Ap test review
Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image?
Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles
All of the following statements about the use of the currency shown in Image 1 in China under the Yuan dynasty are factually accurate. Which best explains why the currency often led to hyperinflation?
Excessive amounts of currency were printed in order to fund military expeditions and reward local elites.
Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450
Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.
Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ?
Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.
Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?
Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail
Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy?
Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"?
The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.
The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450
used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above
Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.
"MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY The author's portrayal of the activities shown in Image 2 was most directly informed by
Christian religious ideals
"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." The ideals of traditional Japanese education that the author praises in the passage are most closely aligned with the social ideals advocated by which of the following?
Confucianism
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain Béla IV's reasoning for inviting the Cumans into Hungary as mentioned in the third paragraph?
Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols' military tactics.
The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam?
Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings.
Which of the following best describes how European labor systems before 1450 differed from the Chinese labor system depicted in the two images?
European labor systems were more likely to utilize serfdom
The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?
Feudalism
"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph?
Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph?
Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?
Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China
Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?
Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai
The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map?
Islam
Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?
It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?
It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.
The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?
Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.
In addition to China, the cultural tradition alluded to in Liu Guandao's painting strongly influenced the society and culture of
Korea
In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?
Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords
The map above indicates that
Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above?
Merchant activity
Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following?
Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?
Mongol Empire
The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?
Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
Which of the following most likely explains why the scroll was copied for a new audience in the 1350s?
Mongols adopted and spread technological innovations from regions within their empire.
Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.?
Muslim merchants dominated the trade
Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that
Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia
"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." All of the following statements about nomadic empires in the period 1200-1700 are factually accurate. Which statement most likely explains why Tamerlane's empire rapidly declined in the late fifteenth century?
Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were difficult to control.
"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor?
Serfdom
"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy." The author's claim in the second paragraph that Asian countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, have certain cultural characteristics "in common possession" is most likely a reference to which of the following?
Shared Buddhist religious influences
The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?
Spread of religion along trade routes
Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views?
Sufism
Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a
Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following features of the Chinese economy in the period 1200 to 1450 ?
Technological innovations increased agricultural yields.
"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following?
The Confucian emphasis on filial submission
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction?
The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?
The Maya were converted to Christianity.
The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions?
The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.
Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?
The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies?
The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?
The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
Which of the following earlier developments contributed most directly to the importance of the Asian market during the early modern period as described by both passages?
The commercialization of the Chinese economy under the Song and Ming dynasties
... The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?
The decline of major cities across Eurasia
Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?
The decline of many urban areas
All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT:
The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.
Which of the following best explains why, in the mid fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions?
The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas.
"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." The passage above best illustrates which of the following?
The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550 - 1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
"To the most holy father, the Pope: Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols' invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols' ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom. When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom. If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell." Which of the following features of Europe in the period circa 1200-1450 most directly contributed to the fact that the king of Hungary did not receive the military assistance that he requested in 1241, as mentioned in the third paragraph?
The existence of numerous feudal states that were frequently in conflict with one another
Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map?
The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ?
The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.
... The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following?
The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . The sentiments expressed by Wila Uma in the passage most clearly illustrate which of the following aspects of the Inca state?
The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire
"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils."
The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450?
The introduction of new cultural traditions
Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph?
The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.
The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China's economy before 1450 ?
The reliance on systems of peasant labor
The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments?
The spread of Islam
THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments?
The spread of epidemic diseases
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquest
Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states?
The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged"
Which of the following best describes the author's claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph?
The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.
The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants?
Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns
OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. The two dynasties whose expansions are illustrated by the images shared which of the following?
Their rulers were descended from Turkic peoples of Central Asian descent
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map?
They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.
"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage
They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.
SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration?
To bind diverse communities to a common tradition
Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India as shown on the maps?
Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of the monsoon winds.
The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade?
Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.
SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?
Transportation and maritime technologies
The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
a decline in serfdom
The burial depicted in the image most likely resulted from the spread of which of the following?
bubonic plague
This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars' relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers.
expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research
The commercial practices shown in the images emerged in order to
facilitate a growing trade in luxury goods by providing greater access to credit and currency.
The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the
fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate
Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." The policy toward minority religious groups described in Source 1 is most consistent with the policy toward minority religious groups in Islamic states in the period before 1450 because it
granted limited personal freedom and protection
"MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY Image 1 could best be used as evidence of the ways in which
imperial states attempted to expand commercial activity.
"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the first paragraph EXCEPT
increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade
Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." The trade networks described by the two sources were most strongly influenced by
increased European demand for luxury goods
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to
inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
Béla IV's statement in the fourth paragraph that the Hungarian people "cannot cease to be amazed" by the actions of the papacy most directly refers to the papacy's failure to aid the Hungarians while
initiating European military campaigns in the Middle East
The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following?
long distance trade
The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers
portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce
The image can best be used as a source of information about the
social prestige of established educated elites in Chinese society under Mongol rule
The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates
the influence of indigenous African political practices
The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of
the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa
