AP Sothers Unit 3 Test (Chp 10-13)
Whiskey Rebellion
A protest by poor western farmers that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton's army
Cause: The need for federal revenues to finance Hamilton's ambitious policies
Effect: Led to imposition of the first tariff in 1789 and the excise tax on whiskey in 1791
Cause: Clashes between Hamilton and Jefferson over fiscal policy and foreign affairs
Effect: Led to the formation of the first 2 American political parties
Cause: France's acquisition of Louisiana from Spain
Effect: Made Americans eager to purchase New Orleans in order to protect their Mississippi River shipping
Cause: The Louisiana Purchase
Effect: Made operational the isolationist principles of Washington's Farewell Address
James Wilkinson
Traitorous military governor of Louisiana who joined Aaron Burr's conspiracy to break off parts of the southwest for the United States
William Henry Harrison
"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- US warns all of Europe to not colonize Latin America and not intervene in Latin America - In return, US would stay out of European affairs
The American System (Henry Clay)
1. Strong Banking System (provide credit) Bank of the U.S. 2. Protective Tariff which would help industries 3. Network of roads and canals, especially in Ohio, valley that would help link the country together Bank of the US Internal Improvements Tariffs (1816 - 1st Protective Tariff)
Rush-Bagot agreement
1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes
Davey Crockett
A frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for independence
Cause: The Barbary pirates' attacks on American shipping
Effect: Forced a reluctant Jefferson to send the U.S. navy into military action
Cause: Passage of the Bill of Rights
Effect: Guaranteed basic liberties and indicated some swing away from Federalist centralizing
Describe the political innovations of the 1830s, especially the rise of mass parties, Jackson's use of the presidency to stir up public opinion, and indicate their significance for American politics and society.
A. Rise of the National Party Convention to Nominate Presidential Candidates - More democratic method of Nominating Candidates B. 2 Party System: Whigs & Democrats C. New Forms of Politicking -Banners, badges, parades, "get out the vote" ** Because of mass appeal ---> huge voter turn out(increase) 1824(24%)--> 1840 (78%)
Indicate how the alleged corrupt bargain of 1824 and Adams' unpopular presidency set the stage for Jackson's election in 1828.
A. Weakened Adams: He was the people's 2nd choice--didn't win the popular vote. Only won electoral because of persuasion by Clay in the House of Reps. Accused of bribing Henry Clay --> "If you get votes for me, I will make you Secretary of State" B Strengthened Jackson because Adams looked bad, due to the alleged corruption, the government also looked corrupt.
Pardoned
Action Jefferson took toward Republican "martyrs" convicted under the Federalist Sedition Law
Impeachment
Action voted by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase and feared by Chief Justice Marshall
John C. Calhoun
Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson
Funding at par
Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit
John Quincy Adams
Aloof New England statesman whose nationalism and elitism made him unpopular in the era of sectionalism and popular democracy
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
American Treaty of 1824 agreement between the US and one of the European great powers that fixed the southern boundary of that nation's colony of Alaska
Robert Livingston
American minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal
Stephen Decatur
American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, "...our country, right or wrong!"
The Chesapeake
American ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries
Describe the polarizing effects of the French Revolution on American foreign and domestic policy and politics from 1790 to 1800
Americans initially cheered the freedom the revolution supported, but regretted the bloodshed which they used to accomplish their goal • Many argued about the Franco-American alliance that still existed between the two countries, fearing that honoring it would cause conflict with the aggressive British • Washington made the Neutrality Proclamation, which also caused domestic conflict between those Democratic-Republicans that supported France and the Federalists who supported Britain
"Old Hickory"
Andrew Jackson's popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson's stunning victory over invading British forces that occurred after the peace Treaty of Ghent had already been signed
The Monroe Doctrine
Angered Britain and other European nations but had little effect in Latin America
The rise of European reactionary powers and the loss of Spain's colonial empire
Aroused American and British fears of European intervention in Latin America
The alleged corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay for the presidency in 1824
Aroused popular anger and made Jackson's supporters determined to elect him in 1828
The Missouri Compromise
Aroused southern fears for the long-term future of slavery
President Adams's strong nationalistic policies
Aroused the bitter opposition of westerners and southerners, who were increasingly sectionalist
Cause: The need to gain support of wealthy groups for the federal government
Effect: Led Hamilton to promote the fiscal policies of funding and assumption
Hamilton's Plan
Bank of the United States Excise Taxes Funding at par Assumption of State Debts Tariffs
The Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle in 1811 where General Harrison defeated the Indian warriors Tecumseh and the Prophet
War of 1812 Important Events
Battle of Tippecanoe: - William Henry Harrison defeats Native Americans Battle of New Orleans: - 2 weeks AFTER Treaty of Ghent, Andrew Jackson defeats British - HUGE INCREASE IN NATIONALISM Treaty of Ghent: (Henry Clay) -ended war: armistice, no gains or losses
Cause: The danger of war with Britain
Effect: Led Washington to support Jay's Treaty
Supreme Court
Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay
Navy
Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and most necessary to suppressing the Barbary states
Cause: Napoleon's foreign troubles with Britain and Santo Domingo
Effect: Led to a surprise offer to sell Louisiana to the United States for $15 million
Alexander Hamilton
Brilliant administrator and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his character and his beliefs concerning popular government
George Canning
British foreign secretary whose proposal for a joint British-American declared led to the unilaterally declared Monroe Doctrine
The Anti-Masonic Party
Brought many evangelical Christians into politics and showed that others besides Jackson could stir up popular feelings
Cause: British impressment of American sailors and anger at American harboring of British deserters
Effect: Led to an aggressive and deadly assault on the American ship Chesapeake
Over-speculation (buying in the hopes of selling for a higher price) in western lands
Caused the economy to collapse in the Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837
Caused widespread human suffering and virtually guaranteed Martin Van Buren's defeat in 1840
Analyze the causes and effects of the Louisiana Purchase.
Causes: Jefferson went against his strict interpretation of the Constitution and bought the land so the French would not try to establish an empire in North America, trade with peoples of the west, expand the country Effects: explorers such as Lewis and Clark explored the land, created room for westward expansion
Sequoyah
Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people
Black Hawk War
Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and state militias
"corrupt bargain"
Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office
The Hartford Convention
Contributed to the Death of the Federalist party and the impression that New Englanders were disloyal
The disappearance of the Federalists and President Monroe's appeals to New England
Created a temporary one-party system and an "era of Good Feelings"
Farewell Address of 1793
Declaration by President Washington in 1793 that announced America's policy with respect to the French Revolutionary wars between Britain and France
Mr. Madison's War
Derisive Federalist name for the War of 1812 that blamed it on the Republican president
Midnight Judges
Derogatory Republican term for Federalist judges appointed at the last minute by President Adams
Cause: The Federalist fear of radical French immigrants
Effect: Caused passage of the Alien Acts
Cause: Hamilton's excise tax on western farmers' products
Effect: Caused the Whiskey Rebellion
Cause: The French Revolution
Effect: Created bitter divisions in America between anti-Revolution Federalists and pro-Revolution Republicans
Cause: Jefferson's moderation and continuation of many Federalist policies
Effect: Created stability and continuity in the transition of power from one party to another
Cause: Marshall's ruling in Marbury v. Madison
Effect: Established the principle of "judicial review" of laws by the Supreme Court
Cause: French compliance with Macon's Bill No. 2
Effect: Forced Madison to declare a policy of nonimportation that accelerated the drift toward war
panic of 1837
Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the presidency of Martin Van Buren
Cause: Jay's Treaty
Effect: Aroused Jeffersonian Republican outrage at the Washington administration's pro-British policies
Cause: Adams' appointment of "midnight judges"
Effect: Aroused Jeffersonian hostility to the Federalist judiciary and led to repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801
Cause: Western war hawks' fervor for acquiring Canada and removing resisting Indians
Effect: Caused Harrison's and Jackson's military ventures and contributed to the declaration of war in 1812
Cause: The XYZ Affair
Effect: Caused an undeclared war with France
Tsar Alexander I's mediation proposal
Eventually led to the beginnings of peace negotiations at Ghent
Adams decided to seek a negotiated peace with France in order to unite his Federalist party and enhance his own popularity with the public.
False
Andrew Jackson became a great popular hero as president because he continued to live the same life of frontier toughness and simplicity as his followers.
False
Andrew Jackson used mediation and compromise rather than threats of force to persuade South Carolina to back away from its nullification of the tariff laws.
False
Henry Clay disproved the charge of a corrupt bargain between himself and President Adams by refusing to accept any favors from the new administration.
False
In the battle over the Bank of the United States, Jefferson favored a loose construction of the Constitution, and Hamilton favored a strict construction.
False
Jefferson and his Republican Party followers turned against the French Revolution when it turned radically violent in the Reign of Terror.
False
Jeffersonian Republicans believed that the common people were not to be trusted and had to be led by those who were wealthier and better educated.
False
President Washington believed that America was so powerful that it could afford to stay neutral in the great revolutionary wars between Britain and France.
False
The Alien Laws were a reasonable Federalist attempt to limit uncontrolled immigration into the United States and protect dangerous French revolutionaries from weakening American national security.
False
The Jeffersonian Republicans generally sympathized with Britain in foreign policy, while the Hamiltonian Federalists sympathized with France and the French Revolution.
False
The Whig party was united by its principles of states' rights, western expansionism, and opposition to the role of evangelical Christianity in politics.
False
The election campaign of 1828 was notable for the well-formulated debates between Andrew Jackson and President Adams on the issues of the tariff and removal of the barriers to political equality and democracy.
False
The passage of the first ten amendments to the Constitution demonstrated the Federalist determination to develop a powerful central government even if it threatened minority rights.
False
William Henry Harrison's background as an ordinary frontiersman born in a log cabin enabled Whigs to match and exceed the Democrats' appeal to the common man in the campaign of 1840.
False
Jefferson's deepest doubt about the Louisiana Purchase was that the price of $15 million was too high.
False. (His deepest doubt was that the purchase was unconstitutional)
The case of "Marbury v. Madison" established the principle that the president could appoint but not remove Supreme Court justices.
False. (It established JUDICIAL REVIEW, the right of the Supreme Court to declare legislation unconstitutional)
To carry out his Revolution of 1800, Jefferson directly overturned the Federalist tariff and Bank of the United States.
False. (Jefferson kept the tariff and the Bank of the United States in place, he got rid of the excise tax, however)
The British precipitated a crisis with the United States by blockading American ports in order to prevent trade with Napoleon's continental Europe.
False. (The British did not blockade American ports; rather, they prevented any US ships from trading in Europe unless they first stopped in Britain)
In the campaign of 1800, the Federalists criticized Jefferson's governmental ideas but avoided attacking him personally.
False. (The Federalists engaged in constant personal attacks on Jefferson for his alleged atheism, his slave mistress, and so on)
New Englanders initially supported the War of 1812 in order to stop the widespread British practice of impressing American sailors into the British navy.
False. (The war was caused largely by southerner and westerners, eager to uphold American rights and seize Canada; New Englanders generally opposed war)
The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a free state, in exchange for the admission of Louisiana as a slave state
False: It admitted Missouri as a slave state in exchange for admitting Maine as a free state
The most effective branch of the American military in the War of 1812 proved to be the US Army
False: It was the Navy
Two bungling American military commanders in the War of 1812 were Oliver Hazard Perry and William Henry Harrison
False: Perry and Harrison were two of the rare successful commanders - of navy and army
The Americans developed a brilliant strategy for conquering Canada that failed only when the British successfully defended Fort Michilimackina on Lake Michigan
False: The American strategy was badly flawed from the beginning
The most humiliating American defeat of the War of 1812 occurred when the British captured and burned the city of Baltimore.
False: The Americans at Baltimore held firm; the British fleet hammered Fort McHenry with their cannon but could not capture the city
Newly independent Latin Americans were thankful to the United States for the Monroe Doctrine which declared that there could be no more European colonialism in America
False: The Monroe Doctrine was hardly noticed in Latin America
Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans enabled the United States to resist British demands and achieve at favorable peace settlement in the Treaty of Ghent
False: The status quo peace treaty was signed before Jackson's victory at New Orleans
New Englanders opposed the War of 1812 because they believed that Canada should be acquired by peaceful negotiation rather than war.
False: They did not want to acquire Canada at all
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams successfully acquired both Oregon and Florida for the United States
False:Adams acquired Florida but only gained a joint occupation of Oregon
Samuel Chase
Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate
John Marshall
Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review, strong executive branch
Bank of the United States
Federally chartered financial institution set up by Alexander Hamilton and vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson
Explain why President Madison became convinced that a new war with Britain was necessary to maintain America's experiment in republican government.
First, he believed that a war with Britain was inevitable as the British in the New World supplied hostile Indians with arms • He believed that though previous peace initiatives were important, that only a war with the advancing British would prove America's republican philosophy and show that it is strong enough to protect itself rather than avoiding conflict • Congress declared war on Britain in June 1812
Sam Houston
Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence
Aaron Burr
Former vice-president, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes
Napoleon Bonaparte
French ruler who acquired Louisiana from Spain only to sell it to the United States
Cheap land and increasing westward migration
Fueled demands in Congress for transportation improvements and the removal of the Native Americans
The demand of many whites to acquire Indian land in Georgia and other states
Fueled the political pressures that led Andrew Jackson to forcibly remove the Cherokees and others
Battle of Fallen Timbers
General Anthony Wayne's victory over the Miami Indians that brought Ohio territory under American control
Toussaint L' Ouverture
Gifted black revolutionary whose successful slave revolution indirectly led to Napoleon's sale of Louisiana
Andrew Jackson's war against Nicholas Biddle and his policies
Got the government out of banking but weakened the American financial system
Funding and assumption
Hamilton's aggressive financial policies of paying off all federal bonds and taking on all state debts
Assumption
Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states
Excise Tax
Hamiltonian economic measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin
Alien and Sedition Acts
Harsh and probably unconstitutional laws aimed at radical immigrants and Jeffersonian writers
Describe the methods and policies Alexander Hamilton used to put the federal government on a sound financial footing
He believed that to get the country out of its substantial debt situation that the federal government would have to pay off the debt by funding at par, meaning he would pay off the debt at face value and assume state debt • He did this by issuing treasury bonds • He then imposed tariffs on imported goods to encourage domestic growth • Finally, a national bank and strong national currency were incorporated
Describe Jefferson's basic foreign-policy goals and how he attempted to achieve them.
He greatly reduced the size of the military upon entering office to decrease the power held by the federal government and to reduce debt • Jefferson planned to make allies by peaceful coercion • His policies did not always work, and the country went into a depression during his second term when he instituted the Embargo Act
Explain how Jefferson's idealistic Revolution of 1800 proved to be more moderate and practical once he began exercising presidential power.
He initially described his win as a revolution, as it successfully demonstrated that power can peacefully shift between groups • He actually maintained many Federalists policies such as the national bank, and was fairly moderate • He also did not stick to his strict constitutional interpretation • He did, however, encourage states' rights and greatly reduce the power of the military and federal government
American System
Henry Clay's ambitious nationalistic proposal for a federal banking system, higher tariffs, and internal improvements to help develop American manufacturing and trade
Black Hawk
Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832
The rising nationalistic economic spirit after the War of 1812
Inspired a new Bank of the United States and the protectionist Tariff of 1816
Contributed to the Death of the Federalist party and the impression that New Englanders were disloyal
Inspired a new sense of Canadian nationalism
Bank of the United States
Institution established by Hamilton to create a stable currency and bitterly opposed by states' rights advocates
Jay's Treaty
International agreement, signed in 1794, whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans
Explain Jackson's economic and political motives for waging the bitter Bank War, and show how Jacksonian economics crippled his successor Van Buren after the Panic of 1837.
Jackson believed it would harm the economy since the bank notes fluctuated ,Biddle had unconstitutional power. Clay and Webster presented a bill to renew the bank before it expired so Jackson wouldn't be reelected. He was reelected,increased power and cut off the national bank. Very unreliable "pet" and "wildcat" banks are made, metal money made, financial crisis and Panic of 1837. Buren let people down,gambler, did not help,"Divorce Bill" to separate bank and gov by making an independent treasury (not well supported)
Specie Circular
Jackson's Treasury Department decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" money (coins)
Henry Clay
Jackson's rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the Bank of the United States
Analyze the celebration of Jackson's victory in 1828 as a triumph of the New Democracy over the more restrictive and elitist politics of the early Republic.
Jackson's sweeping presidential victory in 1828 represented the political triumph of the New Democracy including spoils-rich political machines that thrived in the new environment. Jackson's simple, popular ideas and rough-hewn style reinforced the growing belief that any ordinary person could hold public office.
Explain how the conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the emergence of the first political parties
Jefferson noted that nowhere in the Constitution was a national bank mentioned, and demanded that Hamilton had no authority to institute one • Hamilton believed that what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted • He cited the "necessary and proper" clause • Also, Jefferson disagreed with the excise tax and the militarized manner in which the Whiskey Rebellion it caused was dealt with • Hamilton's policies arguably encroached on states' rights, which Jefferson disagreed with, so political parties were formed
Describe the original goal of Jefferson's embargo, and explain why it failed.
Jefferson wanted to use his policy of peaceful coercion to convince the French and British would be forced to give in • He proposed an embargo forbidding American exports • The French and British were able to acquire goods elsewhere, and the economic toll that the embargo took on the country was tremendous, causing a depression
Describe the conflicts between Federalists and Republicans over the judiciary and how John Marshall turned the Supreme Court into a bastion of conservative, federalist power to balance the rise of Jeffersonian democracy
Jefferson went on a campaign to remove midnight Federalist appointments made by John Adams • He was successful in kicking out William Marbury, but federalist John Marshall set a precedent for judicial review by saying that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional • This gave the Federalist court more power than initially foreseen
Embargo Act
Jefferson's policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States
The growth of American migration into northern Mexico
Laid the basis for a political conflict that resulted in Texas independence
Jackson's belief that any ordinary American could hold government office
Laid the foundations for the spoils system that fueled the new mass political parties
Sedition Act
Law passed by Federalists during the undeclared French war that made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame government officials, including the president
Court Cases
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - Maryland tried to tax a branch of the BUS; John Marshall does not allow it Cohens v. Virginia (1821) - Supreme Court is allowed to review decisions of state courts, shows power of federal government Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - New York grants monopoly to boat company on Hudson (involving trade between NY and NJ), John Marshall says no and that Congress has sole control over interstate trade
Washington's Farewell Address
Message telling America that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements—a reflection of the foreign policy of its author
Santa Anna
Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat Texas rebels
War Hawks
Militantly nationalistic western congressmen who were eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British
William Henry Harrison
Military leader who defeated Tecumseh's brother, "the Prophet," at the Battle of Tippecanoe
national nominal convention
New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses
Sally Hemmings
One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves at Monticello whose affair with Jefferson has been confirmed by modern DNA evidence
Moses Austin
Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government
French Revolution
Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792
Political parties
Political organizations, not envisioned in the Constitution, and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founders
Federalists
Political party that believed in a strong government run by the wealthy, government aid to business, and a pro-British foreign policy
Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans
Political party that believed in the common people, no government aid for business, and a pro-French foreign policy
Whigs
Political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms
Democrats
Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people and hostility to privilege
hard cider and log cabins
Popular symbols of the somewhat bogus but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840
Marbury vs. Madison
Precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall dismissed a Federalist judge's suit but also declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
$15,000,000
Price paid by the United States for the Louisiana Purchase
American lack of military preparation and poor strategy
Produced a series of badly failed attempts to conquer Canada
The deadlock between the North and South over slavery in Missouri
Produced the Missouri Compromise, in which admitted two states and drew a line between slave and free territories
The high New England-backed Tariff of 1828
Provoked protests and threats of nullification from South Carolina
The Rush-Bagot agreement
Reduced armaments along the border between the United States and Canada and laid the groundwork for "the longest unfortified boundary in the world"
Oliver H. Perry's and Thomas Macdonough's naval successes
Reversed a string of American defeats and prevented a British-Canadian invasion from the north
evangelical Protestants
Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform
Masonic order
Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832
Marbury vs. Madison
Ruling based on a "midnight judge" case that established the right of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional
Czar Alexander I
Russian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 1812
XYZ Affair
Scandal in which three French secret agents attempted to bribe U.S. diplomats, outraging the American public and causing the undeclared war with France
Tariff of Abominations
Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828
XYZ
Secret code names for three French agents who attempted to extract bribes from American diplomats in 1797
Osceola
Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against U.S. expansion
Sacajawea
Shoshoni Indian who provided valuable guidance and assistance to Lewis and Clark as they crossed the Rocky Mountains
James Madison
Skillful politician-scholar who drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the First Congress
anti-Masonic Party
Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in 1831
Thomas Jefferson
Strong believer in strict construction, weak government, and antimilitarism who was forced to modify some of his principles in office
Albert Gallatin
Swiss-born treasury secretary who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect
Santo Domingo
Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's
Dartmouth vs. Woodward
Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change the legal charter of a private college once granted
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank
Nicholas Biddle
Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States
Bill of Rights
Ten constitutional amendments designed to protect American liberties
Oregon Country
Territory beyond Louisiana, along the Columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark
Martin van Buren
The "Wizard of Albany," whose economically troubled presidency was severed in the shadow of Jackson
Bank of the United States
The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832
Describe how America was gradually drawn into the turbulent international crisis of the Napoleonic Wars.
The British attacked the American warship the Chesapeake The Americans were furious and demanded war, but Jefferson valued peace instead • He proposed the Embargo Act of 1807 that forbade the export of American goods, hoping that peace would ensue • Instead, the plan backlashed, hurling the country into a depression
Describe the poisonous political atmosphere that produced the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans despised each other, and the Federalist Congress wanted them out of the country • The Alien Laws made it legal to deport "dangerous" foreigners, most of them poor Democratic Republicans • The Sedition Act made it illegal for someone to speak out against the government, a direct encroachment of the rights in the Bill of Rights • The reaction was the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions made it possible to nullify Congressional decisions
Describe the contrasting membership and principles of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans, and how they laid the foundations of the American political party system
The Democratic-Republicans believed in states' rights, a Franco-American Alliance, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and the removal of the national bank • The Federalists supported Hamilton's financial policies, favored loose interpretation of the Constitution, and enjoyed a more powerful federal government • This set the stage for the political parties' arguments during the election of 1800
Describe the different ways that each of the new mass political parties, Democrats and Whigs, promoted the democratic ideals of liberty and equality among their constituencies.
The Democrats harkened to the Jeffersonian ideal of an egalitarian agricultural society, advising that traditional farm life bred republican simplicity, while modernization threatened to create a politically powerful caste of rich aristocrats who threatened to subvert democracy. In general the Democrats enacted their policies at the national level, while the Whigs succeeded in passing modernization projects in most states.
Describe the causes of the undeclared war with France, and explain Adams's decision to seek peace rather than declare war
The French were infuriated at Jay's Treaty • Instead of fighting France, Adams sent envoys to try to make peace with France • The envoys were met with bribes, but refused what would be called the XYZ affair • Adams was able to restrict fighting to the West Indies
Describe Jackson's policies of westward expansion, his relations with the new Republic of Texas, and his harsh removal of the southeastern Indian nations on the Trail of Tears.
The Indian Removal Act, passed in 1830, granted President Andrew Jackson funds and authority to remove the Indians by force if necessary. He pursued a determined effort to coerce the Indians into expulsion. Although the Cherokee National council legislated a legal code and even adopted a constitution. White people still wanted their land. So in 1828 Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee Tribal council Illegal. But The Cherokee appealed to Supreme Court, which three times help up the Indian Rights. A. Jackson refused to recognize the Supreme courts decision and proposed a "voluntary" removal of 100k Indians. Congress passed Indian Removal Act. B. When Indians tried to rebel, they were crushed by U.S. military. Thus, the Trail of Tears began
spoils system
The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of political support rather than qualifications
Describe and explain the growth of Mass Democracy in the 1820s.
The beginning in the 1820s, a powerful movement celebrating the common person and promoting "New Democracy" transformed the earlier elitist character of American Politics. The controversial election of the Yankee sophisticate John Quincy Adams in 1824 angered the followers of Andrew Jackson.
Cabinet
The body of advisers to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government
Alexander Hamilton
The cabinet office in Washington's administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people
Nullification
The doctrine, proclaimed in the Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional
The Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protected individual liberties
Explain the rationale for Washington's neutrality policies, including the conciliatory Jay's Treaty and why the treaty provoked Jeffersonian outrage
The nation was weak and economically unstable, so a war with Britain would be dangerous • He thought that if Americans could avoid conflict for a while, they could amass a powerful enough navy to be involved in foreign affairs • Jay's Treaty led Britain to promise to evacuate their American posts and repay the US for seizing ship
Convention of 1800
The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French-American alliance
Judicial Review
The principle, established by Chief Justice Marshall in a famous case, that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional
John Adams
The second president of the United States, whose Federalist enemies and political weaknesses undermined his administration
Trail of Tears
The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Native Americans were moved to Oklahoma
Nullification Crisis
Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected
The failure of any candidate to win an electoral majority in the four-way election of 1824
Threw the bitterly contested election into the U.S. House of Representatives
Treaty of Greenville
Treaty following Miami Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers that ceded Ohio to the United States but gave Indians limited sovereignty
A political deal between Jefferson and Hamilton involved obtaining Virginia's support for assumption of state debts in exchange for locating the District of Columbia along the Potomac River by Virginia.
True
A primary source of tension between settlers in Texas and the Mexican government was Mexico's abolition of slavery and prohibition of slave importation.
True
After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain began sending thousands of crack veteran troops to North America in order to crush the upstart United States
True
After the "Chesapeake" affair, Jefferson could easily have declared war on Britain with the enthusiastic support of both Federalists and Republicans.
True
An unexpected deadlock with Aaron Burr meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the House of Representatives.
True
As president, Jefferson attempted to exemplify his principles of democracy and equality by reducing formality and hierarchy in official Washington.
True
Even though the War of 1812 was a military and diplomatic draw, it set off a burst of patriotic enthusiasm and heightened nationalism in the United States
True
Former vice president Aaron Burr's conspiracies to break apart the United States demonstrated the fragility of the American government's control of the trans-Appalachian West.
True
Hamilton financed his large national debt by revenues from tariffs and excise taxes on products such as whiskey.
True
Hamilton's basic purpose in all his financial measures was to strengthen the federal government by building up a larger national debt.
True
Instead of forcing Britain and France to respect American rights, as Jefferson hoped, the embargo crippled the American economy.
True
Jackson successfully used his veto of the bill to recharter the wealthy Bank of the United States to politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.
True
Jackson's victory in 1828 represented the triumph of the West and the common people over the older elitist political system.
True
Jefferson cut the size of the United States Army to 2500 men because he believed that a large standing army posed a danger of dictatorship and could embroil the nation in unnecessary foreign wars.
True
Jefferson's envoys to Paris initially intended to buy only New Orleans and the immediate vicinity.
True
John Jay's unpopular treaty with Britain stirred outrage among many Americans and fueled the rise of Jefferson's Republican Party.
True
John Marshall's Supreme Court rulings generally defended the power for the federal government against the power of the states
True
Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery developed a rich scientific knowledge of the West and discovered an overland American route to the Pacific.
True
President Adams lost public support by promoting strong nationalistic principles in a time of growing support for sectionalism and states' rights.
True
South Carolina's fierce opposition to the Tariff of Abominations reflected an underlying fear that enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.
True
The British agreed to a status quo peace treaty at Ghent largely because they were tired of war and worried about a potentially dangerous France
True
The Hartford Convention's flirtation with secession during the War of 1812 left a taint of treason that contributed to the death of the Federalist party
True
The Jacksonians practiced their belief that because all citizens were equal, anyone could hold public positions without particular qualifications.
True
The first American political parties grew mainly out of the debate over Hamilton's fiscal policies and U.S. foreign policy toward Europe.
True
The first political rebellion against the new United States government was by frontier whiskey distillers who hated Hamilton's excise tax on alcohol.
True
The last election based on the old elitist political system was the four-way presidential campaign of 1824 involving Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams.
True
The powerful Cherokees of the southeastern United States fiercely resisted white efforts to alter their traditional culture and way of life.
True
The primary force threatening American national security and unity in the 1790s were the international wars set off by the French Revolution.
True
When the Supreme Court ruled against the state of Georgia and in favor of southeastern Indians' rights, Jackson defied the Supreme Court's rulings and ordered the Cherokees and other southeastern tribes forcibly removed to Oklahoma.
True
The Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa successfully organized a great Indian confederacy aimed at stemming white expansion and reviving Indian culture.
True.
State why George Washington was pivotal to inaugurating the new federal government
Unanimously drafted as the first president of the United States • He established a cabinet during his term as presidency which he would meet this, though this system was not specifically described in the Constitution • He appointed Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Secretary of War Henry Knox • A Bill of Rights was also added to the Constitution during his presidency
John Marshall's Supreme Court rulings
Upheld the power of the federal government against the states
Thomas Jefferson
Washington's secretary of state and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton's policies
William Clark
Young army officer who joined Jefferson's personal secretary in exploring the Louisiana Purchase & Oregon country
Missouri Compromise
admitted one slave state and one free state to the Union, and fixed the boundary between slave and free territories
Treaty of Ghent
agreement that simply stopped fighting and left most of the war issues unresolved
John Marshall
aristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states
Henry Clay
eloquent Kentucky spokesman for the American System and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the US Senate
Hartford Convention
gathering of antiwar New England Federalists whose flirtation with secession stirred outrage and contributed to the death of the Federalist party
Hartford Convention
gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason
North American Review
highly intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism
Daniel Webster
leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the US Senate during the 1820s
36 30'
line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise
Erie Canal
major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding
Andrew Jackson
military commander who exceeded his government's instructions during an invasion of Spanish territory
John Quincy Adams
nationalistic secretary of state who promoted American interests against Spain and Britain
Oregon
northwestern territory occupied jointly by Britain and the US under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818
Federalist
once-prominent political party that effectively died by 1820
Lake Erie
one of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet
Washington Irving
one of the first nationalistic American writers to achieve literary recognition in Europe
Rush-Bagot Treaty
post-War of 1812 treaty between Britain and the US that limited the naval arms race on the Great Lakes
James Monroe
president whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings
Monroe Doctrine
presidential foreign-policy proclamation that grandly warned European nations against colonization or interference in the Americas, even though the US could not really enforce such a decree
Star-Spangled Banner
stirring patriotic song written by Francis Scott Key while being held aboard a British ship in Baltimore harbor
Era of Good Feelings
somewhat inappropriate term applied to the 2 Monroe administrations, suggesting that this period lacked major conflicts
Describe the crucial military developments of the War of 1812, and explain why Americans experienced more success on water than on land.
the army was ill trained for battle while the navy to Jefferson's dismay had been kept up for things like protecting merchants
The most revolutionary development in the critical election of 1800 turned out to be...
the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent.
Indicate how John Marshall's Supreme Court promoted the spirit of nationalism through its rulings in favor of federal power.
• First, in McCulloch vs. Maryland, he bolstered nationalism and federal power by denying Maryland the right to tax the national bank • In Cohen vs. Virginia, Marshall made it possible to review the decisions of state courts involving the powers of the federal government • Marshall ruled on several other cases bolstering the power of the federal government and weakening state governments as well
Describe the Monroe Doctrine and explain its real and symbolic significance for American foreign policy and for relations with the new Latin American republics.
• In this doctrine of 1823, Monroe warned European powers, demanding noncolonization and nonintervention of the Western Hemisphere • This was good news for relations between the US and Latin America because it protected the fledgling countries • Some European monarchs were angry, but overall the Monroe Doctrine was a victory for post-1812 nationalism
Describe and explain the burst of American nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
• Nationalism soared after the War of 1812 • Washington Irving and other writers began to use American scenes and themes in their writing • Also, the National Bank was revived and the military was greatly expanded
Describe the major political and economic developments of the period, including the death of the Federalist Party, the so-called Era of Good Feelings, and the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1819.
• The Federalists ran their last candidate in 1816 against James Monroe, and were crushed, ending their influence and giving way to one-party rule • During Monroe's presidency, tranquility and prosperity smiled upon the nation, though tariffs and the sale of public lands caused dispute • Over speculation of frontier lands by the Bank caused financial paralysis and a panic that would lead to a depression, ending the Era of Good Feelings
Identify the terms of the Treaty of Ghent, and outline the short-term and long-term results of the War of 1812.
• The Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice between the two opposing sides to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory • Basically, no mention was made of all of the American grievances in the treaty • Also, no land was really gained by the United States as a result of the treaty -Short term The American war achieved it's real major objective - to prevent Great Britain from providing support to native Americans to resist American westward expansion. From then on in, European domination of the west was a foregone conclusion. English speakers in Upper Canada were so shocked by American looting during the war that even residents who had been born in the United States started looking more and more to Britain rather than the United States. It essentially created an English Canadian identity Given the death of many British leaders during the war, including Brock, "leading from the front" became a thing of the past. -Long term Both sides started eschewing war as a way of settling their differences. Anglo-American rivalry continued to exist until World War I, but after the War of 1812 both sides were more willing to talk over their differences. This led to the establishment of borders and fishing rights being negotiated over the next hundred years with no shots being fired The Americans suffered losses from privateering and began to see it as a bad idea (the States was one of the last nations to abandon it). The American philosophy for fighting war changed from "militias" to "regular army". During the next forty years, the United States built a professional army and stopped relying on militia for defense. By the Civil War, both sides were fighting with professional armies who received regular pay, were extensively trained, and had officers promoted on merit rather than connections.
Explain why the War of 1812 was so politically divisive and poorly fought by the United States.
• There was no sweeping national anger at the time the war was declared, as there had been after the attack on the Chesapeake • The people were largely apathetic about the war • The battles were not well-fought either, and there was little decisive peace
Describe the furious conflict over slavery that arose in 1819, and indicate how the Missouri Compromise at least temporarily resolved it.
• When Missouri tries to be admitted as a slave state, the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge amendment forbidding more slaves to go to Missouri as well as the gradual emancipation of slaves already there • A roar of anger among southerners highlighted existing sectional tendencies • The Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri would be a slave state, but Maine would be admitted as a free state • Conflict was temporarily avoided