AP unit 4
Give 2 examples of how state expansion and centralization led to resistance from groups on a local level.
Ana Nzinga's Resistance, Metacomb's War, Fronde
What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the Americas?
-Chattel slavery -Immense size of the traffic in slaves -Largely based on plantation agriculture -Treated enslaved people as a form of dehumanized property -Enslaved people lacked any rights in society Status was inherited across generations -Atlantic slavery was identified wholly with Africa and race for the first time ever
Describe mercantilism.
-Economic gain for the mother country -Encouraged exports -Accumulation of silver and gold -Raw materials extracted from colonies -Finished goods and services are sold/traded to colonies
Describe European maritime empires: British
British: A trading post empire. Instead of VOC, the British had the british east india company india company and west one. Any trade rout like the Indian Ocean trade or the Trans-Atlantice trade will have the British involved in some way.
What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period?
Economic and labor systems that existed during the -1450 to 1750 time period were -Encomienda -Chattel Slavery -Russian Serfdom -Inca Mita -Indentured Servitude -Hacienda
Describe indentured servitude. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period?
In North America, the British colonists tried indentured servitude which means people had to work for a certain number of years and then they could become free. Europeans usually were indentured servants.
Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World.
Indian Ocean: based on manufactured goods, there were many people who made a living there, more industrialized/urban Colonies: plantations - with slaves, communities were sprinkled out, priests and Jesuits prioritizing conversion of the natives
Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enact these policies? What were the long-term outcomes?
Japan: Shoguns and the government viewed the Europeans as a threat. Excelled Christian missionaries, executed missionaries who didn't give up their beliefs, ban western books, shoguns forbade Japanese to travel abroad, only the dutch could trade (only at one port), ban European travelers and merchants
Give an example of a society that gave differential treatment to a group or groups within their empire.
Jesuits, white farmers in North America. Ottomans; allowed to have social/political roles in society, unlike other Empires.
Describe colonial economies in this time period.
Many Asian and African states continued to gain wealth through trade in the Indian ocean, but others adopted policies of isolation.
What continuities in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period?
Mediterranean network (was navigated by currents), Trans-Saharan network
What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritime exploration (positive and negative)?
Negative- disease, environmental issues = more money spent towards fixing problems Positive- new products were traded, more wealth was put into joint-stock companies, plantation farming was more popular, new alliances were forged.
What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration by Europeans?
New world silver and gold, plantation farming, joint-stock companies, and the Columbian Exchange
What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period? Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration.
Portugal (agricultural products) Spain (agricultural products) Netherlands (animal products) France (animal products and manufactured products) England (manufactured products) 13 colonies (manufactured products) the coast of Africa (slave trade) All empires supported slave trade and the Columbian Exchange
Describe the casta system that was a result of the Atlantic trading system.
Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.
Describe the Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire.
The Moroccans competed with the Songhai Empire over trans-Saharan trade route for salt and gold
How did the Ottoman and Mughal Empires attempt to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their empires?
The sultan and the government-administered the diverse population by using millets. Millets were administrative groups used to organize religious groups.
What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period?
Trans-Atlantic slave trade (slavery based on race and hierarchy), joint-stock companies, more knowledge on current patterns
What factors caused the Columbian Exchange?
-Advanced technologies -Universalization of Christianity -The finding of the New World -Knowledge of currents and monsoon patterns and the great dying
How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies?
-Encouraged investments by making it safer and less risky -Charters with their government allowed them to buy, sell, build trading posts, and make war in the company's best interests
What factors drove the demand for chattel slavery?
-Expansion -Need for labor -expanding Western economy
Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.
-No immunity to old world diseases -Slave rebellion -Environmental issues from new technologies and foods
Describe the Columbian Exchange.
-The Columbian exchange was started by Christopher ---Traded luxury items -Places involved: Europe, Africa, and Asia → North America -Americas → Europe, Africa, and Asia -The Great Dying (caused labor shortages) -Colonization, universalization of Christianity
Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic trading system.
-The lady of Guadalupe: She was viewed as a native and Spanish -Vodun/Vodou: viewed as Catholics dancing around and making sacrifices. Was mainly practiced and originated in West and Central Africa
What changes in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period?
-The type of labor used -Which Europeans were in charge -West Africans enslaved -Portuguese and armed trade
What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa?
-Trade -Goods
What is the encomienda?
-a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection. -enslave Native Americans and the purpose was to use the slaves as a labor source. -as encomenderos ignored the laws and revolted against any attempt to weaken their power of their laborers.
What is a hacienda?
-working on the land in debt in some way or another so that they could not leave the land that they were working. -The hacienda system was established to keep people that were in debt working on a piece of land -workers revolted against the landlords and started defending their rights.
How was the use of slavery in this time period different from slavery in previous periods of history?
In the past Europeans would use indigenous people as slaves, but because of the Great Dying and other diseases, indigenous people were soon killed off. As times grew, slavery also began to be associated with race.
Describe European maritime empires: French
French: The French Empire is by far the least influential of the 5 Maritime Empires during this era. The French will end up losing much of their empire in the next era to the British while gaining the majority of their African & European empires. From 1450-1750, they are in direct competition with the Dutch and British in the second wave of European colonization. Although they are easily the least of the five, they play a major role in the next era. The French will be the most important power in mainland Europe and change the world via the Enlightenment & French Revolution.
Describe European maritime empires: Dutch
Dutch: The dutch east India company trading company being the most successful company. In 1602 the VOC was incorporated and given a royal monopoly on all trade in Asia. Their domination of Indonesia and their access to the spice islands there will make them filthy rich. The VOC was more of an overseas branch of the Dutch government. They had their own armies, printed own money, fought in their own wars
Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Western Hemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.
Negative: disease, environmental issues, slave rebellion, silver was taken from the Europeans (nothing as valuable was returned) Positive: increase in population, food supply increases, livestock altered environment (providing meat, milk, hides, and wool, etc)
Explain the first global economy embodied by the trade-in silver.
North and South America, Afroeurasia: The Columbian Exchange really started the widespread demand for New World silver. It was a source of currency and a luxury material that was used for jewelry and even some weapons.
Describe European maritime empires: Portuguese
Portuguese: Portuguese maritime empire starts in the last period before 1450. 11th biggest empire of all time. Prince Henry sponsored the first voyages to attempt to circumnavigate the Islamic control of the trade routes. Portugal is the furthest west you can go in Europe. Anything the Portugues get hands-on has already gone through a bunch of changes and the price just keeps going up. Its a trading post empire and the first Europeans to enter the Indian Ocean trade by rounding up the coast of Africa and they take advantage by setting up trading posts. The Portuguese is the first to start taking slaves back to Europe and then eventually across the ocean across the middle passage. They are the number one shipper of slaves during this period.
Describe European trading posts in Africa.
Set up ports of trade at strategic locations along the African coast, the Portuguese grew exceedingly rich by controlling trade. Posts were established in cooperation with African leaders. Once the Portuguese arrived they traded with the Africans, offering them gunpowder weapons in exchange for enslaved people. Once some African leaders had guns, it gave them a supreme advantage over their neighboring tribes who did not have guns, and all things being equal, he with the guns usually wins. We can see that at least some of the African peoples were open to influence from the Europeans. Even some of these African States grew exceedingly wealthy by trading enslaved people to the Portuguese.
State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. Local resistance: -Pueblo Revolts -Fronde -Cossack revolts -Maratha conflict with Mughals -Ana Nzinga's resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba) -Metacom's War (King Philip's War)
Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas. Slave resistance: -The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil -North American slave resistance
Describe European maritime empires: Spanish
Spanish: Spanish empire was the 5th empire of all time. Spanish has a huge chunk of the Americas and used the natives who hadn't died to diseases such as smallpox to work for them in their encomienda system. The Econmienda system itself took the idea of people owing labor to the state that people like the Inca had done in the mita system and applied it to the newcomers the spanish in the new world. This was used for things such as mining or cash crop farming. This system was the guaranteed grant of labor that the Spanish were given by the crown once they arrived in the new world. The Spanish found so much silver that it causes massive inflation known as the price revolution.
Explain the role that chartered European monopoly companies (such as the British East India Company) in facilitating the global circulation of goods.
The Atlantic trading system. Used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Allowed for merchants to participate in trade through their company, helped to run the flow of goods from East to West and vice versa.
What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period?
The Portuguese created a new ship called a caravel. Some of the key advantages of the caravel compared to the older technology of ships such as the caravel was much smaller and therefore was highly navigable along coastlines and rivers. They were very fast as well and despite them being small they could carry a buttload of cargo for trade.
Describe 3 technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused.
The astrolabe was spread by Muslim merchants and travelers to Europe, it was used for navigating on the water. The compass was diffused from Asia(China) to Europe. It provided further developments in ocean travel. Cartography/map-making and the knowledge of wind patterns improved navigation and spread by Europeans
How did the Asante benefit from participation in trading networks in this time period?
The kingdom of Asante grew significantly because of the trade relationship they built with Europeans.
What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time period?
The lateen sail was a triangular sail that could catch the wind on both sides of the ship, as opposed to the old square sails that could only catch wind from one direction. For those ships that were able to successfully combine square and lateen sails, it meant they could travel further into the ocean and therefore expand trade routes.
What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire?
The mit'a system was a system established in order to construct buildings or create roads throughout the Incan empire They turned the system into forced labor.