AP Psychology Unit 8 Test

Catatonia

Bree, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, remains motionless for hours despite her family's attempts to interact with her. What symptom is Bree demonstrating?

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such a nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Describe aversion therapy

The behavior is maladaptive: it interferes significantly with normal day-to-day life.

Identify the critical component for labeling a person's behavior as abnormal.

aaron beck and albert ellis

Identify two psychologists who believed that psychological problems are due to irrational thinking.

Autism spectrum disorder

Jimmy has a difficult time paying attention in class. He often gets up from his seat, he demonstrates repetitive behaviors, and has difficulty making eye contact with others. What disorder is Jimmy most likely experiencing?

The client is a danger to self or others.

What is an appropriate reason for a clinician to break confidentiality?

Engaging in aerobic exercise

Which therapeutic lifestyle change would have a positive impact on someone's well-being if they experience bouts of depression?

Taking Xanax versus taking a placebo

Dr. Jones hypothesizes that antianxiety drugs cause a reduction in central nervous system activity. In order to test the hypothesis, what should her independent variable be?

Randomly assigning participants to either take an SSRI or receive a brief electrical current through their brain

Dr. Vazquez is interested in comparing the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy with that of antidepressant drugs in treating depression. Which research design is he most likely to use?

posttraumatic stress disorder

Ever since Minnie witnessed a serious car crash, she continues to have vivid nightmares and reacts with panic at any sudden noise. Minnie's symptoms are most indicative of what disorder?

Somatic symptom disorder

Lena has experienced severe pain in her right arm for years, although her doctor can find no cause or external symptom for the pain. Lena would most likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder?

Delusions

false beliefs - dysfunction of our cognitive systems.

Antisocial personality disorder, because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder.

As a child, Ryan took delight in hurting animals. As an adult, he frequently abuses strangers and feels no remorse. What diagnosis would Ryan most likely receive, and why?

major neurocognitive disorder

Cheryl, who is 85, is having difficulty remembering her phone number and address; at times, she is unsure of where she is. Cheryl is most likely experiencing

Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help is unavailable

Define Agoraphobia

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Define OCD.

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Define Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy.

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania (hyperactive and wildly optimistic).

Define bipolar disorder.

The diathesis-stress model is often applied to schizophrenia but can be applied to a wide variety of psychological disorders. According to the model, environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself.

Define diathesis-stress model.

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

Describe Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy

A disorder characterized by excessive emotionally and attention-seeking behavior, including an excessive need for approval

Describe histrionic personality disorder

If one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50 percent chance of also developing schizophrenia. (if biological factors were the only cause of schizophrenia, then one twin should have a 100 percent chance of developing schizophrenia if the other twin develops it.)

Dr. Freddy believes that the development of schizophrenia is solely caused by biological factors. Which of the following is NOT accounted for by this belief?

Dr. Keeler conducted his study from individuals seeking out therapy; therefore, his results are not applicable to the general population.

Dr. Keeler believes that a strong therapeutic alliance causes positive therapeutic outcomes. He tests this hypothesis by randomly assigning individuals seeking therapy to either work with a therapist or work through a therapy workbook and then measuring the reduction in symptoms after eight weeks. Dr. Keeler concludes that therapy is beneficial to anyone experiencing psychological problems. Why is Dr. Keeler's conclusion invalid?

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

Every night as he readies for bed, Steven walks in a circle beside his bed five times, afraid that something terrible will happen if he does not. Then, after lying down, he fears that he did not count right, gets up, and repeats the circling. This cycle continues to the point that he gets little sleep. Steven most likely has what disorder?

When a person's conscious awareness is said to dissociate from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Explain dissociative fugue

Explains how people with schizophrenia have an excess of receptors for dopamine. This creates intensified brain signals creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia.

Explain the dopamine hypothesis

Narcissistic personality disorder

Gale reluctantly visited a psychotherapist because he is unable to maintain personal relationships. He says, "People don't understand how fortunate they are when I give them the opportunity to come out with me. Sometimes they even say they already have other plans. They clearly are making a mistake turning me down!" Gale's mindset is most indicative of what disorder?

Bipolar disorder

Geraldine goes through a few weeks of feeling so sad that she can barely summon the energy to leave her bed. Then she will have an extended period of energy and productivity, during which she barely sleeps. Geraldine would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder

Greg experienced trauma as a young child. Now as an adult, in times of stress, his voice and mannerisms change and he claims to be a different person. Greg's symptoms are most in line with what psychological disorder?

aggressive and ruthless exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoings

Identify key characteristics of antisocial personality disorder

Joaquim should have used a control group in the study to see if the participants improved due to the therapy or to other factors. It is the comparison of the group getting treatment versus the group not getting treatment that allows one to draw valid conclusions.

Joaquim wants to determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in treating depression. He measures the depression levels of 40 participants using a pretest, making several practical behavior-change recommendations to implement, and then measuring depression levels in a posttest. Joaquim concludes that cognitive therapy was effective in treating depression. Why is this conclusion invalid?

schizophrenia: thorazine bipolar disorder: lithium

Name common medications for: (a) schizophrenia and (b) bipolar disorder.

Agoraphobia

Oliver has been afraid to leave his house for several months. He cannot identify anything in particular that scares him, but he has begun having food and groceries delivered and keeps his shades drawn. Oliver most likely suffers from what disorder?

Try to replace your catastrophic thinking with more realistic, positive thoughts.

Paul is seeing a cognitive therapist to treat his depression. What piece of advice is Paul's therapist likely to give him?

it is a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without an apparent cause. an example would be

Provide an example of a somatoform disorder

Free association: a technique used in psychoanalysis to uncover repressed feelings.

Scott is undergoing psychoanalysis to try to deal with his severe anxiety. What technique is his therapist likely to use?

Anorexia nervosa

Since her father's death, Nina has become dangerously thin because she exercises compulsively and strictly limits her eating. Based on these symptoms, Nina would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder?

an experimental design, and the dependent variable is depression; the research design is experimental because it includes random assignment, and SSRIs are used to treat depression.

To test the effectiveness of an SSRI, Dr. Morris randomly assigns one group of participants to receive the drug and assigns the other group a placebo. Dr. Morris is most likely using

behavioral therapy; specifically a classical conditioning technique

Two which class of therapies does systematic desensitization belong?

Deviant

What term associated with psychological disorders best describes a thought, feeling, or behavior that is atypical or rare?

a man, who was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa; People tend to be more sympathetic toward individuals who receive gender atypical diagnoses. More women are diagnosed with anorexia nervosa than men

Which of the following individuals would most likely experience the lowest level of stigma because of their psychological disorder diagnosis?

A therapist refutes irrational beliefs

Which of the following is an example of Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy?

To use a reliable classification system for mental disorders

Which of the following is the primary reason for using the most current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?

Carl Rogers

Which of the following most likely emphasized listening intently and feeling positively about a client no matter what the client did in therapy?

Ralph is misbehaving in school so Dr. Evans creates a token economy to increase Ralph's good behavior. This scenario makes sense because Skinner held a behaviorist view with regard to therapy, emphasizing reinforcement (such as with a token economy) of desired behaviors.

Which of the following scenarios is consistent with the behavioral therapeutic approach?

Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again. This would be correct because this study would be measuring improvement in depression, and a pre-treatment/post-treatment measure of depression is an effective way to measure change in depression levels.

Which research design, using twenty participants, would most effectively determine how well a drug treats depression?

After Andy received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, his family interpreted all of his behaviors as symptoms of his diagnosis. This is because the Rosenhan study illustrated that people are likely to interpret behavior as confirming a diagnosis.

Which scenario is most closely related to the results of the 1973 Rosenhan study?

A person suffering from Schizophrenia may remain motionless for hours and become agitated

describe catatonia

patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with their other relationships (transferring their feelings about a person to their psychologist)

explain transference

Hallucinations

false perceptions - dysfunction of our perceptual systems