Test yourself to help you figure out what you know B) This will help you to learn and retain the information more effectively c) Test yourself repeatedly d) Review: A) Read over any notes you have taken, again with an eye of the section's organization, and quickly review the whole section B) Write or say what a concept is before rereading to check you understanding

What are the psychological associations and societies?

1. The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology followed by the British Psychological Society a) The APA puts out Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders (DSM) every couple of years when there are new developments in disorders b) America is the headquarter of psychology c) We develop the course of study and Britain and China are a close second d) Psychology is mostly an American science even though it started in Europe 2. There are currently around 800 disorders 3. The International Union of Psychological Science has 71 member nations, from Albania t Zimbabwe 4. In China, the first university psychology department began in 1978, by 2008 there were nearly 200 a) Moreover thanks to international publications, joint meeting, and the Internet, collaborations and communication now cross borders b) Psychology is growing and it is globalizing

What are psychology's levels of analysis and related perspectives?

1. The biopsychosocial approach integrates information from three differing but complementary levels of analysis; the biological, psychological, and social-cultural 2. This approach offers a more complete understanding than could usually be reached by relying on only some of psychology's current perspectives (biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultura) or historically influential perspectives (sch as the humanistic approach)

How can psychological principles help you learn and remember, and do better on the AP exam?

1. The testing effect shows that learning and memory are enhanced by actively retrieving, rather than simply rereading, previously studied material 2. The SQ3R study method: survey, question, read, retrieve, and review-applies the principles derived from memory research 3. Five additional tips are a) Distribute your study time b) Learn to think critically c) Process class information actively d) Overlearn d) Be a smart test taker

What did the ancient Greek philosopher believe about psychology?

1. We can trace many of psychology's current questions back through human history a) These early thinkers wondered: how does our mind work? How does our body relate to our mind? How much of what we know comes built in/ How much is acquired through experience? b) Archaeologists find evidence of trephination-Stone Age humans carving hoes through the skull to release evil spirits 2. In India, Buddha pondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas. 3. In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind 4. IN ancient Israel, Hebrew scholars anticipated today's psychology by linking mind and emotion to the body; people were said to think with their heart and feel with their bowels 5. In ancient Greece, The philosopher-teacher Socrates and his student Plato concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate-bor with us. a) Unlike Socrates and Plato, who derived principles by logic, Plato's student Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), had a love of data 6. An intellectual ancestor of today's scientists, Aristotle derived principles from careful observations a) Moreover, he said knowledge is not preexisting, but instead it grows from the experiences stored in our memories. b) Aristotle, naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology's concepts c) Be believes that all experiences shape you (nurture side) d) All knowledge grows from experience e) He suggested that the soul and body are not separated and that knowledge grows from experience 7. The next 2000s years, brought few enduring new insights into human nature, but that changed in the 1600s, when modern science began to flourish and with it came new theories of human behavior and new versions of the ancient debates 8. A frail, but brilliant Frenchman named Rene Descartes agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and mid's being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive its death a) Descartes' concept of mind forced him to conjecture, as people have ever since, how the immaterial mind and physical body communicate b) Descartes' dissected animals and concluded that the fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits." c) These spirits, he surmised, flowed from the brain through what we call the nerves (which he thought were hollow) to the muscles, provoking movement d) Memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain into which the animal spirits also flowed e) He was right that nerve paths are important and that they enable reflexes

What are some important milestones in psychology's early development?

1. Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany 2. Two early schools of psychology were structuralism and functionalism a) Structuralism, promoted by Wundt and Titcherner, used self reflection to learn about the mind's structure b) Functionalism, promoted by James, explored how behavior and thinking function

What is the field of psychology today?

1. With perspectives ranging from the biological to the social and with settings from the laboratory to the clinic, psychology relates to many fields 2. They engage in interdisciplinary studies such as psychohistory (the psychological analysis of historical characters) nd psycholinguistics (the study of language and thinking) 3. Psychology also influenced modern culture a) Knowledge transforms us b) Learning about psychology's findings also changes people because they are less often likely to judge psychological disorders as moral failings, treatable by punishment and ostracism c) They less often regard and treat women as men's mental inferiors d) They less often viewed as read children as ignorant, willful beasts in need of taming d) Once aware of psychology's well researched ideas, your mind may never again be quite the same 4. But the bar is within psychology's limits. Don't expect it to answer the ultimate questions about life a) Through painstaking research, psychologists have gained insights into brain and mind, dreams and memories, depression and joy b) Psychology deepens our appreciation for how we humans perceive, think, feel, nd act c) By so doing, it can indeed enrich our lives and enlarge our vision

What are psychology's main subfields

1. Within the science of psychology, researchers may conduct basic research to increase the field's knowledge base (often in biological developmental, cognitive, educational, personality, and social psychology) or applied research to solve practical problems (in industrial organizational and human factors psychology) 2. Psychometric psychologists study measurement methods 3. Those who engage in psychology as a helping profession may assist people as counseling psychologists (helping people with problems in living or achieving greater well being) as as clinical psychologists (studying and assessing people with psychological disorders and treating them with psychotherapy) a) Psychiatrists also study, assess, and treat people with disorders, but as medical doctors, they may prescribe drugs in addition to psychotherapy 4. Positive psychology attempts to discover and promote traits that help people to thrive 5. Community psychologists work to create healthy social and physical environments

What careers can you get in the basic research subfield?

1. cognitive psychologists 2. developmental psychologists 3. educational psychologists 4. experimental psychologists 5. psychometric and quantitative psychologists 6. Social psychologists

What careers can you find in the applied research field?

1. forensic psychologists 2. health psychologists 3.industrial/organizational psychologists 4. neuropsychologists 5. Rehabilitation psychologists 6. Rehabilitation psychologists 7. School psychologists 8. Sport psychologists

What would you do as an experimental psychologists?

A diverse group of scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals Prominent areas of experimental research include comparative methods of science, motivation, learning, thought, attention, memory, perception, and language Most experimental psychologists identify with a particular subfield, such as cognitive psychology, depending on their interests ad training It is important to note that experimental research methods are not limited to the field of experimental psychology Many other subfields rely on experimental methodology to conduct studies As an experimental psychologist, you would most likely work in an academic setting, teaching courses and supervising students' research in addition to conducting your own research Or you might be employed be a research institution, zoo, business or government agency

What is the behavioral perspective of psychology?

Behavioral psychology: the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning 1. How we learn observable responses 2. Sample questions: How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter behavior? 3. Used to study people with autism or in big corporate settings a) Might attempt to determine which external stimuli tigge angry responses or aggressive acts 4. Explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning a) Look strictly at observable behaviors and human and animal responses to different kinds of stimuli b) Might explain a person's tendency to be extroverted in terms of reward and punishment c) Would look for environmental conditions that caused an extroverted response in he person

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): A parent notices that her very young child often gives the wrong answers on purpose before giving the right ones during word games. The parent suspects her daughter is doing this to prolong the excitement of the game. In this case even wrong answers are actually rewarded because the game continues for a longer period. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

Behaviorism

What is the cognitive perspective of psychology?

Cognitive psychology: the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating a) focus on thoughts (repetitive) and memories 1. do we encode, process, store, and retrieve information a) Examine human thoughts and behavior in terms of how we interpret process, and remember environmental ents b) The rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do c) remembering and retaining information to use it 2. Sample questions: How do we use them in remembering? Reasoning? Problem Solving? 3. To a cognitive psychologist, an extroverted person sees the world in such a way that being outgoing makes sense a) Someone working from the cognitive perspective might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking

What is behaviorism?

Behaviorism: the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes a) looks at rewards and punishments 1. Most research psychologists today agree that it should be an objective science, but disagree with keeping out mental processes 2. Watson (1828-1956) and later Skinner (1904-1990) emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology a) They dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior" b) They believe that science is rooted in observation and that you can observe and record people's behavior as they respond to different situations even if you cannot observe a sensation, a feeling or a thought c) They further suggested that our behavior is influenced by learned associations, through a process called CONDITIONING d) Many agreed and the behaviorists were one of two major forces in psychology well into the 1960s 3. Watson studied the pioneering conditioning experiments of IIvan Pavlov and then declared that for psychology to be considered a science, it must limit itself to observable phenomena, not unobservable concepts like the unconscious mind a) He wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology b) Behaviorists maintain that psychologist should look at only behavior and causes of behavior-stimuli and responses and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness 4. Skinner expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement (environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses a) Skinner's intellectual influence lasted for decades 4. Behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology from the 1920s through the 1960s 5. Watson was a little unethical things by scaring a baby into being afraid of stuffed animals and then never counter trains him a) Behaviorist use confederates, people pretending to be subjects in an experiment, to mess with the other subjects b) Active during World War II because the department of defense funded behaviorism research to help break men down and build them back up into soldiers at boot camp c) It justs cares about action, not what you are thinking when you act d) These same tactics are also used by cults

What is the biological perspective of psychology?

Biological Psychology: the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists) a) nature-biochemical, neurotransmitters 1. How much do our genes and our environment influence our individual differences a) Explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes b) Human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a combination of all three 2. Sample questions: To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributed to our genes 3. Someone working from a biological perspective might study brain circuits that cause us to be "red in the face" and "hot under the collar," or hw heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament a) A biological psychologist might explain a person's tendency to be extroverted as caused by genes inherited from their parents and the genes' effects on the abundance of certain neurotransmitters in the brain

What are the biological influences to the biopsychosocial approach?

Biological influences include: 1. Genetic predispositions 2. Genetic mutations 3. Natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors 4. Genes responding to the environment 5. Hormonal influences 6. Brain mechanisms

What would you do as a clinical psychologists?

Clinical psychologists 1. Promote psychological health in individuals, groups, and organizations 2. Some clinical psychologists specialized in specific psychological disorders a) Others treat a range of disorders, from adjustment difficulties to serve psychopathology 3. Clinical psychologists might engage in research, teaching, assessment, and consultation a) Some hold workshops and lectures on psychological issues for other professionals or for the public 4. clinical psychologists work in a variety of settings, including private practice, mental health service organizations, schools, universities, industries, legal systems, medical systems, counseling centers, government agencies, and military services 5. To become a clinical psychologist, you will need to earn a doctorate from a clinical psychology program a) The APA sets the standards for clinical psychology graduate programs, offering accreditation (official recognition) to those who meet their standards b) In all U.S. states, clinical psychologists working in independent practice must obtain a license to offer services such as therapy and testing

What would do as a developmental psychologists?

Cognitive psychologists: 1. Study thought processes and focus on such topics as perception, language, attention, problem solving, memory, judgement, and decision making, forgetting and telligence 2. Research interests include designing computer based models of thought processes and identifying biological correlates of cognition 3. As a cognitive psychologist, you might work as a professor, industrial consultant, or human factors specialist in an educational or business setting

what would you do with a career as a cognitive psychologists?

What would you do as a community psychologists?

Community psychologists 1. Move beyond focusing on specific individuals or families and deal with broad problems of mental health in community settings 2. These psychologists believe that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, osical, political, and economic environments a) They seek to promote psychological health by enhancing environmental settings, focusing on preventive measures and crisis intervention, with special attention to the problems of underserved groups, and ethnic minorities b) Given the shared emphasis on prevention, some community psychologist collaborate with professionals in other areas, such as public health 3. As a community psychologist,your work settings could include federal, state, and local departments of mental health, corrections, and welfare 4. You might conduct research or hep evaluate research in health service settings, serve as an independent consultant or a private or government agency or teach and consult as a college or university faculty member

What would you do as a counseling psychologists?

Counseling psychologists 1. Help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes 2. Although similar to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists typically help people with adjustment problems rather than severe psychopathology 3. Like clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists conduct therap and provide assessments to individuals and groups 4. As a counseling psychologist, you would emphasize your clients' strengths, helping them to use their own skills, interests, and abilities to cope during transitions a) You might find yourself working in an academic setting as a faculty member or administrator or in a university counseling center, community mental health center, business, or private practice b) As with clinical psychology, if you plan to work in independent practice you will need to obtain a state license to provide counseling services to the public

What does eclectic perspective mean?

ECLECTIC: drawing from multiple perspectives 1. currently, there is no o way of thinking about human thought and behavior that all or even most psychologists share 2. many psychologists describe themselves as eclectic 3. as psychology develops in the new century, perhaps one way of thinking will become dominant a) for now, thought, psychologists look at thought and behavior from multiple perspectives

What are the modern perspectives of psychology?

Each level provides a valuable vantage point for looking at a behavior or mental process, yet each by itself is incomplete Like different academic disciplines, psychology's varied approaches, or perspectives, ask different questions and have their own limits PERSPECTIVES: 1. Psychodynamic 2. Behavioral 3. developmental 4. cognitive 5. biological 6. evolutionary 7. humanistic 8. socio-cultural

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): If asked, Dr. Lois would say that she most clearly follows the humanist approach. However, she would then say she often adopts attractive features of other approaches as well. Which perspective best describes the approach of Dr. Lois?

Ecletic

What would you do as an educational psychologists?

Educational psychologists 1. Interested in the psychological processes involved in learning 2. They study the relationship between learning and physical and social environments, and they develop strategies for enhancing the learning process 3. As an educational psychologist, working in a university psychology department or school of education, you might conduct basic research on topics related to learning or develop innovative methods of teaching to enhance the learning process 4. You might design effective tests, including measures of aptitude and achievement 5. You might be employed by a school or government agency or charged with designing and implementing effective employee-training programs in a business setting

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): Dr. Buss claims that altruism, cooperation, and aggression all increased the chances of human survival and as a result remain today in the human gene pool. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

Evolutionary

What is the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

Evolutionary Psychology: the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection 1. How the natural selection of traits promote the perpetuation of one's genes a) Driven by desire to have offspring 2. Some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits would be passed down from the parents to the next generation a) Based on Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection 3. Sample questions: how does evolution influence behavior tendencies? 4. Someone working from the evolutionary perspective might analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors's genes a) If a person is extroverted, it is a survival advantage used to make connections that could increase an individual's chances of survival and would increase the person's chances for passing this trait for extroversion down to his or her children

What are 5 study tips that use psychology?

Five additional study tips may further boost your learning: 1. Distribute your study time a) Spaced practice promotes better retention than massed practice b) You'll remember material better if you space your time over several study periods rather than cram into one long study blitz c) Interleaving your study of psychology with your study of other subjects boosts long term retention and protects against overconfidence 2. Learn to think critically a) Whether you are reading or in class, note people's assumptions and values b) Evaluate evidence c) Assess conclusions 3. Process class information actively: a) Listen to the main ideas and sub ideas of a lesson b) Write them down and ask questions during and after class c) In class, as with your homework, process the information actively and you will understand and retain it better d) Make the information your own by taking notes in your own words and then tell someone else about it 4. Overlearn: a) Psychology tells us that overlearning improves retention b) By devoting extra study time to testing yourself, you may retain your new knowledge much more effectively 5. Be a smart test-taker: a) If a test contains both multiple choice equations and an essay equation, turn first to the essay and read the question so you can think about the answer as you are working on the multiple choice equations b) When reading multiple choice questions, don't confuse yourself by trying to imagine how each choice might be the right one c) Try to answer each question as if it were a fill in the blank question

What would you do as a forensic psychologists?

Forensic psychologists: 1. Apply psychological principles to legal issues 2. They conduct research on the interface of law and psychology, hep to create public policies related to mental health, help law enforcement agencies in criminal investigations, or consult on jury selection and deliberation processes 3. They also provide assessment to assist the legal community 4. Although most forensic psychologists are clinical psychologists, they might have expertise in other areas of psychology, such as social or cognitive psychology 5. Some also hold law degrees 6. As a forensic psychologist, you might work in a university psychology department, law school, research organization, community mental health agency, law enforcement agency, court, or correctional setting

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): Harvey Carr was an early psychologist who wanted to understand how consciousness helps people cope with their environment. He believed the purpose of cognition was to organize, examine, and evaluate experiences to help guide one's actions. With which EARLY school of thought was Harvey Carr a part?

Functionalism

What is functionalism? Who starts it?

Functionalism (part of introspection) 1. Functionalism: early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish a) why do we have cognition and feelings-what is the underlying advantage to having this 2. American philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology, psychology's first textbook, which examined how these structures Wundt identified function in our lives a) It took him 12 years to write the textbook, but it still read and marveled at the brilliance and elegance with which James introduced psychology to the educated public 3. James thought it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings a) Under the involves of Charles Darwin, Jmes assumed that thinking, like smelling, developed because it was adaptive-it contributed to our ancestors' survival b) Consciousness serves a function and enables us to consider our past, adjust to our present, and plan our future c) As a functionalist, James encouraged the explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness d) James starts the psychology school at Harvard 4. His legacy comes from his teaching and his writing a) When not plagued with ill health and depression, James was an impish, outgoing, and joyous man who loved his students, his family, in the world of ideas b) Mary Calkins, James's student, became the APA's first female president c) When Calkins joined, the other students (all men) dropped out d) So James tutored her alone e) Later, she finished all the requirements for a Harvard Ph>D., outsourcing all the male students on the qualifying exams f) Alas, Harvard denied her the degree she had earned, offering her instead a degree from Radcliffe College, its undergraduate sister school for omen g) Calkins resisted the unequal treatment and refused the degree h) Harvard won't give the pH.D to Calkins even though she earned it and still hasn't given it to her all of these years later i) She nevertheless went on to become a distinguished memory researcher and the APA's first female president in 1905

What is gestalt psychology?

Gestalt Psychology: tries to examine a person's total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences 1. While Wundt and James were experimenting with introspection, another group of early psychologists were explaining human thought and behavior in aery different way 2. Gestalt psychologists like Max Wertheimer argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures a) Gestalt theories demonstrated that whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience b) A painting can be represented as rows and columns of points of color, but the experience of the painting is much more than that 3. Therapists later incorporated Gestalt thinking by examining not just a client's difficulty but the context in which the difficulty occurs a) Like the introspective theories, other than the contribution to specific forms of therapy and the study of perception, Gestalt psychology has relatively little influence on current psychology

What would you do as a health psychologists?

Health psychologists 1. Researchers and practitioners concerned with psychology's contribution to promoting health and preventing disease. a) As applied psychologists or clinicians, they may help individuals lead healthier lives by designing, conducting, and evaluating programs to stop smoking, lose weight, improve sleep, manage pain, prevent the spread of seuxally trasmitted infections, or treat psychosocial problems associated with chronic and terminal illnesses b) As researchers and clinicians, they identify conditions and practices associated with health and illness to help create effective interventions 2. In public service, health psychologists study and work to improve government policies and health care systems a) As a health psychologist, you can be employed in a hospital, medical school, rehabilitation center, public health agency, college or university, or if you are also a clinical psychologists in private practice

What is the developmental perspective of psychology?

How do we progress and develop over our lifetimes 1. Goes from birth to tomb 2. Sample questions: Do humans develop in a set pattern? Is it a continuous pattern or does it have periods of development and rest?

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): The leader of a parent training workshop recommends that parents get to know the uniqueness of their children. She stresses that children are inherently good and working to become better. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

Humanistic

What is humanism?

Humanistic psychology: a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people a) Self help, how can I be better 1. Maslow (1908-1970) and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance 2. Comes out in the 1960s and is a precursor to positive psychology Ia) t is all about the patient's needs 3. Maslow worked on self actualization 4. Rogers believes in UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (His therapy adopts universal acceptance which involves being unphased and accepting of everything the person says to figure out why they are doing it and thinking what the people are thinking to get them to open up to you) a) He believes in discovering what can be done to help people reach their full potential b) Difficult to pretend it is okay for some things 5. Rather than focusing on the meaning of early childhood memories or the learning of conditioned responses, the humanistic psychologists drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied 6. Criticism of the theory: doesn't acknowledge the evil in the world 7. The rebellion of the humanists in the 1960s is now known as the COGNITIVE REVOLUTION and it left the field back to its early interest in mental processes such as the importance of how our mind processes and retain information

What is empircism? When did it begin?

Idea of empirical evidence begins 1. Francis Bacon became one of the founders of modern science, and his influence lingers in the experiments of today's psychological science a) Bacon also was fascinated by the human mind and its failings b) Anticipating what we have come to appreciate about our mind's hunger to perceive patterns even in random events, he wrote that "the human understanding, from its peculiar nature, easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things that it really finds." c) He also foresaw research findings on our noticing and remembering events that confirm our beliefs "all superstition is much the same whether it be that of astrology, dreams, omens in all of which the deluded believers observe events which are fulfilled, but neglect and pass over their failure, though it be much more common" 2. Some 50 years after Bacon's death, John Locke, a British political philosopher, sat down to write a one-page essay on "our own abilities" for an upcoming discussion with friends a) After 20 years and hundreds of pages, Locke had completed one of history's greatest late papers in which he famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa-A BLANK SLATE ON WHICH EXPERIENCE WRITES b) This idea, adding to Bacon's ideas helped form modern EMPIRICISM, the idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge 3. EMPIRICISM: THE VIEW THAT KNOWLEDGE ORIGINATES IN EXPERIENCE AND THAT SCIENCE, THEREFORE RELY ON OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION. a) Knowledge comes from experience via the senses Scientific method b) Science flourishes through observation and experimentation c) Observational learning is automatic

Where does Modern psychology start? Who starts it?

Modern psychology starts in Germany 1. Wundt and psychology's first graduate students studied the "atoms of the mind" by conducting experiments at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1869 a) This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today b) First person to test reaction time A) Opens the first psychology laboratory, staffed by Wundt and by psychology's first graduate students, one of whom is G Stanley Hall who goes on to establish the first formal U.S. Psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University. 2. Wundt is focused on elements of the brain and how they interact with each other a) They created an experimental apparatus which measured the time lag between people's hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key b) Curiously, people responded in about one tenth of a second when asked to press the key as soon as the sound occurred and in about two tenths of a second when as to press the key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving the sound (to be aware of one's awareness takes a little longer) c) Wundt was seeking to measure "atoms of the mind"- the fastest and simplest mental processes

What are the early schools of psychology?

One way to think about the history of psychology is to organize the various theorists and theories into various schools of thought that represents a way of thinking about human thought and behavior that dominated the field for a certain period of time until a new way of looking at psychology started to dominate the field. 1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism 3. Gestalt 4. Psychoanalytic 5. Behaviorism 6. Humanism

What is Psychology?

PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES 1) 3 key terms in the above definition: a) Scientific (science): systematic methods of observation and experimentation b) Behavior: everything we do that can be objectively observed and recorded A) Yelling, smiling, blinking, sweating, talking, and questionnaire marking are all observable behaviors c) Mental Processes: thoughts, feelings, and motives that each person experiences privately and cannot be observed by others A) Sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings 2. We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes a) Look at both behavior and mental processes because mental process almost always precedes behavior b) Mental processes can include both the conscious and unconscious processing 3. Goals of Psychology: describe, predict, and explain human behavior

What is positive psychology?

Positive psychology: the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive a) To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems, Martin Seligman and others have called for more research on human strengths and human flourishing b) What they ask is can psychology contribute to a good life that engages one's skills and a meaningful life that points beyond oneself

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): A psychologist believes that people abuse drugs in an effort to deal with internal conflicts between their own unconscious instincts, and the social rules for behavior. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

Psychodynamic

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

Psychodynamic 1. Psychodynamic Psychology: a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders a) unconscience mind b) more moderate, modern version of psychoanalytic 2. How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts a) Focus on early childhood 3. School developed from Freud who was psychodynamic because he was doing analysis (although modern day psychodynamic is less sexually driven like Freud) a) Big theory associated with this is inferiority complex 4. Sample questions: How can someone's personality traits/disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or be the result of childhood traumas? 5. Someone working for the psychodynamic perspective which evolved from Freud's psychoanalysis, might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility a) Believe that the unconscious mind controls much of our thought and action b) Look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression c) Thinks that to understand human thought and behavior, we must examine our unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques d) Might explain that an introverted person person avoids social situations because of a repressed memory of trauma in childhood involving a social situation, perhaps acute embarrassment or anxiety experienced, but not consciously remembered, at school or party

What are the psychological influences to the biopsychosocial approach?

Psychological influences: 1. Learned fears and other learned expectations 2. Emotional responses 3. Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

Psychology is the SCIENTIFIC study of the BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES of human and NON-HUMAN animals

what would you do as a rehabilitation psychologists?

Rehabilitation psychologists 1. Researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event 2. As a rehabilitation psychologist, you would probably work in a medical rehabilitation institution or hospital 3. You might also work in a medical school, university, state or federal vocational rehabilitation agency, or in private practice serving people with physical disabilities

What are social-cultural influences to the biopsychoscoial approach?

Social-cultural influences: 1. Presence of others 2. cultural , societal, and family expectations 3. Peer and other group influences 4. Compelling models like the media a) Media plays a huge roll in this because it can affect serotonin levels in the brain which affects your relationships with others

What would you do as a sport psychologists?

Sport psychologists 1. Study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by participation in sports and other physical activities 2. Their professional activities include coach education and athlete preparation, as well s research and teaching 3. Sport psychologists who also have a clinical or counseling degree can apply those skills to working with individuals with psychological problems, such as anxiety or substance abuse, that might interfere with optimal performance 4. As a sport psychologist, if you were ot working in an academic or research setting, you would most likely work as part of a team or organization or in a private capacity

What are the research subfields for the helping profession?

Research of subfields: the helping profession 1. Psychology is also a helping profession devoted to such practical issues as how to have a happy marriage, how to overcome anxiety or depression, and how to raise thriving children a) As a science psychology is at its best bases such interventions on evidence of effectiveness 2. clinical : studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders a) More acute-short term serious problems and overlaps with counseling b) A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders 3. Counseling: helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges a) A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being to help them improve their personal and social functioning 4. Psychiatry: a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (or example drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy 5. Community Psychologists: a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups a) They work to create a social and physical environment that are healthy for all b) For example, if school bullying is a problem, some psychologists will seek to change the bullies c) Knowing that many students struggle with the transition from elementary to middle school, they might train individual kids how to cope d) Community psychologists instead seek ways to adapt the school experience to early adolescent needs e) To prevent bullying, they might study how the school and neighborhood foster bullying

What would you do as a school psychologists?

School psychologists 1. Involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings 2. They diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children's learning or overall functioning at school 3. As a school psychologist, you would collaborate with teachers, parents, and administrators, making recommendations to improve student learning 4. You could wok in an academic setting, a federal or state government agency, a child guidance center, or behavioral research laboratory

What would you do as a social psychologists?

Social psychologists 1. Interested in our interactions with others 2. Social psychologists study how our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are affected by and influence other people 3. They study topics such as attitudes, aggression, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, group behavior, and leadership 4. As a social psychologist, you would probably be a college or university faculty member 5. You might also work in organizational consultation, market research, or other applied psychology fields, including social neuroscience 6. Some social psychologists work for hospitals, federal agencies, or businesses performing applied research

What is the socio-cultural perspective?

Social-cultural Psychology: the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking 1. How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 2. Examines both countries and socio-economic levels a) Overlaps with sociology 3. Sample questions: How are we as African, Asians, Americans alike as members of one human family? How are we different? 4. Someone working from the social-cultural perspective might explore how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts a) Look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary between cultures b) They emphasize the influence culture has on the way we think and act c) Cultural norms would be important to sociocultural psychologist in explaining a person's extroversion by believing that a person's tendency to be extroverted is because of their cultures rules about social interaction

What is structuralism?

Structuralism (part of introspection) 1. Structuralism: early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind a) The idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations 2. Wundt's student Edwad Bradford Titchener joined the Cornell University faculty and introduced structuralism Tichener aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind a) His method was to engage people in self reflective INTROSPECTION, training them to report elements of their experiences to simple stimuli, in the hope to o examine the basic cognitive structures b) Believed that there is one thing in the whole universe which we know more about than we could learn from external observations which is ourselves (as told by C.S. Lewis) 3. Downside: introspection required smart, verbal people a) It also proved somewhat unreliable because its results varying from person to person and experience to experience b) Moreover, we often just don't know why we feel what we feel and do what we do c) As introspection waned, so did structuralism Introspective theories were important in establishing the science of psychology, but the do not significantly influence current psychological thinking

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): In order to understand why a child having difficulty in school and at home, a psychologist highlights how reinforcements and punishments shape, maintain, and change the child's behavior. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

behavior

behaviroism

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): A psychologist believes that depression and anxiety can be linked to low levels of key neurotransmitters like serotonin in the brain. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

biological

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): Researchers are studying how individuals may inherit specific genes from their parents that make them more likely to develop certain psychological illnesses such as depression or PTSD in order to potentially develop blood tests which could identify individuals who are at risk. With which perspective is this research most closely associated?

biological

which field of psychology is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity? a) humanistic psychology b) gestalt psychology c) cognitive neuroscience d) psychodynamic perspective e) evolutionary perspective

c) cognitive neuroscience

the study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychlology? a) behavioral b) functionalist c) humanistic d) psychodynamic e) structuralist

c) humanistic

cognitive

Which of the following kinds of psychologist would most likely explore how we process and remember information? a) developmental b) biological c) social d) cognitive e) personality

d) cognitive

The debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what? a) evolutionary analysis b) behaviorism c) the cognitive revolution d) the nature-nurture e) natural selection

d) nature-nurture

What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior a) Wundt was European, earlier philosophers were American b) Wundt was the first professor from a major university interested in psychology c) Wundt was the first scholar to call himself a psychologist d) Wundt used psychotherapy techniques established by Freud to examine the thinking and behavior of healthy individuals e) Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting

e) Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting

evolutionary

gestalt

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): A clinical psychologist believes our choices are NOT dictated by instincts, but by our own unique perceptions of the world and the desire to become the best possible version of ourselves. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

humanist

psychoanalytic

: For each of the following examples indicate which early School of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, or Psychoanalytic) or Modern Perspective (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Humanism, Biological, Evolutionary, Sociocultural): A treatment professional believes that therapy helps a person resolve unconscious conflicts which reduce or eliminate abnormal or problematic behavior. Which perspective is most clearly being demonstrated in this example?

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