AP Psychology : Unit 1/2 Review
A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in: A. basic research. B. applied research. C. industrial/organizational research. D. clinical research.
A
A psychologist who studies how worker production might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ______ research. A. applied B. basic C. clinical D. developmental
A
In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a: A. way of asking and answering questions. B. field engaged in solving applied problems. C. set of findings related to behavior and mental processes. D. nonscientific approach to the study of mental disorders.
A
In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the: A. science of mental life. B. study of consciousness and unconscious activity. C. scientific study of observable behavior. D. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
A
Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore, a) income and sleep levels are positively correlated b) income and sleep levels are negatively correlated c) income and sleep levels are inversely correlated d) income and sleep levels are not correlated e) lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep
A
Researchers studying gender have found that a. There are more similarities than differences between the genders b. There are no significant cognitive differences between the genders c. There are no significant emotional differences between the genders d. Research tools are not capable of determining if there are true differences or not e. Differences between the genders are becoming more pronounced over time
A
The first psychology laboratory was established by ______ in the year ______. A. Wundt; 1879 B. James; 1890 C. Freud; 1900 D. Watson; 1913
A
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding? a. We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades b. We can conclude that TV watching leads to lower grades c. We can conclude that TV watching leads to higher grades d. We can conclude that the grades students get impact their TV watching habits e. We can conclude that this is an illusory correlation
A
Today, psychology is a discipline that: A. connects with a diversity of other fields. B. is largely independent of other disciplines. C. is focused primarily on basic research. D. is focused primarily on applied research.
A
Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? A. the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior B. the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior C. the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior D. the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study
A
Which of the following is a measure of variation? a) range b) mean c) mode d) frequency e) median
A
Which of the following is a positive correlation? a. As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades b. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase c. People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases e. Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws
A
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation? a) people who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less b) teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets c) students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades d) as hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades for that test e) students' shoe sizes are not related to grades
A
Which of the following represents naturalistic observation? a. Researchers watch and record how elementary school children interact on the playground b. Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution c. A principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades d. A social worker visits a family home and gives feedback on family interactions e. Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital
A
Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses? A. behavioral B. social-cultural C. neuroscience D. cognitive
A
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior? A. neuroscience B. cognitive C. behavioral D. behavior genetics
A
Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores? a) mean b) median c) mode d) skew e) correlation
A
Who introduced the early school of structuralism? A. Edward Titchener B. Wilhelm Wundt C. William James D. Mary Whiton Calkins
A
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. John Watson C. Ivan Pavlov D. virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s
A
Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of properly designed experiment? a. If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each of the groups are pretty similar b. By randomly assigning participants, the researcher knows that whatever is learned from the experiment will also be true for the population from which the participants were selected c. Random assignment keeps expectations from influencing the results of the experiment d. If participants are not randomly assigned, it is impossible to replicate the experiment e. Statistical analysis cannot be performed on an experiment if random assignment is not used
A
"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle? a. Overconfidence b. Hindsight bias c. Intuition d. Illusory Correlation e. Random Sampling
B
A journalism student is writing an article about her school's new cell-phone policy, and she'd like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample? a. The writer arrives at school early and interviews the first five students who come through the main entrance b. The writer pulls names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students c. The writer asks her teacher if she can distribute a brief survey to the students in her AP Psychology class d. The writer passes out brief surveys to 50 students in the hall and uses 18 surveys returned to her as a basis of her article e. The writer asks the principal for the names of 10 students who have had their cell phones confiscated for a day for violating the policy. She interviews these 10 students
B
A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to change. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding? a) this is well beyond the range of statistical significance b) this is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant c) this is not statistically significant d) there is no way to determine statistical significance e) chance of coincidence is unrelated to statical significance
B
A researcher wants to conduct an experiment to determine if eating a cookie before class each day improves student grades. He uses two psychology classes for the experiment, providing daily cookies to one and nothing to the other. At the end of the semester, the researcher compares the final grades of students in the two classes. What is the independent variable for this experiment? a. The students in the class that received the cookies b. The presence or absence of cookies c. The students in the class that didn't receive cookies d. The period of the day that the two classes met e. Semester grades
B
In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as: A. anything a person says, does, or feels. B. any action we can observe or record. C. any action, whether observable or not. D. anything we can infer from a person's actions.
B
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was: A. Aristotle. B. Plato. C. Descartes. D. Simonides.
B
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent? a) keep information about participants confidential b) allow participants to choose whether to take part c) protect participants from potential harm d) provide participants with a pre-experimental explanation of the study e) provide participants with a post-experimental explanation of the study
B
Which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing whether a specific reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better? a. Case study b. Experiment c. Survey d. Naturalistic observation e. Correlation
B
Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in a collectivist culture? a) children should be encouraged to focus on personal goals and aspirations b) children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships c) it is important to be competitive and assertive in order to get ahead in life d) if you want something done well, you should do it yourself e) it is important to satisfy personal needs before those of the larger community
B
A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of a. Curiosity b. Intelligence c. Humility d. Skepticism e. Cynicism
C
Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ______ perspective. A. behavioral B. evolutionary C. social-cultural D. cognitive
C
Francis Bacon's ideas led most directly to the scholarly view known as: A. functionalism. B. structuralism. C. empiricism. D. introspection.
C
Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the _____ perspective. A. behavioral B. evolutionary C. behavior genetics D. neuroscience
C
Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called: A. basic researchers. B. applied psychologists. C. clinical psychologists. D. psychiatrists.
C
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of: A. philosophy and chemistry. B. physiology and chemistry. C. philosophy and biology. D. philosophy and physics.
C
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science? a. Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science b. Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science c. Our intuitions about human thinking and behavior are not always accurate d. Intuition does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method e. Psychological science research in superior to that of other sciences like biology and physics
C
Which of the following individuals is also a physician? A. clinical psychologist B. experimental psychologist C. psychiatrist D. biological psychologist
C
Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies? a. They provide too much detail and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts b. They are generally too expensive to be economical c. They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases d. They are technically difficult and most researchers don't have the skills to do them properly e. The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study
C
Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures? a) gender differences b) shared goals c) personal achievement d) cooperation with a group e) preservation of tradition
C
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate? A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Descartes D. Locke
C
Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace? A. clinical psychology B. personality psychology C. industrial/organizational psychology D. psychiatry
C
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Sigmund Freud C. John B. Watson D. William James
C
A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ___ perspective. A. behavioral B. evolutionary C. cognitive D. social-cultural
D
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with: A. cognitive psychology. B. behaviorism. C. psychodynamic theory. D. humanistic psychology.
D
Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a: A. clinical psychologist. B. personality psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. developmental psychologist.
D
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean? a) 34% b) 40% c) 50% d) 68% e) 95%
D
In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is: A. survey, review, question, read, reflect. B. review, question, survey, read, reflect. C. question, review, survey, read, reflect. D. survey, question, read, review, reflect.
D
The purpose of random assignment is to a) allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable b) ensure that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research c) eliminate the placebo effect d) reduce potential confounding variables e) generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables
D
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes from sensory experience is: A. Plato. B. Aristotle. C. Descartes. D. Locke.
D
The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ______ perspective. A. neuroscience B. evolutionary C. social-cultural D. cognitive
D
Today, psychology is defined as the: A. scientific study of mental phenomena. B. scientific study of conscious and unconscious activity. C. scientific study of behavior. D. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
D
When a distribution of scores is skewed, which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency? a. Inference b. Standard deviation c. Mean d. Median e. Correlation coefficient
D
Which descriptive statistic would a researcher use to describe how close a student's SAT score is to a school's average SAT score? a. Correlation coefficient b. Mean c. Median d. Standard deviation e. Range
D
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research? a) Institutional Review Board approval b) informed consent c) confidentiality d) debriefing e) protection from physical harm
D
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a) +0.30 b) +0.75 c) +1.3 d) -0.85 e) -1.2
D
Which of the following is used only in correlation studies? a) double blind b) placebo c) random assignment d) scatterplot e) random sample
D
Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Ivan Pavlov C. Jean Piaget D. William James
D
Descriptive statistics (blank), while inferential statistics (blank) a) indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data b) describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies c) are measures of central tendency; are measure of variance d) determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data e) summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations
E
Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding research on humans? a. Researchers must protect participants from needless harm and discomfort b. Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis c. Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential d. Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study is completed e. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate
E
JOHN WATSON was the founder of psychoanalysis.
False
The COGNITIVE APPROACH says that learning is the main cause of humans behaving as they do.
False
The SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH stresses the importance of looking at thought processes as the cause of human behavior.
False
The founder of the COGNITIVE APPROACH to human behavior was Carl Rogers.
False
The process of looking into yourself to explain what is there is called ECLECTICISM.
False
The theory which states that humans develop their personalities based on mental processes is called the BEHAVIORAL APPROACH.
False
WILLIAM JAMES started the first laboratory for studying humans.
False
A THEORY provides a framework for studying a subject.
True
According to to the NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH, the physical system is considered to be the main cause of behavior.
True
B.F. SKINNER was a famous behaviorist who focused on observable behavior.
True
Of the two basic types of psychologists, the type which treats patients and clients is APPLIED PSYCHOLOGISTS.
True
PSYCHOLOGY is considered a field which scientifically studies humans.
True
SIGMUND FREUD was the founder of psychoanalysis.
True
The HUMANISTIC APPROACH believes that all people are good and can help themselves be better.
True
The view of human behavior which says that behavior is influenced by unconscious feelings is called PSYCHOANALYSIS.
True
B.F. Skinner
behavioral
behavior comes from learning
behavioral
reward and punishment
behavioral
hidden feelings
cognitive
positive internal sentences
cognitive
can describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient
Students with higher scores on anxiety scales were found to have lower scores on standardized tests. What research method would show this relationship? Why can no cause-effect conclusion be drawn from the results?
correlation study, not an experiment, 3 possibilities for causation : anxiety causing low scores, low scores causing anxiety, outside factor causing anxiety and low scores
manipulating one or more variable of interest and controlling other variables
experiments
Carl Rogers
humanistic
all humans are born good
humanistic
good growth needs good care
humanistic
random events that we notice and falsely assume are related
illusory correlations
single score that represents a whole set of scores
measure of central tendency
brain chemistry
neurobiological
physical changes affect behavior
neurobiological
What ethical guidelines safeguard human participants?
obtaining participants' informed consent and debriefing them later
Descriptive statistics...
organize and summarize the data collected during research
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic
thinking can solve a problem
psychoanalytic
unconscious thoughts
psychoanalytic
3 reasons why nonhuman animals are sometimes used in psychological research
researchers are interested in understanding animal behavior, reducing complexity of human research, applying findings to humans and animals in beneficial ways
When can an observed difference be generalized to other populations?
sample studied is representative, observations have low variability, sample consists of more than a few cases, observed difference is statistically significant
family traditions
sociocultural
group rules and expectations
sociocultural
Why do researchers create a controlled, artificial environment in the laboratory?
to test general theoretical principles that help explain everyday behaviors
inferential statistics
used to help determine whether results can be generalized to a larger population through calculation of statistical significance
