AP Psychology Unit 3a
biological
Everything psychological is simultaneously __________
interneurons
Connect the sensory neurons (afferent) and the motor neurons (efferent)
Parasympathetic nervous system
Contracts bladder
Parasympathetic nervous system
Contracts pupils
somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.
E
Most glands in the human body are a part of which system? A. Circulatory B. Skeletal C. Respiratory D. Renal E. Endocrine
Myelin Sheath
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is formed due to the degeneration of the ________ ________
nerves
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Agonist
molecules mimic a natural neurotransmitter
Endorphins
also known as endogenous morphine
phrenology
bumps on the brain
axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Neuron
the nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system
action potential
the neural impulse
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
depolarization
the positive ions have come in, they must be pumped back out by the sodium/potassium pumps
endorphins
"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
Central Nervous System
(CNS) the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
(PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
A
A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon is called a(n) A. action potential B. resting potential C. all-or-none impulse D. refractory period E. myelination response
GABA
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
C
A person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. The person's reaction is most directly enabled by A. The hypothalamus B. The cerebellum C. A spinal reflex D. The hippocampus E. The sensory cortex
sympathetic nervous system
Accelerates heartbeat
E
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following? A. An increase in pupil dilation B. An increase in respiratory rate C. A decrease in digestion D. A decrease in salivation E. A decrease in heart rate
thyroid gland
Affects metabolism, among other things
Parasympathetic nervous system
Allows blood to flow to sex organs
A
An individual is having trouble with cognitive tasks related to learning and memory. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved with the problem? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. The endorphins E. GABA
Myelin Sheath
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are all diseases dealing with the _________ ________
sympathetic nervous system
Stimulates secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine
Study
Study this chart Use "study" to move on
senstory neuron
Carries incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor neuron
Carries outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
sympathetic nervous system
Dilates pupils
E
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all A. Hormones excreted by the endocrine glands B. Secretions of the exocrine glands C. Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders D. Enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals E. Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
Synapse
Drugs affect brain chemistry at the _______
D
Drugs that amplify neurotransmitter activity are called A. Addictive B. Excitatory C. Antagonists D. Agonists E. Inhibitory
B
During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is A. The terminal button B. The myelin sheath C. A dendrite D. The soma E. The synaptic cleft
Endorphins
Helps explain runner's high, acupuncture, and indifference to sever pain
parathyroid
Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood
adrenal glands
Helps trigger the "fight or flight" response
D
Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as A. the action potential B. The threshold difference C. Specific energy of the nerve D. The absolute refractory phase E. Depolarization
E
In the figure, where does the neurotransmitter dopamine have its effect? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
A
Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by A. Afferent neurons B. Schwann cells C. T cells D. efferent neurons E. neuroglia
sympathetic nervous system
Inhibits digestion
adrenal glands
Inner part, called the medulla
E
Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise A. Reduces her level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B. Reduces her level of acetylcholine C. Reduces her level of glutamate D. Increases her level of teratogens E. Increases her level of endorphins
C
Nervousness can result in faster and more shallow breathing as well as a racing heart. This is due to activation of the A. Somatic Nervous System B. Parasympathetic Nervous System C. Sympathetic Nervous System D. Corpus Callosum E. Cerebellum
C
Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? A. The nodes of Ranvier B. The myelin sheath C. The terminal buttons D. The soma E. The axon
Norepinephrine
Not enough = depression
GABA
Not enough = seizures, tremors, and insomnia
reuptake
Occurs when the sending neuron reabsorbs excess chemicals
B
Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as A. Antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain B. Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects C. Excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain control mechanisms D. Sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge E. Parasympathetic nervous system agents because they calm the body
A
Phrenology is the study of A. The bumps on the skull B. The influence of neurotransmitters C. The function of the peripheral nervous system D. Endocrine glands and their hormones E. Heredity's influence on nervous system development
pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
sympathetic nervous system
Relaxes bladder
E
Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters? A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine E. Acetylcholine
C
Researchers study the brains of non-human animals because A. it is not ethical to study human brains B. human brains are too complex to study meaningfully C. the same principles govern neural functioning in all species D. it is too expensive to study human brains E. the technology is still being developed for the study of human brains
ovary
Secretes female sex hormones
testies
Secretes male sex hormones
pituitary gland
Secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
Parasympathetic nervous system
Slows heartbeat
Parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulates digestion
sympathetic nervous system
Stimulates ejaculation in males
Parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulates gallbladder
sympathetic nervous system
Stimulates glucose release by liver
excitatory signals
Tell the neuron to fire
C
The area labeled X in the drawing denotes which of the following structures? A. Dendrites B. Nodes of Ranvier C. Axon terminals D. Mitochondria E. Glial cells
D
The basic building block of the nervous system is the A. neurotransmitter B. brain C. synapse D. neuron E. dendrite
A
The cells most important for processing information are A. Interneurons B. Sensory Neurons C. Motor Neurons D. Endocrine Cells E. Sympathetic Nervous System Cells
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
pancreas
The insulin is actually what regulates the level of sugar in the blood
synapse
The meeting point between the axon terminals and the dendrites
A
The most influential of the endocrine glands is (are) the A. Pituitary B. Adrenal Glands C. Dendrites D. Threshold Glands E. Parasympathetic
A
The nervous system is of critical importance to psychology because A. All psychological processes depend upon it B. It is the largest system in the human body C. It is a model for the functioning of other body systems D. It is the mechanism by which the endocrine system exerts its functions E. It is the most recent human system to have evolved
B
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called A. The axon B. A dendrite C. A neurotransmitter D. The synaptic cleft E. The soma
E
The peripheral nervous system A. Connects the brain to the spinal cord B. Calms the body after an emergency C. Is limited to the control of voluntary movement D. Controls only the arms and the legs E. Is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord
selectively permeable
The positive ions can't get in unless excited by chemicals
A
The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to A. Increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon B. Increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse C. Facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors D. Reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft E. Protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by enzymes
D
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called A. Depolarization B. Lateral inhibition C. Long-term potentiation D. Reuptake E. Synaptic transmission
E
The purpose of the myelin sheath is to A. Make the transfer of information across a synapse more efficient B. Increase the amount of neurotransmitters available in the neuron C. Reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs D. Establish a resting potential in the axon E. Speed the transmission of information within a neuron
E
The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to A. Facilitate the body's fight-or-flight response B. Prepare the body to cope with stress C. Promote rapid cognitive processing D. Prompt the body to use its resources in responding to environmental stimuli E. Establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response
B
The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as A. The latent stage B. The refractory period C. The reticular formation D. Depolarization E. The neurotransmitter
refractory period
Time when the positive ions are being pumped back out during which the cell cannot fire
B
To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly on his A. Central Nervous System B. Somatic Nervous System C. Peripheral Nervous System D. Autonomic Nervous System E. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Dopamine
Too little = Parkinson's
Serotonin
Too little = depression
Dopamine
Too much = Schizophrenia
Glutamate
Too much = seizures and migraines
C
Understanding people as biopsychosocial systems means that A. Biological factors have the larges influence on people, followed by psychological factors and finally social factors B. The nervous system is equal parts biological, psychological, and sociological C. To understand people we must study how biological, psychological, and social-cultural systems work and interact D. The nervous system is less important in the understanding of people than was believed a decade ago E. Psychology is the central component in the understanding of human behavior
resting potential
What is this a picture of?
Motor Neuron
What is this picture of?
axon terminals
When the action potential reaches the ______ __________, they release neurotransmitters or chemicals into the synapse. These float across and plug into the dendrites causing the receiving neuron to respond
Central Nervous System
Where the interneurons are located
C
Which letter indicates the postsynaptic membrane? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
C
Which of the following correctly describes the firing on neurons? A. A protoplasmic transfer of ions B. A finely graded response C. An all-or-none response D. An osmotic process E. A symbiotic function
B
Which of the following does the endocrine system rely on to communicate? A. Action potential B. Hormones C. Agonists D. Neurotransmitters E. Reuptake
A
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? A. Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors B. Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors C. Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons D. Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons E. Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons
D
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D. Norepinephrine E. Serotonin
A
Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold? A. The movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential. B. The neuron hyperpolarizes C. Neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites D. The absolute refractory period of the neuron prevents it from responding E. The neuron's equilibrium potential is reached
B
Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? A. Circulatory system B. Endocrine system C. Limbic system D. Sympathetic nervous system E. Parasympathetic nervous system
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavioral geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists)
Nerves
a bundle of axon fibers
myelin sheath
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
Glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
Serotonin
affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
sensory neuron
afferent
Norepinephrine
also known as adrenaline
sympathetic nervous system
arousal is fight or flight
Inhibitory Signals
block firing
Antagonists
block neurotransmitters
Hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland
action potential
brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
horomones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
interneurons
communicate internally, process information, brain and spinal cord
autonomic nervous system
controls glands and muscles of internal organs (things that work automatically; heartbeat, digestion, etc)
Parasympathetic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that calms the body, conserving energy (parachute comes down gently)
motor neuron
efferent
Nervous system
electrochemical communication
Acetylcholine
enables muscle action, learning, and memory
neuron
entirely democratic, an all or none response
Myelin Sheath
fatty substance, protects the axon, speeds the neural impulse
pituitary gland
growth hormone
Norepinephrine
helps control alertness and arousal
Dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, emotion, reward, and addiction
Neural Networks
interconnected work groups
phrenology
invented by Dr. Franz Gull
pituitary gland
master gland
Endorphins
meaning "morphine within"
resting potential
negative ions are on the outside, positive ions are on the inside
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Neural Networks
neurons that fire together wire together
interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Acetylcholine
not enough = Alzheimer's
Somatic
of the body
sympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body (in sympathy to an emergency)
pancreas
provides insulin
Peripheral Nervous System
sensory and motor neurons that connect the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the rest of the body
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Central Nervous System
the brain and the spinal cord.
dendrite
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
