AP Seminar/ELA Terms

Effective Slideshow Design

-1 message per slide -Avoid full sentences -1+1=0 (Text sentences + speaking= nothing remembered) -Size: most important part should be the biggest -Contrast: Train your viewers where to look and use dark backgrounds -Objects: 5 or fewer objects per slide -Your slideshow is for your AUDIENCE not you (Golden Rule) -Visual Aids> words -If it looks like Mrs. Ormson's slideshow then its probably not right (The Silver Rule) Example: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bHo4j5sboEkZFlrt2yQ781Yg-eNXX5Z6duyMBuqhEgI/edit#slide=id.p

In text citations

-3+ authors (Brough, et al. 568) -Author referenced in quote the just use page number (568) -If author quotes someone (qtd. in Meler 87) -2 authors (Obermiller & Isaac 62)

Pt 1 & Components

-IRR, or Individual Research Report (1,200 word essay), and TMP, or Team Multimedia Presentation and Defense (8-10 minutes) are the two components. -20% of the AP exam

Pt 2 & Components

-IWA, or individual written argument, is a 2,000 word essay based on a thematic connection between at least 2 of the stimulus materials. (70% of the 35%) -IMP, or individual multimedia presentation, is a presentation on student's arguments and perspective. The presentation should be more than just summarizing the argument. (20% of the 35%) -OD, Oral Defense, this portion of the exam consists of a teacher asking the student two questions, one associated with Reflection of the Research Project and one with Extending Argumentation through effective questioning and inquiry.

Logical Fallacies

-Is a flaw in reasoning -tricks or illusions of thought, and they're often very sneakily used by politicians and the media to fool people. Examples: 1. STRAWMAN: -You misrepresented someone's argument to make it easier to attack. -Example: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting military spending. 2. BEGGING THE QUESTION/ CIRCULAR ARGUMENT -You presented a circular argument in which the conclusion was included in the premise. -Example: The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo's Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and Should Not Ever Be Questioned. 3.BURDEN OF PROOF -You said that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove. -Example: Bertrand declares that a teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the Sun between the Earth and Mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong, his claim is therefore a valid one. 4. THE TEXAS SHARPSHOOTER -You cherry-picked a data cluster to suit your argument, or found a pattern to fit a presumption. -Example: The makers of Sugarette Candy Drinks point to research showing that of the five countries where Sugarette drinks sell the most units, three of them are in the top ten healthiest countries on Earth, therefore Sugarette drinks are healthy. 5. THE FALLACY FALLACY -You presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong. -Example: Recognising that Amanda had committed a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day. 6. BLACK-OR-WHITE -You presented two alternative states as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. -Example: Whilst rallying support for his plan to fundamentally undermine citizens' rights, the Supreme Leader told the people they were either on his side, or they were on the side of the enemy. 7. PERSONAL INCREDULITY -Because you found something difficult to understand, or are unaware of how it works, you made out like it's probably not true. -Example: Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and with effusive disdain asked Richard if he really thought we were stupid enough to believe that a fish somehow turned into a human through just, like, random things happening over time. 8. GENETIC -You judged something as either good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it came. -Example: Accused on the 6 o'clock news of corruption and taking bribes, the senator said that we should all be very wary of the things we hear in the media, because we all know how very unreliable the media can be. 9. SLIPPERY SLOPE -You said that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen. -Example: Colin Closet asserts that if we allow same-sex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we'll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars and even monkeys. 10. APPEAL TO NATURE -You argued that because something is 'natural' it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal. -Example: The medicine man rolled into town on his bandwagon offering various natural remedies, such as very special plain water. He said that it was only natural that people should be wary of 'artificial' medicines such as antibiotics. 11. AMBIGUITY -You used a double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth. -Example: When the judge asked the defendant why he hadn't paid his parking fines, he said that he shouldn't have to pay them because the sign said 'Fine for parking here' and so he naturally presumed that it would be fine to park there. 12. ANCEDOTAL -You used a personal experience or an isolated example instead of a sound argument or compelling evidence. -Example: Jason said that that was all cool and everything, but his grandfather smoked, like, 30 cigarettes a day and lived until 97 - so don't believe everything you read about meta analyses of methodologically sound studies showing proven causal relationships. 13. SPECIAL PLEADING -You moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false. -Example: Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 'abilities' were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work. 14. MIDDLE GROUND -You claimed that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes must be the truth. -Example: Holly said that vaccinations caused autism in children, but her scientifically well-read friend Caleb said that this claim had been debunked and proven false. Their friend Alice offered a compromise that vaccinations must cause some autism, just not all autism. 15. TU QUOQUE -You avoided having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - you answered criticism with criticism. -Example: Nicole identified that Hannah had committed a logical fallacy, but instead of addressing the substance of her claim, Hannah accused Nicole of committing a fallacy earlier on in the conversation. 16. FALSE CAUSE -You presumed that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other. -Example: Pointing to a fancy chart, Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst at the same time the numbers of pirates have been decreasing; thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax. 17. BANDWAGON -You appealed to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation. -Example: Shamus pointed a drunken finger at Sean and asked him to explain how so many people could believe in leprechauns if they're only a silly old superstition. Sean, however, had had a few too many Guinness himself and fell off his chair. 18. AD HOMINEM -You attacked your opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument. -Example: After Sally presents an eloquent and compelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn't married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird. 19. COMPOSITION/DIVISION -You assumed that one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it; or that the whole must apply to its parts. -Example: Daniel was a precocious child and had a liking for logic. He reasoned that atoms are invisible, and that he was made of atoms and therefore invisible too. Unfortunately, despite his thinky skills, he lost the game of hide and go seek. 20. THE GAMBLER'S FALLACY -You said that 'runs' occur to statistically independent phenomena such as roulette wheel spins. -Example: Red had come up six times in a row on the roulette wheel, so Greg knew that it was close to certain that black would be next up. Suffering an economic form of natural selection with this thinking, he soon lost all of his savings. 21. LOADED QUESTION -You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn't be answered without appearing guilty. -Example: Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was still having problems with her drug habit. 22. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY -You said that because an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true. -Example: Not able to defend his position that evolution 'isn't true' Bob says that he knows a scientist who also questions evolution (and presumably isn't a primate). 23. NO TRUE SCOTSMAN -You made what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of your argument. -Example: Angus declares that Scotsmen do not put sugar on their porridge, to which Lachlan points out that he is a Scotsman and puts sugar on his porridge. Furious, like a true Scot, Angus yells that no true Scotsman sugars his porridge. Website: https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/

Ethos, Pathos, Logos

-They can be combined to make the argument the most effective. -Known as The Three Appeals, which was a technique created by Aristotle. Helpful Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUpiy67_nt4

Main idea of an argument

-can be the conclusion or thesis - is the main point the author is trying to get the reader to accept -the "argument" Example: "Summer is a wonderful time to spend at the beach."

EOC

-consists of 3 short answer question and one essay question. -Part A is timed (30 min) and is where you analyze an argument based on evidence and reasoning by someone else. -Part B is also timed (90 min) where you build an argument off of the evidence provided. -Part of the AP exam (45%)

inductive reasoning

-makes broad generalizations from specific observations -Example: the coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies. -even if all statements are true, this reasoning allows for the conclusion to be wrong -specific ---> broad

Evidence

-should be sufficient, typical, current, and credible to support the conclusion. -compelling ________ is used to support the claims and reasoning of an argument. -anything that supports claims (and by extension, the main idea) Example: "There used to be recommendations for an hour a week for five to seven-year olds, rising 2.5 hours per night for pupils aged between 14 and 16. But that was scrapped four years ago- leaving schools to make their own decisions."

deductive reasoning

-starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. -Example: spiders have 8 legs, a black widow is a spider; Therefore a black widow has 8 legs. -broad ---> specific

Claim

-the "reasons". Statements that support the main idea but still need to support themselves. (counterclaims can be considered claims) Example: "Even though homework seems to be such an entrenched part of the English school system, there are no official guidelines to impose it."

line of reasoning

-the claims (statements that build and support the main idea) and how they are connected to one another/organized Examples: -Chronological -Compare/Contrast -Problem/Solution/Resolution -Cause/Effect -Process -Listing (but think of the ORDER) -Spacial -Claim/Counterclaim/Rebuttal -Balance of Forces (strengths and weaknesses) -Classification -Question/Answer

Epic Hero

1. NOBLE BIRTH: Usually a king, prince, demi-god, or nobleman of some capacity. Gilgamesh is born part god and is a king. 2. SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES: The warrior has the potential for greatness based on their attributes, e.g. cunning, bravery, humility, wisdom, virtue. Gilgamesh fought Humbaba, the Bull of Heaven, and has godly powers. He has great strength, beauty, and wit. 3. VAST TRAVELER: An epic hero is known for making travels to exotic locations by choice or chance, usually to battle against evil. Gilgamesh embarks on great journeys and has obtained many experiences on his journeys. 4. UNMATCHED WARRIOR: This hero typically has a reputation for being a great warrior, even prior to the beginning of the story. Proved to be a great warrior. Gilgamesh is an unmatched warrior because nobody other than death can defeat him. 5. CULTURAL LEGEND: Before an Epic Hero can be universally known, he must first be a legend in his culture. The name is known in many lands. Gilgamesh's name is known throughout the land. 6. HUMBLE: The hero performs great deeds for their own sake rather than glory. Heroes that boast, or exhibit hubris may be punished and humbled. The epic hero does not brag of his accomplishments. Odysseus proved to be humble throughout his journey. 7. BATTLES SUPERNATURAL FOES: The opponents and obstacles the hero faces are usually supernatural beings, e.g. Grendel, Poseidon, or a cyclops. Gilgamesh defeats Humbaba a demon. Definition: These heroes of a tragedy must evoke in the audience a sense of heroism through legendary, awe-inspiring lore. An epic hero must be a man whose fortune is brought about by his own admired characteristics. Many of the famous Greek Epic Poems, such as The Odyssey and The Iliad, contain these larger-than-life heroes and their deeds. King Arthur, Beowulf, Siegfried, Gilgamesh, and Rama are all examples of epic heroes.

Good Questioning

1. Require a judgment or evaluation to be made (not just description) Example: What is the most cost effective way to produce cars? 2. Are researchable (it is possible to find relevant and credible sources) Example: What is the most prominent cause for people to believe in conspiracies? 3. Involve genuine points of ongoing debate Example: What is the most beneficial way to combat "flat-earthers"? 4. Invite engagement with alternative perspectives Example: Should cigarettes be made illegal? 5. Are simple and do not complain multiple, nested questions Example: How does the belief that vaccines cause autism affect society?

Ethos

An appeal to ethics -is used as a means of convincing an audience via the authority or credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity. -credibility -describing experiences and using good sources -error free documents and professional tone Examples: -As a dentist I see this problem a lot, I recommend using a sensitive toothpaste. -He know his dinosaur fossils; he has been a leading paleontology researched for 20 years.

Logos

An appeal to logic or reason -is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts and figures. -MOST EFFECTIVE! Academics can support their argument most through logos. Examples: -People who eat chocolate are 72% happier than those who don't, so we should eat chocolate every day. -If you do not turn in your homework, your grades will suffer.

Pathos

Appeal to emotion -is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response to an impassioned plea or a convincing story. -Pathos are not as strong as ethos and logos because in academic writing, a tug on the heart strings won't suffice -use vivid imagery and impactful adjectives and verbs Examples: -If we don't adopt the puppy, he may never find a home! -If you decide not to come for Thanksgiving, it will break your grandmother's heart.

metonymy

CONCEPT, SYMBOL, & IDEA Definition: a figure of speech that replaces words with related or associated words. -a part of a larger whole, for example, when we say "wheels," we are figuratively referring to a "car" and not literally only the wheels. -allow for brevity by replacing lists with an associated category. -summarize complicated processes or programs with shortened phrases. -emphasize the most important and defining characteristics of a subject Example: -Hollywood has been releasing a surprising amount of sci-fi movies lately. (Instead of listing various directors and films released in various areas, "Hollywood," an associated word, will suffice.) -The kitchen is coming along nicely -Do you want a piece of my Danish? (Danish, originally an adjective for the full phrase Danish pastry, has come to replace the phrase as a metonymic word.) -You must know that in a settled and civilized ocean like our Atlantic, for example, some skippers think little of pumping their whole way across it; -We know he's red-handed, we just have to prove it. -It's the crown's duty

Imagery

DEFINITION: Imagery draws on the five senses, namely the details of taste, touch, sight, smell, and sound. Imagery can also pertain to details about movement or a sense of a body in motion (kinesthetic imagery) or the emotions or sensations of a person, such as fear or hunger (organic imagery or subjective imagery). EXAMPLES/TYPES: -Gustatory Imagery (Taste): The familiar tang of his grandmother's cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth. -Auditory Imagery (Sound): The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward. -Visual Imagery (Sight): The sunset was the most gorgeous they'd ever seen; the clouds were edged with pink and gold. -Olfactory Imagery (Smell): After eating the curry, his breath reeked of garlic. -Tactile Imagery (Touch): The tree bark was rough against her skin.

Idiom

DEFINITION: a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language -Every language has its own collection of wise sayings. They offer advice about how to live and also transmit some underlying ideas, principles and values of a given culture / society. EXAMPLES:A hot potato -A penny for your thoghts -Actions speak louder than words -back to the drawing board -ball is in your court

Anthropomorphism

DEFINITION: a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects. -Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like it is a human being. -Fables and fairy tales usually have characters that can serve as anthropomorphism examples. -The primary one is to make a wider appeal to the readers. EXAMPLE: Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll, was anthropomorphized when he was given the ability to talk, walk, think, and feel like real boy. -Beauty and the Beast -Winnie the Pooh

Personification

DEFINITION: an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. -common form of metaphor in that human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things -allows writers to create life and motion within inanimate objects, animals, and even abstract ideas by assigning them recognizable human behaviors and emotions. -found often in children's literature -relies on imagination for understanding EXAMPLES: -My alarm yelled at me this morning. -I like onions, but they don't like me. -My phone is not cooperating with me today. -That bus is driving too fast. -This article says that spinach is good for you. -"The Brave Little Toaster" -"The Little Engine that Could"

Apostrophe

DEFINITION: apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by an exclamation, such as "Oh." -A writer or speaker, using apostrophe, speaks directly to someone who is not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object. -It is NOT a literary device, it is a punctuation mark -The punctuation mark shows possession, or marks the omission of one or more letters (contraction). -in literature is an arrangement of words addressing a non-existent person or an abstract idea in such a way as if it were present and capable of understanding feelings. -writers try to bring abstract ideas or non-existent persons to life, so that the nature of emotions they want to communicate comes across in a better way. -It is more convenient for readers to relate themselves to abstract emotions when they observe them in their natural surroundings. -motivates readers to develop a perspective that is fresh, as well as creative. EXAMPLES: -"Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as naught; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness." Talking to the stars, clouds, and winds -"Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are.Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky." Talking to the stars, an inanimate object

Chremamorphism

DEFINITION: qualities of inanimate objects can be attributed to humans -opposite of personification EXAMPLE: The old man creaked and stood from his stoney throne and crumbled down the hallway.

Parallelism

DEFINITION: the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning, or meter. -examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations. -This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences, giving ideas a smoother flow and thus persuasiveness, because of the repetition it employs. For example, "Alice ran into the room, into the garden, and into our hearts." We see the repetition of a phrase that not only gives the sentence a balance, but rhythm and flow as well. -In literature, parallelism is used in different ways to impress upon the readers certain messages or moral lessons. -Parallelism takes form of "Diazeugma," in which a single subject is connected with multiple verbs -allows speakers and writers to maintain a consistency within their work, and create a balanced flow of ideas. Moreover, it can be employed as a tool for persuasion. EXAMPLES: Like father, like son. -Easy come, easy go. -Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always busy. -Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe. -He came, he saw, and he conquered. -Their new teacher was neither a Catholic, nor an Anglican. -He preferred fruits to sweets. -"My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors." -"I love thee freely, as men strive for right.I love thee purely, as they turn from praise."

Didactic Literature

DEFINITION: type of literature that is written to inform or instruct the reader, especially in moral or political lessons. While they are also meant to entertain the audience, the aesthetics in a didactic work of literature are subordinate to the message it imparts. -A piece of literature meant to instruct or inform. EXAMPLES: Cookbooks, Religious books, How-to-books, Textbooks, children books Religious sermons.

Theme

DEFINITION: underlying meaning of a literary work, which may be stated directly or indirectly. -Subject is a topic that acts as a foundation for a literary work, while a theme is an opinion expressed on the subject. -can be figured out by dialogue, character's experiences, plot, conflicts, etc. MAJOR THEME: A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his literary work, making it the most significant idea in the work. MINOR THEME: refers to an idea that appears in a work briefly, giving way to another minor theme. EXAMPLE: Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" are matrimony, love, friendship, and affection. The whole narrative revolves around the major theme of matrimony. Its minor themes are love, friendship, affectation etc.

Zoomorphism

DEFINITION: we attribute animal qualities, characteristics or behaviours to humans -can also apply to inanimate objects and intangible concepts -The oppoiste of personification EXAMPLES: She bared her fangs and leapt at him -The night followed him, hunted him, ready to rip into him with its dark claws.

Etymology

Definition: -Etymology is the investigation of word histories -Every word in every language has a unique origin and history; words can be born in many ways, and often their histories are quite adventurous and informative. Etymology investigates and documents the lives (mainly the origins) of words. -Most words are developed over hundreds of years out of previous words, going back into the ancient past, so an etymology tries to trace that development back as far as it can, usually ending with the oldest dead language that we actually have records of. Types: -Modifications -Semantic Changes -Generation -Borrowing

Lens

Definition: A filter through which a theme is considered and examined. The 8 Lenses: -Cultural/Social -Artistic/Philosophical -Futuristic -Environmental -Ethical - Political/Historical -Economic - Scientific Example: Scientific Lens vs. Political Lens

Memoir

Definition: A historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources -Similar to an autobiography but not about their whole life, just a specific moment Example: "I Will Always Write Back"

Metaphor- Identical

Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things. -without using like or as -This is useful in literature for using specific images or concepts to state abstract truths. -Metaphor is a means of asserting that two things are identical in comparison rather than just similar. -creating a direct comparison between two seemingly different things. -an effective metaphor eliminates the need for excessive explanation or description on the part of the writer and creates imagery -evokes thought and emotion Example: I smell success in this building. -Time is money. -Our family is a patchwork quilt. -A Dream is a wish your heart makes.

Perspective

Definition: A point of view conveyed through an argument. -Each lens has multiple perspectives -Influenced by context -A stakeholder is someone who is affected by the issue -answer to your research question/ theme (big idea/topic) Example: Preserves cultures from villains. -Students enrolled in a music class do better in academics.

anagnorisis

Definition: Anagnorisis is a moment in a plot or story, specifically a tragedy, wherein the main character either recognizes or identifies his/her true nature, recognizes the other character's true identity, discovers the true nature of his situation, or that of the others - leading to the resolution of the story. -in which the protagonist recognizes his tragic flaw. This happens at the climax, leading to his eventual downfall. The end of anagnorisis leads to catharsis in the readers. The ideal moment for this device to happen is the moment of peripeteia Example: In "Oedipus Rex," anagnorisis occurs when a messenger comes and reveals to King Oedipus his true birth. Oedipus then recognizes his queen, Jocasta, as his real mother, and the man whom he has killed at crossroads as his real father, as well as himself as an unnatural sinner, who has caused the disaster in the city of Thebes. Oedipus' recognition is artistically satisfying, as peripeteia (reversal of fortune) accompanies it. Here peripeteia is a reversal of fortune from good to bad, moving to a tragic catastrophe.

euphemism

Definition: Euphemisms are polite, mild phrases which substitute unpleasant ways of saying something sad or uncomfortable. -Euphemisms are often used in everyday speech to soften difficult situations. Example: -She's a curvy woman."Curvy" is often used as a euphemism for "overweight." -We have to let you go, Tyler.To "let someone go" is to fire someone. This is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of the situation.

Antistrophe

Definition: It is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. -gives rhythms -place emphasis on a particular thought or idea. -The pattern and rhythm created with the use of antistrophe enables writers to appeal to readers' emotions, and helps them appreciate a text better. Example: "When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things..." -"In a desert land he found him, in a barren and howling waste. He shielded him and cared for him; he guarded him as the apple of his eye ..."

IRR

Definition: Students write a 1200 word essay on their specific lens of the research question. Row 1: Use academic journals as sources, use a focused research question, and describe the importance by using statistics or citations Row 2: Use evidence to support answers and SYNTHESIZE evidence, don't summarize. Row 3: When citing evidence, reference the credibility (Maybe discuss the more authors the more credible). Quotes should add to the argument, not restate. Say why you didn't use an academic journal if you used a website. Row 4: Discuss a range of different perspectives within the lens. Compare and contrast them, they should be "in conversation". Row 5: Citations on the works cited page should be easily matched/found and linked to the essay. Row 6: Can they read through the essay without stopping? Should be formal. You can still score high if you have some grammar mistakes.

Archetype

Definition: Universal symbols that can be characters, themes, or settings. They can shape the structure and function of a literary work. Experiences created in the subconscious of every individual are re-created in literary works. Examples: The Hero: Exhibits goodness and struggles against evil to restore harmony and justice to society. The Mother Figure: Guides and directs a child, contacts people and offer spiritual/emotional nourishment. Or the opposite (Stepmother) The Innocent Youth: Is inexperienced with many weaknesses and seeks safety with others. Others like him/her because of the trust he shows in other people. The Mentor: Protects the main character. Gives wide advice and trains the main character to achieve success. The Doppelgänger: Duplicate shadow of a character, which represents the evil side of his/her personality. The Scapegoat: A character that takes the blame for everything bad that happens. The Villain: Goes to any extent to oppose the hero, the hero must annihilate in order to bring justice. In Situations.... The Journey: Main character takes a journey, may be physical/emotional, to understand his/her personality and the nature of the world. The Initiation: Main character undergoes experiences that lead him toward maturity. Good vs Evil: Clash of forces between good and evil. The fall: Main character falls from grace in consequence of his/her own actions. Link to more archetypes (Google Classroom Assignment) https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KKi2LsQ-hqyx4b4L0_BPOszQ4OLM4JX-5UmncgyT7pQ/edit#gid=0

hyperbole

Definition: a figure of speech in which an author or speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an extreme. -used for emphasis or as a way of making a description more creative and humorous. -not meant to be taken literally; the audience knows it's an exaggeration. -often used in day-to-day speech. Example: He has absolutely nothing in common with our family! -She's going to die of embarrassment. -Spring break will never come. -I'll love you, dear, I'll love you Till China and Africa meet, And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street. -Mints so strong they come in a metal box. -The new iPhone is 'bigger than bigger.'

Mood

Definition: a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions. -The "atmosphere", and emotional setting -includes by setting, theme, tone, and diction -Once the readers are emotionally stirred, they fully comprehend the message that the writer tries to convey to them. Example: -Setting: "The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly on."-- creates a peaceful mood -Tone: "I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference"-- An unhappy mood is created because the poet convinces us that he regrets a choice he made in the past. -Diction: "And being no stranger to the art of war, I have him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea-fights..."-- In order to create feelings of disgust in readers, for the destructive consequences of war, the writer chooses words that are unmelodious, harsh, and jarring.

polysyndeton

Definition: a literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed. -used to change the rhythm of the text, either faster or slower, and can convey either a sense of gravity or excitement. -used to intentionally overwhelm the reader, giving them very little room for mentally or visually breathing with the lack of commas. -not necessarily a run-on sentence because they maintain elements of transition/connection. -opposite of asyndeton (where conjunctions are replaced with commas) Example: -"... Jerry stood: aiming at the prisoner the beery breath of a whet he had taken as he came along, and discharging it to mingle with the waves of other beer, and gin, and tea, and coffee, and what not, that flowed at him, and already broke upon the great windows behind him in an impure mist and rain."

epic

Definition: a long narrative poem in a dignified style about the deeds of a traditional or historical hero or heroes; typically a poem like Iliad or the Odyssey with certain formal characteristics." -a long story in verse dwelling upon an important theme in a most elegant style and language. What it is: -dwells upon the achievements of a historical or traditional hero, or a person of national or international significance. -extolls the valour, deeds, bravery, character and personality of a person, who is having incredible physical and mental traits. -uses hyperbole to reveal the prowess of a hero. -supernaturalism -morality and universal significance -lofty, grand and elegant diction -Epic similes Types of Epics: -Folk Epic Mainly in oral form where there is no true author (example Beowulf and Paradise Lost) -Literary/Art Epic Imitates a folk epic but is in written form. Did not come from oral tradition so it is more polished. Example: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey -Paradise Lost -Beowulf -Faerie Queen -Gilgamesh

Purpose

Definition: a person's reason for writing, such as to inform, entertain, explain, or persuade. Also known as the aim or writing purpose. -communication with a reader about something of personal significance to the writer. Example: To Interact To Inform To Find Out- investigation, asking questions and following up on them. To Influence To Regulate- (Persuade) To Entertain To Record

allusion

Definition: a reference to something else. It's when a writer mentions some other work, or refers to an earlier part of the current work. -to reference cultural works (e.g. by alluding to a Bible story or Greek myth). -Allusion is also found in nearly every work of great literature, as well as in scholarly works and all kinds of non-fiction. External Allusion: This is an allusion to something outside the current document. Internal Allusion: When the author makes a reference back to something that has come before in the work. Comedians do this all the time - they'll tell a joke, and then later on in the evening they'll tell another joke that uses a line or character from the first one. Example: each mouth holds a sinner...head locked inside, he flails his legs (Dante Alighieri, The Inferno)-In the lowest circle, traitors are placed upside down into the mouths of a three-headed devil - Satan. It's an allusion to an earlier passage in which Dante describes hypocrites being placed upside-down in holes in the ground as part of their punishment .-This internal allusion is meant to represent the parallels between hypocrisy and treachery.I didn't have any bus fare, but fortunately some good Samaritan helped me out!-allusion to the Biblical story of the good Samaritan, from Luke 10:29-37

paralipsis

Definition: a rhetorical device in which an idea is deliberately suggested through a brief treatment of a subject, while most of the significant points are omitted. -some points are too obvious to mention/way of emphasizing a subject by apparently passing over it. -a literary device in which a speaker pretends to hide what he exactly wants to say and enforce. -deliberately emphasize or assert an idea by pretending to ignore or pass over it. -draw the attention of readers towards a sensitive matter -ironic because the intentions of writers are different. Example: -"Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it.It is not meet you know how Caesar loved you.You are not wood; you are not stones, but men;And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,It will inflame you, it will make you mad ... For if you should-oh-what would come of it! ... But here's a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;I found it in his closet. 'Tis his will.Let but the commons hear this testament—Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read— ..." -"The music, the service at the feast,The noble gifts for the great and small,The rich adornment of Theseus's palaceAll these things I do not mention now." -"Ssh," said Grace Makutsi, putting a finger to her lips. "It's not polite to talk about it. SO I won't mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop, which is one of the businesses my fiance owns, you know. I must not talk about that. But do you know the store, Mma? If you save up, you should come in some day and buy a chair ..."

peripeteia

Definition: a sudden turning point, as in a reversal of fortune or negative change of circumstances. Therefore, a tragic hero must experience peripeteia for their downfall. -THE PROCESS Example: A very wealthy man has been making money for decades by taking big risks in the stock market. Suddenly, the stock market crashes and he is launched into poverty. In this example, peripeteia is a drastic change in circumstance, as a once wealthy man becomes poor.

Understatement

Definition: a writer presents a situation or thing as if it is less important or serious than it is in reality. -Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole or overstatement. -Using understatement, though, the response minimizes the magnitude of the situation -You can use it for irony, comedy, modesty, and/or politeness. Writers often use understatement for an ironic effect. Is used in everyday speech. Types of Understatements: -Comedic Understatement: Typically serious statements can become funny through the use of understatement. -Modest Understatement: After doing something amazing, it is tempting to brag or outwardly celebrate. Using understatement, though, can allow one to remain modest. -Polite Understatement: Difficult situations can sometimes result in impolite comments. Using understatement, though, can allow one to remain polite Example: -There's some water in the Atlantic Ocean. ("some" does not even begin to describe the billions of gallons of water in the Atlantic Ocean.) -That grade's not so bad. It could have been worse.

stanza

Definition: an arrangement of a certain number of lines, usually four or more, sometimes having a fixed length, meter, or rhyme scheme, forming a division of a poem.

Tone

Definition: an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience -conveyed through the choice of words, or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. -The manner in which a writer approaches this theme and subject is the tone. -can be formal, informal, serious, comic, sarcastic, sad, or cheerful, or it may be any other existing attitude. -decides how the readers read a literary piece, and how they should feel while they are reading it. Example: -Father: "We are going on a vacation."Son: "That's great!!!" The tone of son's response is very cheerful. -"Catholics are always trying to find out if you're Catholic." Holden's tone is bitterly sarcastic as he criticizes the nature of things in real life. His character may reveal the attitude of the writer towards life, as it is common for writers to use their characters as their mouthpieces.

Parody

Definition: an imitation of a particular writer, artist, or genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect. -imitating and overstressing noticeable features of a famous piece of literature, as in caricatures, where certain peculiarities of a person are highlighted to achieve a humorous effect. Example: Example: -Don Quixote -Studio C

Symbol

Definition: any image or thing that stands for something else. -In literature, symbols are often characters, settings, images, or other motifs that stand in for bigger ideas. -more meaning and to make a story be about more than the events it describes. (adds layers) -authors may also critique symbols that already exist in their culture Example: Symbols include letters, words, or visual symbols (such as $ & =) -Einstein symbolizes genius in our culture -In The Raven, Edgar Allen Poe's most famous poem, the huge black bird is a symbol for the narrator's deep feelings of loss, regret, mourning, and loneliness. -In the Lord of the Rings movies and books, the One Ring is a symbol for power, selfishness, and greed. Types of symbolism: -An allegory is a complex form of symbolism in which the entire story is a symbol for something else. -A metaphor (kind of, symbols usually last throughout the story) is kind of like a symbol, but it's usually used briefly (over the span of just a sentence or two), whereas a symbol is usually extended throughout a story or poem.

Onomatopoeia

Definition: as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. -creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. -object sounds and animal sounds -gives rhythm to the texts -makes the descriptions livelier and more interesting, appealing directly to the senses of the reader. Example: The gushing stream flows in the forrest -The buzzing bee flew away. -The sack fell into the river with a splash. -The books fell on the table with a loud thump. -He looked at the roaring -The rustling leaves kept me awake.

hubris

Definition: hubris is a common tragic flaw in that its nature is excessive pride and even defiance of the gods in Greek tragedy. -In other words, Hubris is extreme pride and arrogance shown by a character, which ultimately brings about his downfall. -he overestimates his capabilities to such an extent that he loses contact with reality. A character suffering from hubris tries to cross normal human limits, and violates moral codes. -exceptional qualities that he forms a delusion that he is equal to gods, and eventually he tries to defy the gods and his fate. -the hubristic actions of a hero in a powerful position causes his shame and humiliation. Example: Gilgamesh possesses hubris and because of this, he loses his only friend. -King Oedipus commits all these sins in complete ignorance, but nevertheless he deserves punishment because he became so proud that he does not shy from attempting to rebel against his fate. His reversal of fortune is caused by his hubris. He also attempts to defy prophecies of the gods. -"Victor" the protagonist of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" exhibits hubris in his endeavor to become an unmatched scientist. He creates a "monster" named "Frankenstein" which ultimately becomes the cause of his disaster.

Repetition

Definition: is a literary device that involves intentionally using a word or phrase for effect, two or more times in a speech or written work. -repeat the same words or phrases or full-sentence several times to make the idea more memorable and clear to the reader. -Not as specific as anaphora -repeat to carry intensity, emotion, and meaning Example: Shine bright like a diamond Shine bright like a diamond Find light in the beautiful sea, I choose to be happy You and I, you and I, we're like diamonds in the sky You're a shooting star I see, a vision of ecstasyWhen you hold me, I'm alive... Palms rise to the universe, as we moonshine and molly -I'm a hot air balloon that could go to spaceWith the air, like I don't care baby by the way Huh, because I'm happyClap along if you feel like a room without a roof... Here come bad news, talking this and that Because I'm happyClap along if you feel like a room without a roofBecause I'm happy

allegory

Definition: is a story within a story. -It has a "surface story" and another story hidden underneath. -Some allegories are very subtle, while others (like the rock-throwing example) can be more obvious. -In most allegories, the hidden story has something to do with politics, religion, or morality — complex subjects that are difficult to understand directly. -more fun to read than dense philosophical arguments. -Allegories are always rich in symbolism. Example: the surface story might be about two neighbors throwing rocks at each other's homes, but the hidden story would be about war between countries. -George Orwell's Animal Farm is one of literature's most famous allegories. The surface story is about a group of farm animals who rise up, kick out the humans, and try to run the farm themselves. The hidden story, however, is about the Russian Revolution, and each of the characters represents some figure from that revolution. -While Inferno can be read as a straightforward story about Dante's journey through Hell, it is also a big, long allegory for man's descent into sin. Dante represents everyone. He loses the path of salvation in a shadowy world of sin. He travels the path through Hell trying to find his way back to God's grace.

rhetorical question

Definition: is asked just for effect, or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed, when no real answer is expected. -may have an obvious answer, but the questioner asks it to lay emphasis to the point. -used for style as an impressive persuasive device. -asked when the questioner himself knows the answer already, or an answer is not actually demanded. -emphasize a point or draw the audience's attention. Example: Current Events presentation -"The actors played the roles well, didn't they?" -" 'Tis but thy name that is my enemy.Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet."

nemesis

Definition: literary device that refers to a situation of poetic justice, where the good characters are rewarded for their virtues, and the evil characters are punished for their vices. -Nemesis acts as a source of punishment for hubristic and wicked characters on universal moral grounds. -THE PUNISHMENT Purpose: it imparts a moral lesson to the readers to develop and refine the characters, in order to ensure they remove certain flaws which can prove to be their nemesis in time to come. Example: the nemesis of King Oedipus is his hubris or excessive pride. He is so proud that he does not even shrink from defying prophecies of the gods. We see that the king ends up doing what he fears and tries to avoid. -Ironically, the thing which he considers his supreme invention proves his nemesis. Frankenstein ultimately becomes the source of Victor's disaster, punishing him justly for his over-ambition.

Antithesis

Definition: means "opposite," is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. -type of PARALLELISM -Can highlight the conflicts in literature -have become apart of everyday speech -Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses. The structures of phrases and clauses are similar, in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. -When contrasting ideas are brought together, the idea is expressed more emphatically. -helps to bring forth judgment on that particular subject. Examples: -Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. -Man proposes, God disposes. -Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing. -Speech is silver, but silence is gold. -Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit. -Money is the root of all evil: poverty is the fruit of all goodness. -You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.

Academic Journals

Definition: periodicals about scholarly topics, with articles typically edited and written by professors and/or other university-affiliated researchers -Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the --critique of existing research. -presents academic information -may be used for the introduction of new ideas OR for the presentation of the latest research -contains articles often written by experts in a field of study -contains articles that that have gone through a rigorous peer-review process conducted by other experts to check facts -is NOT published for money Organization of an Academic Journal Introduction/Literature Review (summary of previous research) Methods (description of research) Data Analysis (findings of research) Discussion Citations Examples: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h1ggcM-LqYrUBB5DAGKNY4tQ1fHGrcD2/view

rhetoric

Definition: refers to the study and uses of written, spoken and visual language. -investigates how language is used to organize and maintain social groups, construct meanings and identities, coordinate behavior, mediate power, produce change, and create knowledge. -essential to civic, professional and academic life. -is constitutive (we shape and are shaped by language), dialogic (it exists in the shared territory between self and other), closely connected to thought (mental activity as "inner speech") and integrated with social, cultural and economic practices. -ancient art of persuasion. It's a way of presenting and making your views convincing and attractive to your readers or audience. Example: Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar. --The rhetoric of Marc Antony convinces the audience to move to his side of the argument.

Anaphora

Definition: rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses. -appealing to emotions, inspiration, motivation, and even memory. -gives rhythm and holds attention -specific in its intent to repeat. -used in lots of epics so reciters can remember the words Example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness..." -"Be bold. Be brief. Be gone." -"We came, we saw, we conquered." -You better watch out, You better not cry, You better not pout I'm telling you why

hamartia

Definition: sometimes known as tragic flaw, is a fault or failing withing a character that leads to their downfall. -error in a protagonist's personality, which brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy. This defect in a hero's personality is also known as a "tragic flaw." Purpose: employed for a moral purpose, to encourage people to improve their characters by removing the flaws that can cause a tragedy in their lives. Example: where a hero wants to achieve something but, while doing so, he commits an intentional or accidental error, and he ends up achieving exactly the opposite with disastrous results. Such a downfall is often marked by a reversal of fortune. -One example of hamartia is hubris -Hamlet's hamartia is his indecisiveness. He wants to kill his father's murderer, Claudius, but instead ruins his life by delaying action, as he looks for proof to justify the act.

Theme

Definition: the "Big Idea" -usually an abstract noun Example: Music, Heroism, Gender etc.

Diction

Definition: the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. -Firstly, the word has to be right and accurate. Secondly, words should be appropriate to the context in which they are used. Lastly, the choice of words should be such that the listener or reader understands easily. Types of Diction: Formal diction Informal diction Colloquial diction - uses words common in everyday speech, which may be different in different regions or communities. Slang diction - is the use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite. Example: uses formal diction to achieve a certain effect. He says: "Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheardAre sweeter: therefore, ye soft pipes, play on ..." Notice the use of the formal "ye," instead of the informal "you." The formality here is due to the respect the urn inspires in Keats. There are numerous differences between American English and British English, such as "truck"/"lorry", "soccer"/"football", and "parakeet"/"budgie" would be considered colloquial diction.

catharsis

Definition: the necessary pity and fear that the audience feels for tragic heroes and their inescapable fate. As a result, this sympathetic feeling indicates a purge of pent-up emotions in the audience, released through the journey of tragic heroes. -emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal, or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress Purpose: The author wants to provide a release of emotion either in a character or in the audience. Example: When Romeo kills himself because he believes that Juliet is dead. -Any sad moment in a story

contrapasso

Definition: the one "law of nature" that applies to hell, stating that for every sinner's crime there must be an equal and fitting punishment. -that Dante primarily intended to explain biblical justice through his contrapasso, but in order to do so more effectively, expanded upon tradition, and thus inevitably added some of his own invention. -punishments are rarely simple or obvious and are usually metaphorically rather than literally related to their respective sins. -Dante's portrayal of divine retribution is clearly derived from "the biblical law of retaliation," better known as "an eye for an eye" -relationship between Dante's unique form of justice and the traditional, biblical sense of justice. -the severity of a sin is not determined by the damage done to society, suggesting instead that a sin is more or less severe because it is more or less offensive to God, not to man-That is, strong or weak or proud souls all have different levels of punishment in Hell because they all led different lives and therefore find themselves at different ends. Example: A leader of a rebellion who turned the people against their king has to walk headless while holding his head in hell. This is the punishment for the sin committed. -opposes the sin of neutrality or inactivity: the souls who in their early lives had no banner, no leader to follow, now run forever after one.

drama

Definition: the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the performance of written dialog (either prose or poetry). -Dramas can be performed on stage, on film, or the radio. Dramas are typically called plays, and their creators are known as "playwrights" or "dramatists." -Dramatic Tension which keeps the audience engaged and wondering what will happen next. -having their characters deliver soliloquies (a character thinking to oneself) Types of Dramas: -Comedy: intended to make the audience laugh and usually come to a happy ending. -Tragedy: Based on darker themes, tragedies portray serious subjects like death, disaster, and human suffering in a dignified and thought-provoking way. -Farce: nonsensical genre of drama in which characters intentionally overact and engage in slapstick or physical humor. -Melodrama: depict classic one-dimensional characters such as heroes, heroines, and villains dealing with sensational, romantic, and often perilous situations. "tearjerkers" (Ex. Gone with the wind) -Opera: theater, dialogue, music, and dance to tell grand stories of tragedy or comedy. -Docudrama: dramatic portrayals of historic events or non-fictional situations. Example: -Oedipus the King -Hamlet -Romeo and Juliet -Julius Caesar

Credibility

Definition: the quality of being believable or trustworthy. Example: The New England Journal of Medicine is more credible than Wikipedia. -Your credibility is damaged when you lie. -Use Academic Journals to increase credibility

Relevance

Definition: the relation of something to the matter at hand. Example: It is not relevant to talk about climate change and use temperatures from Mars as evidence. The temperature of Mars has no relevance to climate change on Earth.

Simile- Similar

Definition: two essentially dissimilar objects or concepts are expressly compared with one another through the use of "like" or "as." -an explicit comparison between two things that are different enough from each other such that their comparability appears unlikely. -Similes allow writers to create imagery for readers -it generates thought on the part of the reader regarding the "logic" or truth in such a comparison Example: this poem is like a punch in the gut --This is an effective simile in that a poem is not at all similar to a punch in literal terms. However, figuratively, the simile's comparison and association between these two things establishes that the impact of the poem on the speaker has the force of and feels similar to a punch in the gut. -Love is like a beautiful flower which I may not touch, but whose fragrance makes the garden a place of delight just the same.

Aposiopesis

Definition: when a sentence is purposefully left incomplete or cut off and allows the ending to be filled in by the listener's imagination. -used for dramatic effects -It can show that a character is overwhelmed with emotion. Or, it can allow the reader to fill in horrors or threats with their own imaginations. When characters pause due to strong emotion or searching for words, they appear more realistic and believable. -use of an em dash or ellipsis. Types: -Audience- respecting: leaves out offensive or unpleasant details (1) -Surprising: does not give information that the audience wants or expects to receive. gains the audience's interest in the information that will later be revealed (2) -Emotional: due to an emotional outburst. This type of aposiopesis does not finish an idea in order to express that it is beyond description. (3) -Transition: make a transition from one subject to another. By removing the conclusion from one idea, the speaker immediately gains the listeners' interest in the next section of the speech (4) -Anacoluthon and paralepsis is similar to aposiopesis Example: 1. After the suspect... Well, you've read the court documents. After the heinous crime was completed, the suspect fled the scene. 2. On tonight's newscast, we will begin to discover what happens when two animals become unlikely friends... More on this story on The Evening News at 8. 3. I'm so angry, I could - I could--! 4. And, in conclusion... Well, enough of that. Let's move on to the next point.

verbal irony

Definition: when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. -is often sarcastic. Example: -Looking at her son's messy room, Mom says, "Wow, you could win an award for cleanliness!" -In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Marc Antony gives a speech in which he repeatedly refers to Brutus as "an honorable man," when Brutus just participated in murdering Caesar.

asyndeton

Definition: where conjunctions are omitted in a series of words, phrases or clauses. -used to shorten a sentence and focus on its meaning. Example: -"I came. I saw. I conquered" -"An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was thick, warm, heavy, sluggish." -"Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls deified among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city."

Alliteration

Definition: words that begin with the same sound are placed close together -involves repetition of letters, most importantly, it is a repetition of sounds. -It might begin with the same letters, but it is not alliteration because the sounds are not the same. -Businesses and advertisers use alliteration to call attention to company names and products -the repetition of consonant or vowel sounds at the beginning of words allow rhythm and musicality. It also makes a phrase easy to memorize and fun to read or say out loud. -Certain sounds can affect the mood of a poem. Alliteration can be used to give a poem a calm, smooth feeling or a loud, harsh feeling. -it may be used to call attention to a certain subject. -Alliteration is also common in article titles, advertisements, and media to draw attention. Example: -It might begin with the same letters, but it is not alliteration because the sounds are not the same. -Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers. -Singing songs of the seaside -Keep that crazy cat out -I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

nonfiction

Definition: writing or cinema that is about facts and real events Example: Escape from Alcatraz

MLA Citation (Academic Journal)

Last, First M. "Article Title." Journal Title Series Volume. Issue (Year Published): Page(s). Website Title. Web. Date Month Year Accessed. (Double spaced with Hanging Indent)

metonymy vs synecdoche

Metonymy and synecdoche are both figures of speech that allow one thing to represent another. The difference between the two is very slight: synecdoche allows a part to stand for a whole, whereas metonymy allows an associated idea to stand for another idea. First, imagine a friend has bought a very nice motorcycle. Both metonymy and synecdoche can be used to give a compliment: Metonymy: Nice ride, man. This compliment is considered metonymy because one rides a motorcycle. The idea of riding is associated with motorcycles, but it is not part of a motorcycle. Synecdoche: Nice rims, man. Although this compliment is only one word away from the example of metonymy, it is different. Rims are a part of motorcycle which stand for the whole. Video: https://youtu.be/nfYYPMhgMuQ

PACE

P-PURPOSE AND CONTENT: what is the purpose of the website? Is the website balanced or biased? Does the website have means of contacting the author? A-AUTHORITY AND ACCURACY: who is the author? what does the URL provide? what are the qualifications of the author or group that created the site? C-CURRENCY: when was the website last modified, updated, or revised? is currency important to the type of information available on the website? Is the site well maintained? are the links broken? E-DESIGN, ORGANIZATION, AND EASE OF USE: How does the website appear overall? Is it well designed? easy to read? are help screens available? is there a search feature/map? *online sources= PACE

synecdoche

PART/WHOLE Definition: allowing a part (hands) to represent the whole (a crew member in the ship). -is a figure of speech which allows a part to stand for a whole or for a whole to stand for a part. -allow speakers to emphasize certain parts of a whole, highlighting their importance by substituting them for the whole. -draw attention to the power of associative and referential thinking, as readers automatically understand that a part can stand for the whole and vice versa. -common element in literature from the poet who speaks of his lover in terms of her eyes and lips to the writer who provides an entire town with the mood and personality of an individual. -It can be used for simplification and brevity or poeticism and elaboration. Microcosm: the phrase for synecdoche in which a smaller part signifies a larger whole. -He's in good hands." Macrocosm: is the phrase for synecdoche in which a larger whole signifies a smaller collection of parts. -The Department of Education announced new plans for the education reform. (the Department of Education as a whole cannot literally make such an announcement. Rather, an individual or set of individuals puts together the announcement.) Example: -There will be time, there will be time To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet; There will be time to murder and create, And time for all the works and days of hands That lift and drop a question on your plate; I know the voices dying with a dying fall Beneath the music from a farther room. -When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral. When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction.

QUEST

Q-Question and Explore: challenging your knowledge about a subject and exploring new ideas about it. U-Understand and Analyze: develop an understanding of the topic in order to develop an accurate conclusion. Thoroughly analyze both perspectives and test the reliability of the given information. E-Evaluate Multiple Perspectives: evaluate different arguments and perspectives. S-Synthesize Ideas: Combine one's knowledge of an idea with those of others to create a perspective to apply in a well-reasoned argument. T-Transmit, Transform, and Team: Work together as a team and utilize each others strengths. Reflect on one's work and also communicate with group members.

RAVEN

R-REPUTATION: what do you know about the author's reputation, sources, or publication? A-ABILITY TO OBSERVE: is the author in a position that allows access to reliable evidence? Did they actually observe the event? V-VESTED INTEREST: does the author have personal stake in this topic? Would they gain anything for lying or telling the truth? E-EXPERTISE: does the author have specialized knowledge on the topic? Does the evidence come from a source that has expertise in a topic? N-NEUTRALITY: is the author neutral about the topic or biased? Is the source of evidence neutral or biased? *print sources=RAVEN

Dante wrote in vernacular because...

Rather than attempting to redefine hell, Dante is trying to explain hell, to take an abstract concept and make it tactile, and to make it known to the common man.

Annotated Bibliography

What? -A full citation and a solid paragraph that summarizes/evaluates an article from your research. -Every professor has a different set of expectations -Takes place during Pre-writing/planning Importance: -Puts all citations in one place so you can copy and paste into your works cited. -Organizes Tabs during research -More efficient when researching Structure: -Summary/ summarize research (EOC question 1) -credibility of the author (RAVEN) -Blended quote you are planning to use. -How and where you will use it in your paper. -Explain how it connects to the research question. (Be Specific)! Template: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Q1M9o6rTHlGgUKyID_aUXSQLjEi6FqrtIvsXyBAbQsU/edit https://docs.google.com/document/d/17lB-sWaQxhST9eK-ZqkAfFdQVDSQjgwMhkg2W1TFSPo/edit?usp=sharing

A (RAVEN)

ability to observe

A (PACE)

authority and accuracy

C (PACE)

currency

E (PACE)

ease of use, design, organization

E (QUEST)

evaluate multiple perspectives

E (RAVEN)

expertise

Probably on the Quiz

in which the protagonist recognizes his tragic flaw. This happens at the climax, leading to his eventual downfall. The end of anagnorisis leads to catharsis in the readers. The ideal moment for this device to happen is the moment of peripeteia Turning point/ climax/ perpeteia(reverse of fortune) --> anagnorisis (realization of faults) --> catharsis (emotion of readers)

N (RAVEN)

neutrality

Difference between asyndeton and polysyndeton

polysyndeton- when commas are replaced with conjunctions asyndeton- when conjunctions are replaced with commas

P (PACE)

purpose and content

Q (QUEST)

question and explore

R (RAVEN)

reputation

S (QUEST)

synthesize ideas

T (QUEST)

team, transform, and transmit

U (QUEST)

understand and analyze

V (RAVEN)

vested interest