AP US History - Time Periods 1-9 (1491-2019ish)

Esch-Cummins Act (1920)

RR's would remain private—would not be taken over by the government The Interstate Commerce Commission would make sure RRs were profitable

Silent Spring

Rachel Carson Suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. *Historical Significance:* Sparked the environmental movement

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

Industrial Workers of the World - IWW (1905)

Radical union (Wobblies) aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. Worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. *I* *W*on't *W*ork

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical union founded in 1905 to unite the American working class into one union; advocated social revolution; led several major strikes; associated with violence. *Leaders:* William "Big Bill" Haywood, Eugene V. Debs

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad line that linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system; constructed by the *Central Pacific* and *Union Pacific* railroads; completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah. *Historical Significance:* Established a mechanized transcontinental transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops. *Historical Significance:* Cemented the feeling that the Republican Party is Big Business

Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

Raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods Benefited domestic manufacturers Limited foreign trade (1922)

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (1865)

Ralley the Confederate soldiers to keep fighting Ford's Theater John Wilkes Booth *Historical Significance* Ensured a harsher Reconstruction for the South - Andrew Johnson was too weak to oppose the Radical Republicans in Congress

Savings and Loan Crisis (1989-1991)

a serious scandal emerged within the Savings and Loan industry, which the Reagan administration had helped deregulate in the early 1980's. By the end of the decade the industry was in chaos, and the government was forced to step in to prevent a complete collapse. The cost of the debacle to the public eventually ran to more than half a trillion dollars.

Occupation of Veracruz (1914)

US invasion of Mexico in response to the Tampico Affair.

Pearl Harbor

US naval base that was attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese Empire bringing the U.S. into World War II. "A day that will live in infamy."

Quasi War (1798-1800)

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies.

Peninsula Campaign (1862)

Union *General George McClellan*'s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital; Confederate victory made possible by the leadership of *General Robert E. Lee*.

Siege of Vicksburg (1863)

Union victory; considered - when coupled with Robert E. Lee's surrender in Gettysburg the previous day - to be the turning point of the war. *Historical Significance:* Gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, effectively cutting the Confederacy in half.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan devised by *General Winfield Scott* to blockade the South and restrict its trade to win the war.

Coal Mine Strike of 1902

United Mine Workers of America struck for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union. Threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major US cities. Teddy Roosevelt intervened *Historical Significance:* First labor dispute in which the US federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

United States and Japan agreed to honor the territorial possessions of their respective countries that were in the Pacific Ocean and also uphold China's Open Door Policy.

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of color comics changed American journalism (New York World)

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (the New York Journal)

Containment

United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America's security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect."

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Unknown Abraham Lincoln challenges Popular Sovereignty champion Stephen Douglas *Historical Significance:* Popular Soveignty becomes unpopular Lincoln becomes a national figure Douglas won the Senate seat but lost the Presidency

Crittenden Compromise (1860)

Unsuccessful proposal aimed at resolving the secession crisis. *Provisions:* Guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery and proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west with slavery prohibited north of the 36° 30′ parallel and guaranteed south of it.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." *Historical Significance:* Legitimized Jim Crow Laws Overturned by Brown v. Board of Education

Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924

Veterans were guaranteed a life insurance policy that came due in 1945 *Historical Significance:* Seeds of the Bonus Army of the early 30's

Sons of Liberty/Daughters of Liberty

Vigilantes—took the law into their own hands Would tar and feather any violators England hard hit financially King had the right to enact laws if it hurt the practice of mercantilism

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings. *Historical Significance:* Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write.

54th Massachusetts Infantry

Volunteer unit commanded by white abolitionists, Col. Robert Shaw, & made up of free blacks *Historical Significance* Gave them a chance to prove their manhood—3/5ths of a man Strengthened their case for full citizenship after the war Challenged racial stereotypes

Peace Corps

Volunteers who help third world (developing) nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Court-Packing Scheme

Wanted to increase Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 Roosevelt's attempt to load the courts with justices who supported his policies.

Spanish-American War (1898)

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines; lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. *Historical Significance* America is a reluctant 'World Power' Spain is no longer a 'World Power'

Negative Impacts of Railroads in the Gilded Age

Watering Stock Pools Kickbacks Rebates Short Haul/Long Haul *Crédit Mobilier Scandal*

War in Afghanistan (2001)

When NATO forces lead by the U.S. invade Afghanistan to capture Osama bin Laden, dismantle Al Queda and attempt to remove the Taliban from power

Los Angeles Riots (1992)

When a videotape of Los Angeles police officers beating a black bystander, Rodney King, got out. It provoked outrage throughout whites and blacks alike. The officers were acquitted, however. Black residents in South Central Los Angeles erupted in anger and started one of the largest racial disturbances of the twentieth centuries. More than 50 people died.

Safety Valve Theory

When ever there were hard times, civil strife, personal misfortune one could always go west

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

William Jennings Bryan Supporting *Bimetallism* Gold Standard made trade with foreign nations easier, but tightened the money supply which hurt the lower class

Seward's Folly (1867)

William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars ($.02 an acre)

Proclamation of Neutrality (1914)

Wilson declared that the United States would remain "impartial in thought as well as in action." At the time, a vast majority of Americans approved of Wilson's policy.

Republican Motherhood

Women are to teach the sons how to be a good citizen of the U.S.

Rosie the Riveter

Women left the home to go to work in jobs usually reserved for men Over 6 Million women went to work Government opened day care centers so 'Mom' could go to work

Adkins V. Children's Hospital (1923)

Women will no longer be protected because they now have the 19th Amendment Overturned Muller v. Oregon

Victoria Woodhull

Women's rights advocate, free love and birth control

Flappers

Wore short skirts, short hair cuts, wore a lot of make-up, rolled their nylons to just above their knees Smoked and drank in public

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day. *Provisions:* *Part 1* - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights. *Part 2* - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take. *Part 3* - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

Edward Bellamy

Wrote *"Looking Backward'* Said that capitalism supported the few and exploited the many - socialism will be on top in the end

John Peter Zenger (Zenger Trial) (1735)

Wrote editorials against the British Governor of New York Charged with Sedition—printing information against the government Defended by former indentured servant—Andrew Hamilton Zenger—Only printed the truth Chief Magistrate—Jury not to consider the truth Jury returned a not guilty verdict *Historical Significance:* First trial of Freedom of the Press

Young Guard

Young Northern Senators who emphasized fixing the problems over preserving the union Argued that territories should be held to a "Higher Law" (Christian morality) than the Constitution Led by *William Seward*

'Muckrakers'

Young Progressive journalists intent on exposing political, social, economic & industrial evils Cosmopolitan, McClure's

Yuppies

Young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. Came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980's.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." Conservative Phyllis Schlafly led campaign against it Did not pass

William Pitt

Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory.

The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)

Statistical explanation of why slavery was bad for the poor whites *Author* Hinton R. Helper

'The New Colossus' - Emma Lazarus (1883)

Statue of Liberty "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free..."

Gilded Age Railroad Technological Advances

Steel Rails Standard Gauge Westinghouse air brakes Pullman Palace Cars Double tracking Time Zones

Positive Impacts of Railroads in the Gilded Age

Steel, Mining, & Agricultural industries benefited Movement to the cities Immigration—jobs were limitless Made a millionaire class that invested other industries

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Advantages of the North

Strong industry/manufacturing Reliable transportation system-Railroads Strong navy Large population-Immigrants Strong central government to demand men, money and material

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Teddy Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Manifest Destiny

Term coined by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan; implied that it was a God-given right and inevitability for the U.S. to spread its Protestant religion, capitalist economy, and democratic-republican political system across the continent. *Historical Significance:* Served to rationalize American foreign policy, create national unity, and counter criticisms raised by other nations.

Lowell Mills

Textile mills located in a *factory town* in Massachusetts; employed mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 known as *Lowell Mill Girls*. *Historical Significance:* Workers actively participated in early labor reform by circulating legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper, and participating in "turn-outs" or strikes.

Second Cult of Domesticity

The 'stay at home wife' became the symbol of success and masculinity Advertisements played into these stereotypes *Examples:* Ozzie and Harriet Leave it to Beaver Father Knows Best

Boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum for Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month

Woodward & Bernstein

The 2 Washington Post reporters who uncovered the Watergate scandal by constant digging and tips from "Deep Throat" bring down Nixon in 1974

Disease, Disunity & Disposability

Reasons why the Native Americans were unable to resist the Europeans 3 'D's

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants Followers moved south, away from Jamestown, into the northern Carolinas *Historical Significance:* Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

Stephen Austin

Received a land grant to bring 300 families to Mexico - *4 Rules* were ignored

Freedmen's Bureau (1865-69)

Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning.

US Post-War Objectives

Reconstruction of Europe - US helped to rebuild the economies of Western European nations such as France, Great Britain, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece, & Germany Military Superiority - Originally achieved through a nuclear monopoly, later through nuclear superiority Containment - US sought to stop the spread of communism

Soviet Post-War Objectives

Reconstruction of the Economy - Soviets demanded that Germany pay it $20 billion in war reparations Military Competition - Soviets sought to remain on par with the US militarily Self-Defense - Soviets wanted to make certain that they would no longer be surrounded by countries hostile to the USSR. They therefore create a buffer zone, referred to as the Soviet-bloc nations, in Eastern Europe.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Tariff of 1832

Reduced the Tariff of 1828 to 35%, but was not sufficient enough for Southerners

"Corrupt Bargain"

Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824.

Baby Boom

Refers to the dramatic post-World War II increased birth rate during which an estimated 78.3 million Americans were born.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

Refers to the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents. Associated with *Ulysses S. Grant*

Immortal Trio, Old Guard, Great Triumvirate

Refers to the three statesmen who dominated the United States Senate in the 1830s and 1840s: *Henry Clay* of Kentucky *Daniel Webster* of Massachusetts *John C. Calhoun* of South Carolina

Old Guard

Refers to the three statesmen whose deaths between 1850 & 1852 signaled the end of the government emphasis on compromise to preserve the union: *Henry Clay* of Kentucky *Daniel Webster* of Massachusetts *John C. Calhoun* of South Carolina

Paxton Boys (1763)

Regulator Movement Vigilante group that retaliated against Indian raids on their farms/towns despite the farms being in violation of treaties with the Native Americans Led Scottish march in Philly protesting lenient Indian policy

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Reimposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment Lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%

Détente

Relaxing of tension between the US & USSR/China Pull out of Vietnam Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Nixon visits USSR & China Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Talk

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Religious organization dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. Led by Frances Willard & Carrie Nation.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; stressed the need for individuals to repent and urged a personal understanding of truth. *Leaders:* *George Whitefield* *Jonathan Edwards* *Historical Significance:* Reduced the number of church leaders and led to a schism within the Protestant Church.

Amnesty Act (1872)

Removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the Civil War.

William Walker

Repeatedly tried to take control of Nicaragua in the 1850's Backed by an armed force recruited largely in the South Installed himself as president in July 1856 and promptly legalized slavery *Historical Significance:* Having hit the Pacific, slave territory was blocked on all sides

Sugar Act (1764)

Replaced the Molasses Act (1733). Reduced the duties on imported sugar, while the British made a concerted effort to enforce the act & punish smugglers.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other.

Mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884.

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

Billion Dollar Congress (1889-91)

Republican-controlled Congress known for its lavish spending. *Key Legislation:* *McKinley Tariff of 1890* *Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890* *Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890*

Quartering Act (1765)

Required colonists to provide food & supplies to British troops stationed in the colonies.

Selective Service Act (1940)

Required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards; marked the first peacetime conscription in United States history.

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation; passed over Hayes's veto.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)

Restricted the development of defense systems that could be used against strategic ballistic missiles.

Communist Revolution in China (1949)

Revolution led by Mao Zedong and the Red Guards whose focus was to establish a society in which all people were equal, also called the Cultural Revolution

Trickle-Down Theory

Rich should invest in factories so poor can work Shouldn't have to pay excessive taxes Secretary of Treasury Mellon

Beecher's Bibles

Rifles sent by anti-slavery organizations to abolitionists in Kansas. Name was inspired by abolitionist minister Henry Ward Beecher, brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe, who advocated their use against slave holders.

Reagonomics

Ronald Reagan's economic program; founded on the belief that a capitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive, and that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor.

Evil Empire

Ronald Reagan's nickname for the Soviet Union; illustrated an end to detente.

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive platform in the 1912 election. He urges the national government to increase its power to cure economic and social abuses. Favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington, women's suffrage and social welfare programs.

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling Wealthy Americans are honor bound to help the less fortunate of the world 'Little Brown Brothers'

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Ruled that Indians were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government.

U.C. Regents v Bakke (1978)

Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Ruled that no person descended from an American slave could ever be a U.S. citizen and that slavery could not legally be excluded from U.S. territories. *Historical Significance:* Strengthened Northern slavery opposition; divided the Democratic Party while strengthening the Republican Party; encouraged secessionist elements among Southern supporters of slavery to make bolder demands.

Slaughter-House Cases (1873)

Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level.

Marbury v Madison (1801)

Ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it granted the Supreme Court more power than given in the Constitution *Leader:* Chief Justice John Marshall *Historical Significance:* Established the concept of *Judicial Review*

Sojourner Truth

Runaway slave who became a leader of the abolitionist and women's movements; best-known for her *Ain't I a Woman?* speech (1851).

Frederick Douglass

Runaway slave who became a leader of the abolitionist movement; known for his oratory and anti-slavery writings.

Harriet Tubman

Runaway slave who rescued more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the *Underground Railroad*.

Model Treaty (1776)

Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. No political or military connections, only commercial connections *Historical Significance:* French Alliance in the American Revolution

Annexation of Hawaii

Sanford Dole overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 with the help of U.S. army because they didn't want to pay the import tariff Cleveland would not accept the treaty

John Smith

Saved Jamestown through strict leadership 'Saved' by Pocahontas in a ceremonial mock execution *"He who does not work, will not eat."*

Immigrants of the early 1700s

Scots Irish Scots-Irish German

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-American industrialist who dominated the U.S. steel industry; pioneered the use of *vertical integration*; retired after selling his corporation to J.P. Morgan.

Causes of the Great Depression

Sec. of Treasury Mellon's 'trickle-down' policies Over use/extension of credit Normal unemployment due to increased technological advancement Because of high tariffs, international trade is non-existent Financial markets worldwide are depressed Drought starts to plague the South and Midwest—farms are foreclosed and sharecropping becomes prevalent

Henry Kissenger

Secretary of State under Richard Nixon Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs *Trickle-Down Theory*

Federalist Papers

Series of 85 essays written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton supporting the ratification of the Constitution.

Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862)

Set aside land & provided money for agricultural colleges.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Set standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. Improved housing standards and conditions, provided an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilized the mortgage market

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression. Blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

Chief Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native American groups in order to fight the migration of settlers into the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.

USS Maine (1898)

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Environmental Movement

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1973) Endangered Species Act (1973)

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North. *Historical Significance:* Allowed Lincoln to issue the *Emancipation Proclamation* which makes entering the war on the side of the Confederacy politically unpopular for England and France

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Sioux war party, led by Crazy Horse, attacked and killed 81 soldiers; in an area that had been promised to the Sioux by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851

Ohio River Valley

Site of rich farmland, furs, transportation of goods and people. Prominent Virginians (Washington) invested in real estate there.

Valley Forge

Site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Slogan describing TR's Roosevelt corollary. Emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals. Symbolized by America's *Great White Fleet*

Southern Colonies

Small families - few women & lots of disease Short lifespan Religious indifference Large plantations - Indentured Servants & Slaves Cash Crops - *TOBACCO*, rice, indigo, & sugar Few cities/towns Few, but large rivers

Jones Merchant Marine Act (1920)

Sold surplus Navy ships very cheaply *Historical Significance:* U.S. starts to become the warehouse for military supplies to 3rd world countries

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate. *Historical Significance:* 'Mythical' wound to the South

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act (1985)

Sought to reduce deficits by providing automatic spending cuts. Declared unconstitutional in 1986.

Ngo Ding Diem

South Vietnam's president, Catholic & strong anti-communist. Refused to take part in country wide election to prevent the election of communists. Overthrown in coup.

Cottonacracy

South ruled by an oligarchy, like feudal medieval Europe One-Crop economy Fueled westward expansion

Georgia

Southern Colony Buffer Colony - Spanish Prison Colony James Oglethorpe Last colony - 126 years after Jamestown

South Carolina

Southern Colony Charleston Ties to the West Indies - Sugar & Barbados Rice Slaves & Slave Codes

Virginia

Southern Colony Jamestown John Smith John Rolfe Tobacco William Berkeley Bacon's Rebellion

Maryland

Southern Colony Lord Baltimore 'Feudal System' $$$ Catholics vs $ Protestants Tobacco Toleration Act (1649)

North Carolina

Southern Colony Poor former indentured servants - Bacon's Rebellion Independent & least aristocratic - Like Rhode Island Tobacco

Berlin Wall (1961)

Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. Torn down in 1989. *Historical Significance:* It's building was seen as a failure of Kennedy's.

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Writs of Assistance (1767)

Special search warrants that allowed tax collectors to enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods.

Brandenburg Gate Speech (1987)

Speech by President Reagan calling on Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev open the border between the East and the West "Tear down this wall!"

War of Jenkins Ear (1739-1748)

Squabble with Spanish revenue authorities (tax man) and had his ear sliced off. Confined to the Caribbean between England and Spain Also Georgia, the buffer state, kept the Spanish out of English colonies This grew into King George's War or the War of Austrian Succession *Historical Significance:* European war as a result of a Colonial conflict

Tehran Conference (1943)

Stalin urged Roosevelt and Churchill to open up a new front in Western Europe. Talked of a possible United Nations.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws mandating de jure racial segregation in Southern states. *Major Characteristics:* Political restrictions - such as *poll taxes*, *literacy tests*, and the *grandfather clause* - were imposed to circumvent the Fifteenth Amendment. Blacks were denied access to many public and municipal facilities such as parks, theaters, housing, and mass transit. Various economic sanctions were placed on blacks in order to maintain their status.

Pet Banks

State banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833; also known as "Wildcat Banks." *Historical Significance:* Flooded the country with paper currency which became so unreliable that Jackson issued the Specie Circular in 1836.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Stated the ideal goals of World War II as no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. *Historical Significance:* Sets the precedent for United Nations

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Statement delivered by President James Monroe stating that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. *Historical Significance:* Persisted with only minor variations for almost two centuries. "Big Brother" Policy - 1880s "Roosevelt Corollary" - 1904 Clark Memorandum - 1928

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state *John Hay* (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Andrew Johnson

States Rights Pro-Union From Tennessee Sympathetic to poor whites Hated by both Southerners and Northerners *Historical Significance:* Too weak to oppose the Radical Republicans in Congress 1st to be impeached

Conservation vs. Preservation

"Wilderness is Waste" - Gifford Pinchot "Woodman-spare-that-tree" - John Muir

Nixon/Kennedy TV Debate

'Listeners' thought Nixon won 'Watchers' thought Kennedy won *Historical Significance:* Politics is show business Kennedy wins the election

William Jennings Bryan

'The Great Commoner' *Campaign Platforms* 'Free Silver'(1892) Anti-Imperialism (1900) Trust-busting (1908) Prohibition, Anti-Darwinism

Essex Decision (1805)

The British ruled that trade closed during peacetime could not be opened during wartime. *Historical Significance:* Prohibited U.S. trade with the West Indies.

17th Parallel

The DMZ-Demilitarized zone separating North and South Vietnam.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt.

Camelot Mystique

The Kennedys become America's 'Royal Family'-Young, rich, beautiful family Stories of drug use and affairs (Marilyn Monroe) went unreported by the press

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Agreement (1987)

The U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to eliminate all intermediate-range nuclear weapons from their arsenals.

Effects of the War of 1812

The U.S. economy was devastated. Large areas of the nation's capitol were destroyed. American nationalism intensified. The nation won foreign respect for its military capabilities. The Federalists and New England were discredited for their antipathy to the war and the actions they took to impede its efforts. Military careers were launched and enhanced by the war. Death of the Federalist Party.

Iraq War (2003-2011)

The US invaded Iraq in 2003 on the basis that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (which wasn't true) and wanted to do a regime change. There were massive anti-war demonstrations everywhere, even before the war started. Lasted until 2011.

Brinkmanship

The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war, in order to threaten and encourage one's opponent to back down.

Social Darwinism

The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; used by industrialists and social conservatives to discourage any government regulation in society. *Leaders:* Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

Nativism

The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners. Disliked the immigrants, primarily Irish, for their Catholic ties and 'stealing of jobs'.

El Dorado

The cities of gold that the Spanish believed that they would find in the New World

Japanese Imperialism

The conquering and annexing of neighboring countries by Japan; it was the result of a growing population and limited natural resources in Japan at the time.

Crédit Mobilier (1872)

The construction company charged the railroad far higher rates than usual, and cash and $9 million in discounted stock were given as bribes to 15 powerful Washington politicians, including the Vice-President, the Secretary of the Treasury, four senators, and the Speaker and other members of the House.

Federalism

The division of power between the state and national governments.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

James Meredith

The first African American student at the University of Mississippi.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Sputnik (1957)

The first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. *Historical Significance:* NASA is formed in response

Election of 1796

The first contested American presidential election. *Candidates:* John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) *Results:* Adams was elected president while his opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice-president. *Historical Significance:* Washington 'Rule' Only time P & VP are from opposing parties - Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804. Hamilton is angered as not being elected President so he convinces the Cabinet to leaving - splitting the Federalist Party

National Labor Union

The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

The first law on religious tolerance in the British North America; allowed freedom of worship for all Christians - including Catholics - in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

National (Cumberland) Road

The first major improved highway in the U.S. to be built by the federal government; stretched from Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River to Vandalia, Illinois.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

The first major legal restriction on immigration to the U.S.; prohibited further unskilled Chinese immigration in order to reduce competition for jobs. *Kerneyites*

Plymouth (1620)

The first permanent English settlement in New England; established by religious separatists seeking autonomy from the church of England.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06)

The first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States. *Goals:* To study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically.

Trail of Tears (1838)

The forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe to the Western United States; resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees. Removals lasted from 1830-1850.

Harlem Renaisance

The high concentration of artists, authors, musicians and actors in New York City led to an increase in African American cultural impact on the larger American culture *Writers* Langston Hughes Wallace Thurman Zora Neale Hurston *Artists* Aaron Douglas Archibald Motley Ellis Wilson

Reagan Revolution

The policies of the first Reagan administration; based on *"supply side"* theory of growing the economy: Increased defense spending Reduced social programs Tax cuts

Glasnost

The policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

The policy was intended as a "compromise" — one that purports to restrict the United States military from "witch-hunting" secretly gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members or applicants, while absolutely barring "openly" gay or bisexual people from joining the military, and expelling those already serving during Clinton's term

Tyranny of the Majority

The potential of a majority to monopolize power for its own gain to the detriment of minority rights and interests.

McCarthyism

The practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. *Second Red Scare* - late 1940's to the late 1950's Characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents

Powers of the Executive Branch

The president carries out and enforces laws passed by Congress. The president can veto congressional bills. The president makes treaties. The president is the commander in chief of the U.S. military. The president appoints federal officials.

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Waco Standoff (1993)

The siege of a compound belonging to the Branch Davidian cult, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military. 82 died in the standoff including cult leader David Koresh. *Historical Significance* The mishandling of the standoff, along with *Ruby Ridge* 12 months earlier, helped fuel anti-government militia movements in the 1990s & 2000s.

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. 1940 Pulitzer Prize

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

The trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism *Lawyers* William Jennings Bryan - Prosecution Clarence Darrow - Defense *Historical Significance:* Urban centers vs Rural America Modern vs Traditional Science vs Religion

Battle of Stalingrad (1941)

The turning point in World War II between Germany and the Soviet Union. Was the last major offensive attack on the Soviet Union. Germany lost. Germany was then on the retreat for the remainder of the war.

Compromise of 1877

The unwritten deal that settled the Election of 1876. *Provisions:* The removal of all federal troops from the former Confederate States. The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet. The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South. Legislation to help industrialize the South. *Historical Significance:* Reconstruction came to a sudden end.

Bimetalism

The use of both gold and silver to back the national monetary system. Policy in which the government would give people gold or silver in exchange for paper currency.

Gag Law (1832-1846)

The word "slavery" or the mention of the institution of slavery was not to be said, uttered, or written in Congress from 1832-1846 *Historical Significance:* Abolition and Free Speech (1st Amendment)

Columbine High School Shooting

The worst of 7 school shootings that occurred in 1999. Two students in Littleton, CO brought weapons to school and killed 12 students and wounded many others before killing themselves. *Historical Significance* Led to changes in gun control, school safety measures, and continuing debates about media portrayals of violence

Insular Cases (1901)

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Foraker Act (1900)

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

"No taxation without representation!"

This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. Parliament's denial of the colonists' protest, eventually led to the revolution.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. First "R": short term fixes Second "R": long term solutions Third "R": preventing it from happening again

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

To stop unions from hurting the war effort *Provisions* Government could seize any industry that is tying up the war effort Strikes against any government-operated industry was a criminal crime

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Tom Hayden College student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. Led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960's.

Liberty Loans

Treasury Dept bonds that raised about $21 billion to finance the American war effort

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. Doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. Repealed in 1893 *Historical Significance:* Blamed for the Panic of 1893

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

Treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama Canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Electrification of cities

Trolleys - Red Line Elevators Department stores Skyscrapers & Tenements

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Two Italian immigrants that were professed socialists and anarchist were convicted of murder because of their political ideas, not the facts *Historical Significance:* Example of the class struggle going on in America in the 1920's

Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945)

Two major cities that US decided to drop atomic bombs upon. Resulted in the surrender of Japan and end of World War II.

Barbary Wars (1801-05) and (1815)

Two wars fought between U.S. and the Barbary States in North Africa in order to end the Barbary pirates' demand for tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. Advocated for an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world.

Tydings-McDuffle Act of 1934

U.S. agrees to give the Philippines their independence in 1946 *Historical Significance:* U.S. wants to be free from financial responsibilities of the Philippines more than the noble idea of giving them their freedom

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Agreement that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.

Treaty of 1818

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Oregon Treaty (1846)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Extended the Oregon Territory-Canadian border along the 49th parallel.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained; stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel as well as one cannon on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the *Aroostook War* Ended the slave trade on the high seas.

Adams-Onis Treaty/Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

U.S. and Spain *Terms:* The U.S. paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the U.S. surrendered its claim to northern Mexico.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba JFK demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island Khrushchev demanded the removal of missiles from Turkey 13 days of negotiations ended with both sides removing their missiles *Historical Significance:* Closest to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR during the Cold War. 'Hotline' between the WH & Kremlin

Battle of New Orleans (1814)

U.S. forces - led by Andrew Jackson - defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans; widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war. *Historical Significance:* Jackson emerged as a war hero.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

U.S. forces - led by Andrew Jackson - defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion. *Historical Significance:* Effectively neutralized the Native Americans as British allies; Jackson emerged as a war hero.

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

U.S. forces - led by Oliver Perry - defeated and captured six vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy. *Historical Significance:* Ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, allowing the Americans to recover Detroit and win the *Battle of the Thames* to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown. *Historical Significance:* Destroyed the hopes of a large Indian Confederacy. When the American soldiers saw that the Indians had British weapons, they knew the British were helping them resist the Americans. Served as a catalyst for the War of 1812 Made Harrison a war hero and led to his future presidency

Battle of Baltimore (Fort McHenry) (1814)

U.S. forces repulsed sea and land invasions of the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British army forces; considered to be one of the turning points of the War of 1812. *Historical Significance:* Inspired *Francis Scott Key* to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Transcendentalist Movement

U.S. literary movement that stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience. *Leaders:* *Ralph Waldo Emerson* - "Self-Reliance" *Henry David Thoreau* - "Walden," "Civil Disobedience" *Historical Significance:* Influenced the antebellum reform movements.

Dawes Plan (1924)

U.S. loans money to Germany so that they can pay France and England so that they can pay the U.S.

Battle of Midway (1942)

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II for the Allies

Stimson Doctrine

U.S. policy calling for the non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force.

Cash & Carry Policy (1939)

U.S. policy that allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation.

U-2 Incident (1960)

U.S. spy plane piloted by *Francis Gary Powers* was shot down over the Soviet Union forcing the Eisenhower administration to acknowledge responsibility for the surveillance mission.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

UN authorized coalition led by the United States. Invaded Iraq in response to their invasion and annexation of Kuwait. Saddam Hussein Operation Desert Storm

Jay Treaty (1794)

US & Great Britain *Terms:* Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

US & Spanish Empire *Terms:* Established the 31st parallel as the border between the United States and Spanish West Florida.

Greenville Treaty (1795)

US & Western Confederacy *Terms* Native Americans agreed to surrender most of what is present-day Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and American recognition of Indian ownership of the land west of Ohio.

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Knights of Labor

The largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880's; promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. *Leaders:* Terence Powderly

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

The last major encounter between Native Americans and the U.S. Army. *Historical Significance:* Remembered today as one of the great injustices perpetrated against Native Americans by the U.S. government.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period; inspired in part by Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Negro Act of 1740 prohibiting slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, earning money, or learning to read and making it more difficult to free slaves.

French & Indian War (1754-1763)

The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements. *Historical Significance:* Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion.

Boland Amendment

The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.

St. Augustine (1565)

The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory.

Division of Germany

1947 Germany got divided into 4 zones controlled by the U.S., Great Britian, France and Russia

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

Progressive Movement

1st unified movement since the 1840's Middle Class / Majority movement Corporations vs. Immigrants & Unions Predatory Wealth vs. Productive Industry Trust busting & Socialism blocking

Trent Affair (1861)

2 Confederate diplomats captured aboard an English ship Diplomats released to prevent a war with England

Bonus Army

20,000 WWI Veterans march on Washington DC Want their insurance money now-not in 1946 Camp out on the Mall of Washington Hoover sends in General Douglas MacArthur, who burns them out

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obama Care)

2010 legislation aimed at reducing the number of uninsured individuals and decreasing health care costs

Battle of Iwo Jima (1945)

25 days of fighting Critical for U.S. planes coming back from bombing raids on Japan

Salem Witch Trials (1693)

3-5 girls accused women of witchcraft Women were poor then started to go higher economic women No evidence Paranoia that the devil will be among the community 25 people hung or pressed to death Governor's wife accused he puts a stop to it *Historical Significance:* 'Witch-hunt' becomes a metaphor of finding a scapegoat for social problems

Fort Pillow Massacre (1864)

300 Union troops, of which 250+ were AA soldiers, were executed after surrendering Nathan Bedford Forrest *Historical Significance* Confederate policy of captured AA soldiers being put to death as runaway slaves rather than holding them as prisoners of war - *"Remember Fort Pillow"*

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots served in a segregated unit.

Great Migration (1629-1642)

70,000+ Puritans migrated from England to North America to the belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

A 'constitution' established that the 'substantial' citizens would have a democratically controlled government 'Substantial' means rich white guys who own land—lots of it. *Historical Significance:* 'First' American Constitution

Cuban Revolution (1959)

A successful armed revolt by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement that overthrew the U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959.

Committees of Correspondence

A system of communication between patriot leaders in New England & throughout the colonies, providing the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament; organized by Sam Adams.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

A territory in the west central U.S. purchased from France for $15 million; extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. *Historical Significance:* Protected trade access to the port of New Orleans and free passage on the Mississippi River; contributed to the growing slavery debate in the U.S. Used the Bank to finance the purchase, but Jefferson had campaigned for president on the platform of opposing it

Pentagon Papers (1971)

A top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of the New York Times in 1971.

Love Canal (1976-78)

A town in upstate New York where it was discovered large amounts of toxic waste were being disposed of improperly.

Dien Bien Phu (1954)

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina. *Historical Significance:* US replaces France in Vietnam

Company Town

A town owned by a corporation, usually consisting in highly priced housing, groceries, etc. Paid in 'Company Scrip' instead of US dollars Electric Trolleys allowed people to move away from the factory.

Copperheads

A vocal group of Northern Democrats who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. *Leaders:* Clement L. Vallandigham who was eventually court-martialed and sentenced to imprisonment until Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment behind Confederate lines.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

A voting rights bill that sought to ensure that all African Americans could exercise their right to vote.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870's; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy. *Leaders:* Mary Elizabeth Lease - "Raise less corn and more hell"

New France (1608)

A French colony in North America. Fell to the British in 1763.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan church document Allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church Lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations

Battle of Mogadishu (1993)

A UN operation went into the capital of Somalia to help and ensure humanitarian aid, yet they were met with resistance by the Somalis. Somalian resistance shot down two American black hawk helicopters, and dragged dead American soldiers through the streets. This caused unrest in Somalia and the U.S..

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in Washington D.C. was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson United States never joined Essentially powerless *Historical Significance:* Forerunner of the United Nations *Failures:* Fiume, Teschen, Vilna, Poland, Ruhr Valley, Manchuria, Abyssinia & WWII.

Ten Percent Plan (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's proposed plan for Reconstruction; introduced before the end of the War allowing Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas to establish fully functioning governments by 1864. *Provisions:* Called for states to be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of their 1860 voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.

Affluence

Abundance of wealth that transformed American society

Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Achievements of the Articles of Confederation

Patriot Act (2001)

Act passed by Congress under the Bush administration that allowed the government to take a more active role in surveillance and security after the 9/11 attacks, at the expense of civil liberties.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

Horizontal Integration

A corporate expansion strategy in which companies acquire their competitors.

Cultural Pluralism

A culture that is not defined by any one race or ethnic group Randolph Bourne

Scalawags

A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.

World Bank

A development assistance organization, composed of 185 member countries which are its joint owners, that extends long-term credit to developing country governments for the purpose of promoting economic development and structural changes.

Northwest Passage

A fabled sea route from the Atlantic through North America to the Pacific Ocean and Asia sought by explorers.

McNary-Haugen Bill (1924-1928)

A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Great Recession of 2008 (Subprime Mortgage Crisis)

A financial crisis that began as a result of the lending practices made to subprime borrowers. Mortgage delinquencies, home foreclosures, and a decline in home prices added to the crisis. A severe global economic problem that lasted from 2007 through mid-2009.

Closed Shop

A form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed.

O.J. Simpson Trial (1995)

A former football star who was accused of murdering his former wife and a young man in Los Angeles in 1994. He was eventually acquitted. This trial brought on a lot of racial tensions because most whites believed he was guilty while most blacks believed he was innocent.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1921)

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company

Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979-1980)

A group of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking all occupants hostage and demanding the return of the exiled Iranian shah Economic sanctions and political pressure failed Military rescue mission failed Crisis lasted 444 days, until Reagan's inauguration day

Whiskey Ring (1875)

A group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Morrill Tariff (1861)

A high protective tariff enacted to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers and to raise revenue during the American Civil War.

Political Objectives of the North

A high tariff to protect its growing industries. Federal aid for the development of infrastructure, including roads, canals, bridges, and railroads. A loose immigration policy which would provide access to cheap labor. Availability of free or cheap land in the West for settlement and investment opportunities, thereby creating new markets for its manufactured goods. The containment of slavery.

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

A label for the Ford Administration's domestic programs: Encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures to combat inflation.

Great Society Legislation

A label for the Johnson Administration's domestic programs: Would end poverty Revitalize decaying central cities Provide youth with chance to attend college Medicaid Medicare Job Corps Vista Clean air Make highways safer

New Frontier

A label for the Kennedy Administration's domestic and foreign programs: Support civil rights Pushes for a space program Cut taxes Increase spending for defense and military

New Federalism

A label for the Nixon Administration's domestic programs: Turnover social programs to the states Revenue sharing EPA OSHA

Encomienda System

A labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. *Historical Significance:* Overturned the doctrine of *Separate but Equal* established by Plessy v. Ferguson

Aids Epidemic (1981)

A lethal disease that is the product of the HIV virus, which is exchanged through bodily fluids, that destroys the body's immune system. *Historical Significance:* Inaction by the Reagan Administration and perception of being a 'gay man's disease' led to a significantly delayed response.

Denmark Vesey (1822)

A literate carpenter who purchased his freedom from lottery winnings Spent five years devising an elaborate scheme to seize control of Charleston, South Carolina. Was betrayed by slaves and hanged along with 35 fellow conspirators in 1822.

Radical Republicans

A loose faction of Republicans who sought to punish the South for the American Civil War and demanded civil rights for freedmen Engaged in a bitter struggle with President Johnson *Leaders:* Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens

Three Mile Island Accident (1979)

A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Rock n' Roll

A mix of Negro Spirituals, Bluegrass & country Tearing America's soul apart—The fabric of America's youth 'The devil's music'

Total War

A mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use of their rival's capacity to continue resistance. *Historical Significance:* Used against Americans that the North wanted to rejoin the country

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

A naval engagement between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake during which the crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the British Navy. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Embargo Act of 1807.

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930's 2.5 million people leave the Plains states, primarily Oklahoma and Arkansas Many 'Okies' landed in California

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

A non-fiction book by *Helen Hunt Jackson* that chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the U.S. *Historical Significance:* Led to the passage of the *Dawes Act* in 1887.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A pact among nations that war is illegal Nations may 'protect' themselves in a defensive war but no offensive war *Historical Significance:* American isolationist attitude

South Carolina Exposition (1828)

A pamphlet, secretly written by John C. Calhoun, denouncing the Tariff of Abominations as unjust and unconstitutional Outlined the Doctrine of Nullification

King Phillip's War (1675)

A pan-Indian alliance to stop the whites Massasoit's son, Metacom, planned and coordinated attacks on villages in the frontier *Historical Significance:* Slowed the westward movement for several decades

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

A period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans; closely associated with Monroe's presidency.

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Headright System

A person who pays for passage of an Indentured Servant received 50 acres of land. Noblemen/rich buy up huge tracts of land Became the class of merchant-planters/ forerunner of the plantation owners

Peace with Honor (1973)

A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech on January 23, 1973 to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

Open Shop

A place of employment at which one is not required to join or financially support a union as a condition of hiring or continued employment.

Speakeasy

A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler in the *Munich Agreement*

Isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political affairs The foundation of American foreign policy until joining the United Nations after WWII.

Vietnamization

A policy of the Richard M. Nixon administration, as a result of Tet, to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops."

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.

Flexible Response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises, 'Brushfire Wars', rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

A political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region. A term popularized by Winston Churchill.

Halfbreeds

A political faction of the Republican Party; favored civil-service reform and the merit system. *Leaders:* James G. Blaine

Stalwarts

A political faction of the Republican Party; favored the spoils system and political machines. *Leaders:* Roscoe Conkling

Perestroika

A political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s; widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Iran-Contra Affair

A political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo in hopes of securing the release of hostages and allowing U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

Totalitarianism

A political system where the state, usually under the power of a single political person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

Spoils System/Patronage

A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party.

Charles Coughlin

A priest and demagogue who spoke over the radio and constantly contradicted himself; praising and then attacking FDR on a constant basis. Revealed as an anti-Semite; his popularity fell and he resigned soon after.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Coxey's Army (1894)

A protest march by unemployed workers; led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey.

Daesh (ISIS/ISIL/Islamic State)

A radical Islamist militia that controlled substantial parts of central Syria and Iraq where it applied an extremist version of shari'a law from 2014-2017.

Francis Townsend

A retired physician who proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan to give every retiree over age 60 $200 per month (using money from a 2% federal sales tax), provided that the person spend the money each month in order to receive their next payment. Help retired workers as well as stimulate spending in order to boost production and end the Depression.

Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule, capturing the California capital of Monterrey. *Historical Significance:* Ignited the Mexican War and led to California being a state.

Ghost Dance

A ritual dance performed by some members of the Sioux tribe in an effort bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. *Historical Significance:* Contributed to the *Wounded Knee Massacre* in 1890.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)

A series of 3 conflicts that went on for nearly 40 years War with the colonists in Virginia Indians on 'reservations' 30 years of peace until Bacon's Rebellion

Nuremberg Trial (1945-1946)

A series of court proceedings held after World War II in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

A series of laws that promoted the construction of the *Transcontinental Railroad* authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. *Provisions:* Abolish Secret Alliances Freedom of the Seas Remove economic barriers among nations Reduce the arms of each country Self-determination of the colonies A League of Nations

Days of Rage

A series of protests taken over the course of three days in October in 1969 in Chicago, organized by the "Weathermen" faction in response to the Chicago 7 Trial.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801; stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. *Leaders:* Charles Finney *Historical Significance:* Influenced the antebellum reform movements.

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths.

Navigation Laws

A series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping & control colonial trade in regard to important crops (such as tobacco) & resources, which had to be shipped exclusively on British ships.

Bleeding Kansas (1854-61)

A series of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Lecompton Constitution Americans are already killing other Americans over slavery in 1854

Panic of 1893

A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply. Blamed on the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 Ended when J.P. Morgan organized a $65 million loan to the federal govt. *Historical Significance:* Led to *Coxey's Army* and a wave of strikes including he *Pullman Strike*.

New Amsterdam

A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. Annexed by the English in 1664.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.

Dixiecrats

A short-lived segregationist, socially conservative political party in the US that originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government.

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community, and emphasized pride in one's race.

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga (1775)

A small force of *Green Mountain Boys* led by *Ethan Allen* and *Benedict Arnold* overcame a small British garrison at the fort. *Historical Significance:* Colonists transported cannons and other armaments from the fort to Boston fortifying Dorchester Heights and breaking the standoff at the Siege of Boston.

Brain Trust

A small group of young reform-minded intellectuals responsible for writing FDR's speeches and authoring much of the New Deal legislation.

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the 1800's. *Leaders* Carrie Nation Neal Dow

Communism

A sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labour and private property in the means of production and real estate.

Dot.com Bubble

A speculative bubble from 1995-2000 in which the stock market grew super fast in the area of new information technologies on the world wide web, before crashing in 2000.

Checkers Speech (1952)

A speech made by vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1952 after he had been accused of improprieties regarding a fund established for him to reimburse him for his political expenses. Defended himself and said he would keep a dog. Saved Nixon's political career.

Circular Letters

A statement written by Samuel Adams & passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives; argued that the Townshend Acts were unconstitutional because the colony of Massachusetts was not represented in Parliament. *Historical Significance:* Led to the dissolution of the Massachusetts Assembly & the occupation of Boston.

Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins

*'The Big Four'* - Owners of the Central Pacific RR 'Hell on Wheels' Chinese coolies

James K. Polk

*4 Campaign Promises:* Lower Tariff (32% to 25%) Independent Treasury Acquire California Acquire Oregon - "54 Forty or Fight"

Grant Administration Scandals

*Black Friday* (1869) *Tweed Ring* (1871) *Crédit Mobilier* (1872) *Whiskey Ring* (1875)

Election of 1912

*Candidates:* Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. William Howard Taft (Republican) vs. Teddy Roosevelt (Bull-Moose) *Results:* Roosevelt attempts to become the first 3 term president Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win *Historical Significance:* Progressivism crosses political party lines in the Presidency

Election of 1864

*Candidates:* Abraham Lincoln (National Union) vs. George B. McClellan (Democrat) *Results:* First election since the re-election of Andrew Jackson in 1832 that an incumbent president won re-election. Lincoln's second term was ended just 6 weeks after inauguration by his assassination. *Historical Significance:* Several states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots, a first in United States history. None of the states loyal to the Confederate States of America participated.

Election of 1860

*Candidates:* Abraham Lincoln (Republican) vs. John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) vs. John Bell (Constitutional Union) vs. Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) *Results:* Republican Party is not even on the ballot in the south Lincoln carried the North, winning with less than 40% of the popular vote nationwide. *Historical Significance:* Prompted the South Carolina's secession, followed by six other Deep South states.

Election of 1832

*Candidates:* Andrew Jackson (Democrat) vs. Henry Clay (National Republican) vs. William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) *Results:* Jackson won a landslid victory. *Historical Significance:* Clay's instigating of the Bank War by asking for a rechartering of the National Bank, which Jackson vetos, ensures Jackson's victory Martin Van Buren replaces John C. Calhoun on Jackson's ticket, ensuring his succession of Jackson

Election of 2008

*Candidates:* Barack Obama (Democrat) vs. John McCain (Republican) *Results:* Great Recession Bailouts Iraq War Obama wins *Historical Significance:* 1st African American President 1st election with 2 sitting Senators as candidates 1st election since 1956 without an incumbent President or Vice President as a candidate

Election of 2012

*Candidates:* Barack Obama (Democrat) vs. W. Mitt Romney (Republican) *Results:* Spending & tax rates Nuclear Iran Arab Spring Global warming Campaign finance Obama wins *Historical Significance:* Obama only the 2nd president (Wilson, 1916) to be elected to a second term with fewer electoral votes than earned when winning first term First time that CA hasn't gained an electoral vote in reapportionment

Election of 1888

*Candidates:* Benjamin Harrison (Republican) vs. Grover Cleveland (Democrat) *Results* Tariff Harrison wins *Historical Significance:* Electoral vote contradicted popular vote - 3rd time

Election of 1924

*Candidates:* Calvin Coolidge (Republican) vs. John W. Davis (Democrat) vs. William LaFollette (Progressive) *Results:* Death of Harding meant that VP Coolidge became the incumbent Wet v. Dry - Prohibition "The business of America is business." Coolidge wins *Historical Significance:* Isolationism & protectionism will lead to Great Depression & WWII 1st election where all Native Americans are eligible

Election of 2016

*Candidates:* Donald Trump (Republican) vs. Hillary Clinton (Democrat) *Results:* Health care costs Economic inequality Terrorism Foreign policy Trump wins *Historical Significance:* Fifth election where the electoral vote contradicted the popular vote Trump - 1st President without any prior experience in public service Clinton - 1st female Presidential nominee for a major party 7 faithless electors & 3 more attempted - largest number in history aside from 1872 when Horace Greeley died after the popular vote but before the electoral college vote

Election of 1952

*Candidates:* Dwight D. (Ike) Eisenhower (Republican) vs. Adlai Stevenson (Democrat) *Results:* Who was tougher on Communism? Eisenhower wins Richard Nixon is Eisenhower's VP *Historical Significance:* Ended 20 years of Democratic control of the White House

Election of 1936

*Candidates:* Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Alfred Landon (Republican) *Results:* Great Depression New Deal programs FDR won *Historical Significance:* 20th Amendment was ratified by this election FDR carries all but 2 states (Vermont & Maine)

Election of 1932

*Candidates:* Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Herbert Hoover (Republican) *Results:* 'New Deal' Repeal of prohibition "Happy days are here again" FDR wins in a landslide *Historical Significance:* Led to the 20th Amendment (Inauguration in January)

Election of 1944

*Candidates:* Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Thomas Dewey (Republican) *Results:* WWII FDR won *Historical Significance:* Roosevelt died 3 months into his fourth term and was replaced by Harry Truman Truman replaced Henry Wallace as VP

Election of 1940

*Candidates:* Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) vs. Wendell Willkie (Republican) *Results:* Isolationist (FDR) vs Interventionist (Willkie) "Don't change horses in the middle of the stream" FDR wins significantly in the Electoral College, but much closer in the popular vote *Historical Significance:* Breaks the tradition of two term limit - Washington Rule Led to the 22nd Amendment (2 terms)

Election of 1852

*Candidates:* Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs. Winfield Scott (Whig) *Results:* Compromise of 1850 Pierce wins *Historical Significance:* Whigs don't nominate incumbant Filmore Whig party disappears

Election of 1988

*Candidates:* George H. W. Bush (Republican) vs. Michael Dukakis (Democrat) *Results:* Stock market crash Iran-Contra Affair Bush wins *Historical Significance:* 3rd Republican presidential term in a row First incumbent VP to win the Presidency since Martin Van Buren (1836)

Election of 2000

*Candidates:* George W. Bush (Republican) vs. Al Gore (Democrat) *Results:* Recount in Florida Bush wins *Historical Significance:* Closest election results since 1876 Fourth election where the electoral vote contradicted the popular vote

Election of 2004

*Candidates:* George W. Bush (Republican) vs. John F. Kerry (Democrat) *Results:* Terrorism Iraq War Job growth Bush wins *Historical Significance:* Bush (62 million) and Kerry (59 million) each received more votes than any candidates in history to that point. The prior record, about 54.5 million votes, was set in 1984 by Ronald Reagan

Election of 1789

*Candidates:* George Washington (Federalist) vs. unopposed *Results:* Washington wins *Historical Significance:* First Presidential election

Election of 1792

*Candidates:* George Washington (Federalist) vs. unopposed *Results:* Washington wins *Historical Significance:* Only election not held 4 years after the previous Second unanimous electoral vote

Election of 1976

*Candidates:* Gerald Ford (Republican) vs. Jimmy Carter (Democrat) *Results:* Carter ran as a political outsider "I'll never lie to you" Carter wins *Historical Significance:* Narrow victory (51%) despite Ford's association with Nixon's scandals First 'deep south' President since Zachary Taylor (1848)

Election of 1892

*Candidates:* Grover Cleveland (Democrat) vs. Benjamin Harrison (Republican) vs. James B. Weaver (Populist) *Results* Hard vs Soft Currency Cleveland wins *Historical Significance:* Cleveland is the only non-consecutive President

Election of 1884

*Candidates:* Grover Cleveland (Democrat) vs. James G. Blaine (Republican) *Results* Cleveland wins *Historical Significance:* First Democratic President since 1856 - Buchanan

Election of 1948

*Candidates:* Harry Truman (Democrat) vs. Thomas Dewey (Republican) vs. Strom Thurmond (States-Right's D) vs Henry Wallace (Progressive) *Results:* Greatest upset in election history - Polls predicted a Dewey victory Truman wins *Historical Significance:* First time a candidate overcame a split party Democrats would regain control of both houses of Congress 5th consecutive Democratic victory

Election of 1928

*Candidates:* Herbert Hoover (Republican) vs. Al Smith (Democrat) *Results:* Anticatholicism against Smith Wet vs Dry Hoover won *Historical Significance:* Economic boom of the early 20's leads to overconfidence/Great Depression

Election of 1880

*Candidates:* James A. Garfield (Republican) vs. Winfield S. Hancock (Democrat) *Results* Garfield wins *Historical Significance:* Smallest popular vote margin in history (less than 10,000 votes) Garfield is assassinated and Chester A. Arthur becomes President

Election of 1856

*Candidates:* James Buchanan (Democrat) vs. John C. Fremont (Republican) vs. Millard Fillmore (American) *Results:* Slavery Buchanan wins *Historical Significance:* Birth of the Republican party , but election of Fremont would have sparked the Civil War

Election of 1844

*Candidates:* James K. Polk (Democrat) vs. Henry Clay (Whig) *Results:* Manifest Destiny Polk wins *Historical Significance:* Last election held on different days in different states

Election of 1808

*Candidates:* James Madison (Democratic-Republican) vs. Charles Pinckney (Federalist) *Results:* Madison wins *Historical Significance:* 1 of only 2 elections where the VP serves two consecutive different presidents

Election of 1812

*Candidates:* James Madison (Democratic-Republican) vs. De Witt Clinton (Federalist) *Results:* Madison wins *Historical Significance:* Eve of the War of 1812 NY now holds the most electoral votes - maintains position until 1972

Election of 1820

*Candidates:* James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) vs. John Q. Adams (Independent) *Results:* Monroe wins *Historical Significance:* 1 electoral vote short of a unanimous win - No George Washington Panic of 1819 & Missouri Compromise (Slavery/Sectionalism) shows the 'Era of Good Feelings' will be short lived

Election of 1816

*Candidates:* James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) vs. Rufus King (Federalist) *Results:* Monroe wins *Historical Significance:* Monroe adopted the Federalist policies of the national bank and protective tariffs Hartford Convention & Sectionalism leads to the death of the Federalist Party

Election of 1960

*Candidates:* John F. Kennedy (Democrat) vs. Richard Nixon (Republican) *Results:* Tough on Communism Catholicism Kennedy wins *Historical Significance:* One of the closest popular vote totals in history TV debate propels Kennedy - influence of the medium

Election of 1828

*Candidates:* John Q. Adams (National Republican) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat) *Results:* Jackson won a landslide victory. *Historical Significance:* Marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two-party system.

Election of 1824

*Candidates:* John Q. Adams vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William H. Crawford vs. Henry Clay *Results:* No candidate won the required number of electoral votes, throwing the election into the House of Representatives where Clay offered his support to Adams who was elected on the first ballot. *Historical Significance:* Led to accusations of a "corrupt bargain."

Election of 1964

*Candidates:* Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democrat) vs. Barry Goldwater (Republican) *Results:* LBJ connects with popularity of JFK's domestic stance LBJ wins *Historical Significance:* One of the largest electoral college & popular vote victory margins in history Goldwater is the first 'modern conservative' presidential candidate

Election of 1836

*Candidates:* Martin Van Buren (Democratic) vs. William Harrison (Whig) *Results:* Martin Van Buren wins *Historical Significance:* Last election until 1988 where the VP is elected President. It was the only race in which a major political party intentionally ran several presidential candidates. The House of Representatives could then decide between the competing Whig candidates.

Election of 1972

*Candidates:* Richard Nixon (Republican) vs. George McGovern (Democrat) *Results:* Nixon wins *Historical Significance:* Largest margin of victory in the popular vote 4th largest margin of victory in the electoral college

Election of 1968

*Candidates:* Richard Nixon (Republican) vs. Hubert Humphrey (Democrat) vs. George Wallace (American Independent) *Results:* Violent protests at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago R. Kennedy & MLK assassinations Nixon wins as the 'Law & Order' candidate *Historical Significance:* LBJ chooses not to run for reelection Wallace - Last 3rd party candidate to win electoral votes

Election of 1980

*Candidates:* Ronald Reagan (Republican) vs. Jimmy Carter (Democrat) *Results:* Proposition 13 Rise of the New Right Reagan won *Historical Significance:* Republicans control the Senate for the first time in 28 years

Election of 1984

*Candidates:* Ronald Reagan (Republican) vs. Walter F. Mondale (Democrat) *Results:* Recession and Subsequent Recovery (start of bull market for stocks) Defense Spending Reagan won *Historical Significance:* Reagan received an Electoral Vote record of 525 Electoral Votes Mondale's running mate, Geraldine A. Ferraro is first woman on a major party Presidential ticket

Election of 1876

*Candidates:* Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat) *Results* Results in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina were disputed leading first to an Electoral Commission followed by the *Compromise of 1877*. Hayes wins *Historical Significance:* Reconstruction came to a sudden end.

Election of 1904

*Candidates:* Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) vs. Alton Parker (Democrat) *Results:* Square Deal Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt won. *Historical Significance:* 1st 'Accidental' President to win re-election Largest margin of victory to that date

Election of 1804

*Candidates:* Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Charles Pinckney (Federalist) *Results:* Jefferson wins *Historical Significance:* Won by 45.6% - highest margin of victory

Election of 1872

*Candidates:* Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) vs. Horace Greeley (Democrat) *Results:* Political corruption Grant wins *Historical Significance:* After the popular vote but before the Electoral College cast its votes, Greeley died so electors voted 4 different Democrats

Election of 1868

*Candidates:* Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) vs. Horatio Seymour (Democrat) *Results:* *Waving the Bloody Shirt* Grant wins *Historical Significance:* First election in which Freedman voted All Confederate States except Texas, Mississippi, and Virginia had rejoined the country

Election of 1920

*Candidates:* Warren G. Harding (Republican) vs. James Cox (Democrat) *Results:* Post WWI economic collapse Paris Peace Treaty Fear of immigrants Harding won *Historical Significance:* Largest popular vote margin by % (60%) since James Monroe - 1820

Election of 1996

*Candidates:* William (Bill) Clinton (Democrat) vs. Bob Dole (Republican) vs Ross Perot (Reform) *Results:* Waco standoff Oklahoma City bombing Good economy Clinton wins *Historical Significance:* Reform Party candidate H. Ross Perot received half the number of votes from 1992, and no Electoral Votes

Election of 1992

*Candidates:* William (Bill) Clinton (Democrat) vs. George H. Bush (Republican) vs. Ross Perot (Independent) *Results:* "Read my lips - No new taxes" - Bush Clinton wins *Historical Significance:* Bush & Perot split the conservative vote Perot wins largest popular vote total for a 3rd party candidate, but no electoral votes Clinton won a plurality, not a majority, in the popular vote

Election of 1840

*Candidates:* William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democratic) *Results:* 'TIppecanoe and Tyler, too' Log Cabins & Hard Cider Harrison wins *Historical Significance:* Van Buren's spat with Jackson cost him re-election Harrison died 4 weeks into office and was replaced by John Tyler

Election of 1896

*Candidates:* William McKinley (Republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) *Results:* McKinley carried the large industrial Northern states, winning the election. *Historical Significance:* Last election for the Populist Party.

Election of 1900

*Candidates:* William McKinley (Republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) *Results:* Victory in the Spanish-American War Economic prosperity McKinley won. *Historical Significance:* McKinley chose Teddy Roosevelt as VP after VP Hobart died in 1899 McKinley was assassinated in 1901

Election of 1908

*Candidates:* William Taft (Republican) vs. William Jennings Brian (Democrat) *Results:* Taft won. *Historical Significance:* Taft was Teddy's handpicked successor - like Van Buren & Jackson.

Election of 1916

*Candidates:* Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. Charles E. Hughes (Republican) *Results:* 'He kept us out of the war' Wilson won *Historical Significance:* Re-electing a president during war

Election of 1848

*Candidates:* Zachary Taylor (Whig) vs. Lewis Cass (Democrat) vs. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) *Results:* Taylor wins *Historical Significance:* Polk doesn't run for re-election having fulfilled his 4 campaign promises Taylor becomes 2nd and last Whig President Taylor dies in 1850, replaced by Millard Fillmore

Financial Crisis of 1857

*Causes* Inflation caused by gold from California Overproduction of grain for the Crimean War led to a surplus Over-speculation in land and railroads *Results* Unemployment hit the North the hardest Grain growers nationwide suffered High cotton prices overseas supported the South *Historical Significance:* Southern overconfidence in their one-crop economy

Panic of 1837

*Causes* Wheat crop failures Wild cat banks were speculating in land Specie Circular Bank War

Early Industrial Era Court Cases

*Fletcher v. Peck* (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward* (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland*(1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden* (1824) *Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge* (1835)

Nullification Crisis (1828-33)

*Leaders* John C. Calhoun *Events* *Tariff of 1828* - The "Tariff of Abominations." *South Carolina Exposition* *Tariff of 1832* *Ordinance of Nullification* *Force Bill* *Tariff of 1833*

Federalist Party

*Leaders:* Alexander Hamilton *Major Ideas:* Represented the interests of the capitalist class. Favored expansion of the federal government's power and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Held that the future of the nation was dependent on developing manufacturing and industry. Favored Great Britain.

Virginia (Large State) Plan

*Leaders:* James Madison and Edmund Randolph *Provisions:* Called for a strong national government with three branches and a two-chamber legislature with each state's representation based on its population.

Moderates at the First Continental Congress

*Leaders:* John Dickinson, George Washington *Ideas:* Believed that the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain could be repaired.

Conservatives at the First Continental Congress

*Leaders:* John Jay, Joseph Galloway *Ideas:* Were not prepared to make an aggressive response but did favor a mild rebuke of the British; Galloway proposed a union of colonies under British authority with a colonial "grand council" with the power to veto British acts.

Anti-Federalists

*Leaders:* Patrick Henry, John Hancock, George Mason *Characteristics:* Support came mainly from the backcountry and agricultural areas and debtors. *Ideas:* Opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of individual rights.

Radicals at the First Continental Congress

*Leaders:* Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, John Adams, Charles Thomson *Ideas:* Believed that the colonies' relationship with Britain had already passed a point of no return.

Democratic-Republican Party

*Leaders:* Thomas Jefferson, James Madison *Major Ideas:* Represented the interests of the common man, the farmer. Was anti-capitalistic. Favored limitations on the power of the federal government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Held that the future of the nation was dependent on maintaining an agrarian society. Favored support of France.

Federalists

*Leaders:* Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin *Characteristics:* Support came mainly from coastal and urban areas and the upper class. *Ideas:* Favored a strong central government to maintain peace and stability.

New Jersey (Small State) Plan

*Leaders:* William Patterson *Provisions:* Called for a unicameral legislature in which each State would be equally represented.

US as World Leader in Manufacturing (1870-1900)

*Liquid Money*—people now had the money to invest *Natural Resources*—America was unique in that coal, iron ore, oil, phosphorous was in one country to make steel *Massive Immigration*—there was always a cheap labor supply *American Ingenuity*—always a faster, easier, cheaper way of doing something

Farmers Organize

*Major Causes:* The new time- and labor-saving technology required significant expenditures, which often had to be borrowed with interest charged by the banks. The availability of land was limited because so much had been granted to railroad companies or sold to land speculators. States often rewarded railroad and grain companies with reduced taxes with the remainder paid for by private citizens. The high cost to store and ship grains and crops.

The Bank War (1832-1836)

*Major Events:* Erupted when Henry Clay sought to renew the Bank's charter before the Election of 1832. Jackson vetoed the bill then ordered all federal deposits in the bank to be withdrawn. Two Secretaries of the Treasury refused and were removed from office. Jackson was censured by the U.S. Senate. Bank president *Nicholas Biddle* called in loans from across the country resulting in a financial crisis. The Bank lost its charter in 1836 and went out of business five years later.

Impeachment of President Johnson (1868)

*Major Events:* Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. The House of Representatives charged Johnson with 11 "high crimes and misdemeanors." The Senate fell one vote short of removing him from office.

Mexican-American War (1846-48)

*Major Events:* The U.S. annexed Texas and sought to acquire the California-New Mexico region. President James K. Polk sent *John Slidell* to negotiate with Mexico, but his proposal was rejected. Polk sent troops into the disputed area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The U.S. declared war on Mexico after 16 soldiers were killed near the disputed territory. The American forces - led by Generals *Zachary Taylor* and *Winfield Scott* - took control of the entire southwest. *Historical Significance:* Taylor emerged as a war hero; contributed to the growing slavery debate in the U.S.

Texan Independence (1835-36)

*Major Events:* The newly formed Mexican government offered immigrants the opportunity to own land. Thousands of Americans, including *Stephen Austin*, migrate into Mexico. The Mexican government required all settlers to convert to Catholicism and end slavery - American settlers ignored the law. *General Santa Ana* proclaimed himself the dictator of Mexico. The American settlers declared themselves independent from Mexico and selected *Sam Houston* as the commander of the Texas military. The Texans fought for - and won - their independence in spite of such early defeats as the *Battle of the Alamo*.

Hamilton's Economic Program

*Major Features:* 1) Tariff of 1789 2) Report on Public Credit 3) Report on Manufactures 4) Bank of the United States

Articles of Confederation

*Major Features:* A unicameral legislature No authority for Congress to impose taxes One vote in Congress for each state No national court system No provision for a uniform national currency No chief executive A requirement that 9 of the 13 states approve passage of certain legislation Unanimity for amendments No authority for Congress to regulate either interstate or foreign commerce

Contract Theory of Government

*Major Ideas:* The people, not the states, created the Union. The federal government is supreme. Thus, federal laws and actions take precedence over state laws and actions. *Examples:* John Locke's Second Treatise on Government Marshall Court Texas v. White (1869)

Compact Theory of Government

*Major Ideas:* The states, not the people, created the national government. The laws of the states are supreme when in conflict with the laws and actions of the federal government. The states can declare the laws of the federal government null and void if they deem it necessary and appropriate. The logical conclusion of this theory - if taken to the extreme - is secession. *Examples:* Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798) Hartford Convention (1815) Nullification Crisis (1832)

Antebellum Reform Movements

*Major Reform Movements:* *Penitentiary and Mental Health Reform* - Dorothea Dix *Temperance Movement* - Frances Willard *Educational Reform* - Horace Mann *Women's Movement* - Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony *Abolition Movement* - William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass

Creation of Israel (1948)

*Motives* Humanitarian for Holocaust survivors Limit Soviet influence in the region Wanted the Jewish vote in the States *Historical Significance:* Arab countries had vowed to fight it

Gilded Age Court Cases

*Munn v. Illinois* (1877) *Wabash v. Illinois* (1886) *United States v. E. C. Knight Company* (1895) *Historical Significance:* Supreme Court begins siding against big businesses

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

*Provisions:* 1) A state's representation in the House of Representatives was to be based on population. 2) The states' representation in the Senate would be equal. 3) All money bills would originate in the House. 4) Direct taxes on states were to be assessed by population.

Townshend Acts (1767)

*Provisions:* Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea. Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies. Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling. Issued Writs of Assistance. *Historical Significance:* Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

*Provisions:* The Northwest Territory would be divided into 3-5 separate territories. A methodical process would advance each territory to statehood. Unorganized territories would be overseen by officials appointed by Congress. Once the population of the territory reached 5000 it could be organized as a territory where residents would elect members to a state legislature and send a delegate to Congress.

Commerce Compromise

*Provisions:* The South agreed to federal control over foreign and interstate trade. The importation of slaves would be permitted for 20 years, until 1808. The federal government was given the authority to collect import taxes, but there would be no duties on exports.

Three-Fifths Compromise

*Provisions:* Three-fifths of a state's slave population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation. A fugitive slave law required that runaway slaves who escaped to a free state must be returned to their owners.

Land Ordinance of 1785

*Provisions:* Townships 6 miles square would be surveyed then divided into sections equaling 1 square mile. The sections were to be sold in lots of 640 acres at no less than $1 per acre. The revenue from the sale of one section for each township would be used to develop public education.

Alien Acts (1798)

*Terms:* Allowed the president to expel any foreigner determined to be a threat to the nation; offenders could be jailed or deported during wartime, and the residency requirement for citizenship was extended from 5 years to 14 years. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; contributed to the debate concerning constitutional rights in times of war.

Sedition Act (1798)

*Terms:* Made it illegal to defame or criticize the president or the government; aimed at war newspapers critical of the Federalist policies; Jeffersonians viewed it as proof that individual liberties were threatened if the central government was too strong. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; contributed to the debate concerning constitutional rights in times of war.

Gilded Age Presidents

*Ulysses S. Grant* (1869-77) - Plagued by a variety of scandals. *Rutherford B. Hayes* (1877-81) - Tried to restore honesty to the government after the corruption of the Grant Administration. *James Garfield* (1881) - Assassinated. *Chester A. Arthur* (1881-1885) - Supported civil service reform to address the *patronage* problem. *Grover Cleveland* (1885-89) - Won the support of reform-minded *Mugwumps*. *Benjamin Harrison* (1889-93) - Overshadowed by a powerful *Billion Dollar Congress*. *Grover Cleveland* (1893-97) - Lost the support of the of labor unions & the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

A strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea.

Midnight Judges

16 Federalist judges that were added by the *Judiciary Act of 1801*. Called this because John Adams appointed them in the very last days of his term.

Evolution of the Issue of Slavery

1619-1848: Economic Issue 1848-1852: Political Issue 1852-1860+: Moral Issue

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer First black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States NAACP lawyer during the Brown v. Board of Education trial

Betty Friedan

American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book *The Feminine Mystique*. Boredom of being a housewife. Working is not 'unfeminine'.

General John J. Pershing

American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916 Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay *"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"* in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in a Vietnamese village suspected of aiding the Viet Cong. *Historical Significance:* Led to more opposition to the war

Eugene V. Debs

American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the *Industrial Workers of the World* (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

American uprising over the establishment of a federal tax on liquor; was quickly ended by George Washington and 13,000 troops. *Historical Significance:* Demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.

Aroostook War (1838-39)

Americans and Canadians were fighting over disputed territory in the Maine/Quebec/New Brunswick area. Ended by the *Webster-Ashburton Treaty*

Legacy of the New Deal

Americans came to believe that the federal government has a responsibility to ensure the health of the nation's economy and the welfare of its citizens. *Pros:* Bold reform without any massive bloodshed America didn't move too far right or too far left *Cons:* National Debt went from $19 billion to $40 billion in 7 years Didn't end the depression, WWII did

Medger Evers

An African American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi before being shot & killed in June 1963.

Rosa Parks

An African-American civil rights activist who, in 1955, refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

An American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement best known for using using nonviolent methods to bring about change.

William Marcy Tweed

An American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.

William Penn

An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain Lands to the west of an imaginary line in the would belong to Spain. Lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

An agreement in which the U.S would receive exclusive rights to construct and control a canal in Central America. It nullified the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, thus allowing the Panama Canal to be built.

Munich Agreement (1938)

An agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland; it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany.

Strategic Air Command (1954)

An air-fleet of bombers armed with nuclear bombs. Control communism in the Soviet Union and China with nuclear weapons. Proposed by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

Shays' Rebellion (1786-87)

An armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts protesting mortgage foreclosures. *Historical Significance:* Highlighted the need for a strong national government.

Erie Canal

An artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; supported by New York Governor *Dewitt Clinton*. *Historical Significance:* Lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

An attempt by white abolitionist *John Brown* to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia; defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee; Brown was found guilt of treason and was hanged. *Historical Significance:* Brown became a martyr to many Northerners, which in turn made many Southerners suspect that they were involved in - or at least supportive of - violent slave rebellions. Robert E. Lee rises to prominence

Resettlement Administration (RA)

An attempt to address the problems of Dust Bowlers and other poor farmers by providing aid, resettling, and establishing cooperatives. Farm Security Administration was created to replace it.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

An early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence. *Leaders:* Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton *Accomplishment:* *Declaration of Rights and Sentiments*

Direct Primary

An election in which party members select people to run in the general election.

Enron Corporation Collapse (2001)

An energy-trading company based in Houston that had claimed to be the seventh-largest company in America and the worlds largest energy merchant. They declared bankruptcy. Arthur Anderson, the Enron accountant came under intense public and legal scrutiny for failing to give reliable accounts of the corporate finances he was supposed to monitor.

Specie Circular (1836)

An executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring payment for government land to be in gold and silver. *Historical Significance:* Led to inflation and rising prices; blamed for the *Panic of 1837*.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. *Historical Significance:* Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

US Intervention in Guatemala (1954)

An operation organized by the CIA to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, The CIA armed and trained an ad-hoc "Liberation Army" of about 400 fighters.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Woodstock Music Festival

An outdoor music festival at rural New York farm in 1969, it featured a lineup of popular counterculture performers and was attended by 500,000 people.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

An unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the U.S. government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. *Historical Significance:* One of the most embarrassing failures of the Cold War.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. *Historical Significance:* This was one of the first major Indian revolts which was successful in expelling the colonizers. It shows the Indian's first major response to the colonizers and showed the extent of their willingness to retaliate, in relation to simply allowing their people's diaspora.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

Armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States. Continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence and descended into a savage guerrilla war in which the United States ultimately defeated the Philippine rebels. William Taft becomes the governor of the Philippines *Historical Significance* US controls the Philippines for the next 40 years

Gettysburg Address (1836)

Added moral purpose to the war saying a new goal was to make sure those who'd been killed had not died in vain *Historical Significance* Fight was save the Union Did not mention *Slavery*

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain. *Provisions:* Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. *Historical Significance:* Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Mass Consumerism

Advertisers create a need or dissatisfaction with consumers so they will buy something that they really don't need *'I need' replaces 'I want'*

Douglas MacArthur

Advocated for a 'Nuclear Response' in Korea, and China if necessary Truman rejected the plan Lobbied in the media for the American people to support his plan Relieved of command for insubordination (fired) by Truman

Marcus Garvey

Advocated for racial pride and black nationalism Back to Africa Movement *Historical Significance:* Inspired militant Civil Rights Leaders of the 1960's - Malcolm X, Stokley Carmichael, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale

Fascism

Advocates the creation of a totalitarian single-party state that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation and the creation of an ideal "new man" to form a governing elite through indoctrination, physical education, and family policy including eugenics.

Double Victory Campaign

African Americans wanted victory over dictators African Americans wanted victory over racism at home A. Philip Randolph

Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991-1992)

After the death of communist dictator Josip Tito in 1980, rising ethnic and nationalist tensions through the 1980s led the former communist country to break apart into seven new republics.

Office of Price Administration

Agency combating inflation during the war Rationing held down consumer spending Coupon books & Stamps Grey Market flourished

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories. *Leaders:* Henry Clay *Provisions:* California entered the Union as a free state. The *Fugitive Slave Law* was strengthened. The slave trade was banned in Washington, DC. Land taken from Mexico would be divided into two new territories - New Mexico and Utah - with the slavery question determined by *popular sovereignty*.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Agreement designed to establish a line between the admission of free and slave states in the western territories. *Leaders:* Henry Clay *Provisions:* Missouri entered the union as a slave state, Maine entered the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory. *Historical Significance:* South happy because it is a slave state North happy because it is going to keep slavery out of the unorganized territory of Louisiana Kept the Union together for 34 years

Yellow Dog Contract

Agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union.

George Wallace

Alabama governor best known for his pro-segregation attitudes during the Civil Rights Movement. *"Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"*

Benjamin Franklin

Albany Congress Edited 'Slavery' blame out of the Declaration of Independence Ambassador to France (1776-1785) Secured France's military assistance in the American Revolution Negotiated the Treaty of Paris Only 'Founding Father' to sign the Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Alliance, Treaty of Paris, United States Constitution *Poor Richard's Almanac*

Mayflower Compact (1620)

All agreed to submit to the will of the majority and regulations agreed upon In violation of their charter First governing document of Plymouth Colony *Historical Significance:* Started a precedent for men to govern themselves, make their own laws in open discussions—town meetings

Quakers

All were equal in the eyes of God, all races, economic status, gender; Religious Society of Friends

Whitewater Controversy

Allegedly corrupt real estate deal in which the Clinton's invested during the '70's, while Bill Clinton was governor of Arkansas. Never indited.

American Federation of Labor

Alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread-and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. *Leaders:* Samuel Gompers

Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945)

Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 miles into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Lend Lease Act (1941)

Allowed Allied countries to buy materials from the U.S. without having to pay up front. US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945. Garden Hose analogy *Historical Significance:* U.S. becomes the 'arsenal of democracy' U.S. involvement WWII inevitible

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Allowed communications to be regulated directly by the Interstate Commerce Commission and prevented new rates if challenged in the courts.

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. Unconstitutional

Tea Act (1773)

Allowed the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies *Historical Significance:* Undermined colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census One of the Progressive Amendments

Yellowstone National Park (1872)

America's first national park, made to protect the Western landscape

George Kennan

American adviser, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Border States

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri *Historical Significance:* More than half of the southern white population These four states would double the manufacturing in the South Supply most of the horses and mules The entrance of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers empty into the Ohio River and are a major transportation route into the interior of the South

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Denied the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president without the advice and consent of the Senate; passed over Johnson's veto.

Tariff of 1789

Designed to protect domestic manufacturing; discouraged competition from abroad and compelled foreign competitors to raise prices on their commodities. *Historical Significance:* Provided the U.S. government with much-needed revenue.

Sir Edmund Andros (1686-1692)

Did away with town meetings, freedom of press, courts, schools, & titles Taxed without duly elected representatives

Mary McLeod Bethune

Director of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration Highest ranking African American in the Government United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for African Americans

Saturday Night Massacre

Dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Divided Germany into 4 military regions each controlled by the US, France, Great Britain, and the USSR after World War II. Berlin was also divided in the same manner.

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Popular Sovereignty

Doctrine that allowed the residents of U.S. territories - and not Congress - to decide whether or not to accept or reject slavery.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908

During panic of 1907, banks were unable to increase amount of currency in circulation. Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various forms of collateral. *Historical Significance* Set the stage for Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Sunbelt

During the war people moved so that they could get jobs Hot areas were: Los Angeles—Aircraft manufacture Detroit—Jeeps, Tanks Seattle—Aircraft manufacture Baton Rouge/New Orleans—Shipbuilding *Historical Significance:* South finally gets industrialized

Soviet Bloc

Eastern European nations under Soviet control; included East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Albania,& Romania.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States; often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. *Historical Significance:* Marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812 and ushered in new financial policies that would shape economic development.

Laissez-Faire Economics

Economic philosophy described by *Adam Smith* in Wealth of Nations; based on the principle that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government.

Manhattan Project (1942-46)

Effort made by the U.S., Canada, and Great Britain to construct an atomic bomb; led by Robert Oppenheimer.

Camp David Accords (1978)

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Mediated by President Carter. *Historical Significance:* The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country

Warren G. Harding

Election of 1920 Corruption in his 'Kitchen Cabinet' *Teapot Dome Scandal*

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.

Muller vs Oregon (1908)

Employer control of the business vs 10 hour workday for women "...that woman's physical structure and the performance of material functions place her at a disadvantage in the struggle for subsistence is obvious."

Homestead Act (1862)

Encouraged westward expansion by allowing a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War *Terms:* Britain gained all of French Canada & all territory south of Canada & east of the Mississippi River. France & Spain lost their West Indian colonies. Britain gained Spanish Florida. Spain gained French territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended World War I *Provisions:* *B*lame Germany *R*eparations No *A*rmy or Air force Loss of *T*erritory

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the American Revolution *Terms:* Britain recognized U.S. independence, The boundaries of the U.S. were established. American fishing ships were given unlimited access to the waters off Newfoundland. The U.S. government agreed it would not interfere with British creditors and merchants seeking to collect debts owed to them by Americans. The U.S. government agreed to compensate Loyalists whose property had been confiscated during the war.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended the Mexican-American War. *Terms:* Mexico recognized the American claims to the area north of the Rio Grande. Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S. in return for $15 million. The U.S. agreed to assume approximately $3 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize).

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 *Terms:* Largely restored relations between the U.S. and Great Britain to status quo antebellum.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

Salutary Neglect (1607-1763)

England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as almost independent states for many years.

Creole Incident (1841)

England offered asylum to 130 American slaves that had stolen a ship and gone to the Bahamas England had abolished slavery in 1834

Puritans

English religious sect who hoped to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization.

Gospel of Wealth

Essay written by *Andrew Carnegie* in which he described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

Hatch Act (1887)

Established agricultural experiments in connections with colleges Public schools start to teach sciences, rather than classics and religion Women and African Americans start to get an education *Historical Significance:* Changes the social dynamics between races—not classes

Adamson Act (1916)

Established an 8-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers. *Historical Significance* First federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies. Eventually leads to the standardization of the 8-hour work day in most industries.

Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 (Banking Act of 1933)

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. *Historical Significance:* Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Yugoslav Wars (1999)

Ethnic and politically motivated conflicts between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks. Mass ethnic cleansing/genocide against Bosniaks. When the United States joined with them and led a bombing against the Serbians, the Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic, took a little more than a week to agree to cease fire.

Socialist Party

Eugene Debs Formed in 1901 It splintered over support for World War I, and was a minor political movement after 1920.

Mercantilism

European government policies of the 16th-18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country & its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country.

Moral Majority

Evangelical Christian organization that aroused its members to fervent support of Reagan and the Republican party in the 1980's Jerry Falwell

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Event at which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the domination of the Federal Government by Presidents from Virginia. *Historical Significance:* First attempt at succession is by Northerners Led to the collapse of the Federalist Party. 'Mythical' wound to the South

Jazz

Evolved from black/African/American music into the culture at large *Musicians* Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Count Basie Paul Robeson Ella Fitzgerald Billie Holliday Jelly Roll Morton

Sharecropping

Ex-slaves agree to work the land for ex-plantation owner for a percentage of the profit Ex-plantation owner take 80-90% of the profit Ex-slave would have to buy seed, farm implements etc.—led to a life of poverty If they did not work the land, then they broke the contract. *Historical Significance:* Psychological slavery instead of physical slavery

Bombing of Cambodia

Expanded the war beyond Vietnam Officially a neutral country Targeted the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Utopian Societies

Experimental societies whose supporters believed that they could further their own moral and spiritual development through cooperative communities. *Examples:* Brook Farm New Harmony Shakers Oneida Community

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens. *Historical Significance:* Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy

Destroyers for Bases Agreement (1940)

FDR trades Britain 50 old WWI destroyers for the right to build naval bases on British Caribbean islands. Letter vs Spirit

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's closest adviser Fought for the rights of all Americans Traveled everywhere with him on behalf of all his campaigns The 'First' First Lady in history

Birth Control Pill

Families could be 'planned' Women have the last issue that they have fought for—control over their bodies

War Labor Board (WWI)

Federal agency created in order to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the World War I; it was disbanded after the war in May 1919.

Loyalty Review Board (1947)

Federal board set up by President Truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto.

Grimke Sisters

Female advocates of abolition and women's rights Grew up in a southern slave-owning family Converted Quakers *Historical Significance:* Southerns feel betrayed by 'their own'

Advantages of the South

Fighting a defensive war-didn't have to 'win' the war Better Officer Corps/Generals Better Marksmen MOST IMPORTANT - They had a cause

Black Friday (1869)

Financial tycoons Jim Fisk and Jay Gould bribed officials in Grant's cabinet to ignore their attempts to corner the gold market; led to the Panic of 1869

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Financier whose family dominated the railroad industry.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

Fire in a New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory *Historical Significance:* Led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Battle of Coral Sea (1942)

First Naval Battle using aircraft carriers and planes Ships didn't see each other

Monitor and Merrimac (1862)

First engagement between two iron-clad naval vessels. *Historical Significance:* Rendered wooden fleets obsolete and prompted the Union to build a fleet of ironclad warships which it used to gain control of important waterways and defeat Confederate forts that guarded important rivers.

Sandra Day O'Connor

First female Supreme Court Justice; appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1981.

First Battle of Bull Run (1861)

First major battle of the American Civil War; Confederate victory. *Historical Significance:* Proved that the war would be longer and more brutal than either side had imagined.

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) (1775)

First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat. *Historical Significance:* The British suffered heavy casualties, including a notably large number of officers.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay/James River; settled by the Virginia Company of London. *History:* Original settlers suffered from disease (especially malaria), internal strife, & starvation. *Leaders:* *John Smith* *John Rolfe*

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in US history (20-25%) Designed primarily to protect America's textile industry against cheap English imports

House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative assembly in America Guaranteed colonists the same rights as residents in England

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, In his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it. *Historical Significance:* Established England as an emerging sea power Led to the eventual fall of the Spanish Empire

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. Pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the National Recovery Administration.

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains & required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Currency Act (1764)

Forbade colonists from printing their own currency & instead required them to use hard currency (gold & silver) which was in short supply in the colonies.

Sedition Act (1918)

Forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.

National Republican Party (1825-1833)

Formed as the Democratic-Republican Party began to fracture following the Election of 1824. *Leaders:* John Q. Adams, Henry Clay *Major Ideas:* Supported modernization, industrialization, and economic nationalism.

Farmers' Holiday Association

Formed by a group of unhappy farm owners Endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike. Ended in failure

Progressive Party (Bull-Moose Party)

Formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after he lost the nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, President William Howard Taft, who had since become his political adversary

Whig Party (1833-1856)

Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. *Leaders:* Henry Clay, Daniel Webster *Major Ideas:* Supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

American Party (1845-1860)

Formed in response to the increase in Irish and German immigration. *Know-Nothing Party* *Leaders:* Few prominent leaders *Major Ideas:* Characterized by political xenophobia, anti-Catholic sentiment, and occasional bouts of violence against the groups the nativists targeted.

National Grange

Formed to educate its members about new developments in agriculture and to create a social and culture bond among farmers. *Historical Significance:* Led to the passage of *"Granger Laws"* regulating the railroads and grain elevator operators; challenged in a series of landmark Court decisions.

Anti-Imperialist League (1898)

Formed to fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves *Members* Mark Twain Andrew Carnegie *Historical Significance* Claimed that it was against America's Democratic ideals to "take over" other lands

Gerald Ford

Former All-American Football player turned Member of the House of Representatives from Michigan Appointed VP to replace Spiro Agnew Pardoned Nixon *Historical Significance:* First 'Un-Elected' US President

Buffalo Bill Cody

Former Pony Express rider & Indian fighter who had the most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen Begins the romanticism of the west with wild Indians, horses, cowboys

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who promoted economic independence and a slow transition for blacks into free society; founded the *Tuskegee Institute*.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill of Rights)

Former soldiers could go to college-free - both vocational and academic Created the Veterans Administration Guaranteed loans for homes, farms & small businesses *Historical Significance:* Created the atmosphere of a robust economy for 20-30 years

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Founded by *Elizabeth Cady Stanton* and *Susan B. Anthony* Long time women righter's finally organize nationally to fight for a women's right to vote

Black Panthers

Founded in Oakland, Ca. by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society. Militant - against peaceful protest and for violence if needed

Horace Mann

Founder of 'Free' public education in the US

Levittown

Four large suburban developments created in the U.S. featuring large numbers of similar houses that were built easily and quickly, allowing rapid recovery of costs.

Freeport Doctrine

Assertion that slavery could not exist in an area where the citizens don't want it in opposition to the Dred Scott decision but in support of Popular Sovereignty *Historical Significance:* Won Douglas the Senate seat but lost him the Presidency

Attacks of September 11, 2001

Four planes used as missiles Took down the symbol of US financial power, the World Trade Center Towers The deadliest attack on US soil

Divorce Bill (1837)

Attempted creation of an independent treasury by Martin Van Buren during the Panic of 1837. *Historical Significance:* Led to a tighter money supply and worsened the depression

John Hinckley Jr.

Attempted to assassinated Ronald Reagan President Reagan was hit, but lived WH Press Secretary James Brady, Police Officer Thomas Delahanty, and SS Agent Tim McCarthy were injured.

Republican 6 Plank Platform (Election of 1860-Lincoln)

Free-Soilers: non-extension of slavery Northern Manufactures: protective tariff Immigrants: no abridgment of rights Northwest: Pacific railroad West: federal funded internal improvements Farmers: free homesteads

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer - Father of New France Exploration of the St. Lawrence River Settlement of Quebec

Alfred T. Mahan

Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote *"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History."*

Josiah Strong

Author who argued that the Anglo Saxon race is superior to other races and need to spread the religion and values to the 'backward' people. Wrote *Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis*

McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950

Authorized the President to arrest and detain suspicious people during a 'security emergency' Truman vetoed it Congress passed it over his veto

Forrest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks; under this statute, some 46 million acres of forest were set aside as preserves

Force Bill

Authorized the president to use whatever force necessary, including the military, to enforce federal tariffs. *Historical Significance* Precedent set by Washington with the Whiskey Rebellion

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.

Middle Colonies

Average family size Average lifespan Mixed economy - grains, tobacco & trade Religious tolerance Medium farms Medium towns Average number & size of rivers

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1991)

Banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal. Passes as a sympathy vote for Kennedy.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968)

Banned the transfer of nuclear weapons to nonnuclear nations.

Force Acts (1870-71)

Banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race. Targeted the Ku Klux Klan.

Corporate ranching in the West

Barbed wire Long Horn Cattle Cattle Drive

Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

Battle at which *Colonel George Custer*'s forces clashed with nearly 4000 well armed Sioux warriors led by *Crazy Horse* and *Sitting Bull*; Custer and more than 250 of his men were killed; U.S. reinforcements chased Sitting Bull to Canada where he received political asylum until hunger forced him to return.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French & Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops & was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Edmond (Citizen) Genêt

French minister to the U.S. during the French Revolution; recruited and armed American privateers against Britain and organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida, endangering American neutrality in the war between France and Britain.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer whose 1831 study of American society was chronicled in the 2-volume *Democracy in America*. 5 values that make American democracy successful: *Liberty* *Egalitarianism* *Individualism* *Populism* *Laissez-Faire*

Gilded Age

From the outside American society looks bright and shinny but from the inside it is a yucky bare metal Mark Twain (Samuel Clements) term

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia.

War Powers Act of 1973

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress. *Historical Significance:* Response to the failures and controversies of Vietnam

Barbados Slave Code (1661)

Gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)

Gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange by sending federal inspectors to examine every single bank and to reopen solvent banks *Historical Significance:* First time a President ordered a private institution to close Reopening showed dedication to capitalism

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Generated electric power and controlled floods in seven U.S. states through dams. It gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Battle of Trenton (1776)

Battle that ended with an American victory against the Hessian mercenaries hired by the British. *Historical Significance:* Boosted American morale and inspired re-enlistments.

George Grenville

Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.

Rugged Individualism

Belief that success comes through individual effort and private enterprise. Helped to concentrate power in the hands of the elite. Teddy Roosevelt and later Herbert Hoover

'Melting Pot' Theory

Believed that immigrants had to become 'American' right away Nativist view

Antebellum

Belonging to the period before a war, especially the American Civil War

Eli Whitney

Best known for inventing the cotton gin; pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in the manufacture of muskets. *Historical Significance:* Made cotton a profitable crop, strengthening the economic foundation of slavery.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Confirmed what was discussed in the Tehran Conference about setting up United Nations. Stalin promised to allow democratic elections in countries taken by Russia. Promise was reneged, however.

Sussex Pledge

Germans would not sink merchant & passenger (non-military) vessels. Wilson - "any little . . . [U-boat] commander can put is into war at any time by some calculated outrage". Violated later with the later resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Oklahoma City Bombing (1995)

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center. *Historical Significance* Inspired by the Waco Standoff and Ruby Ridge. Part of the a growing anti-government militia movement.

Tampico Affair (1914)

Breakdown of diplomatic relations between US & Mexico over a conflict between American civilians and Mexican rebels outside of Tampico.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption *Historical Significance:* Deficit spending becomes the fiscal policy of the US

Molasses Act (1733)

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, & sugar imported from countries other than Britain & her colonies French molasses was now more expensive than English molasses Rum distillers smuggled in French molasses rather than paying the British tax *Historical Significance* British laws are considered a joke First of a series of laws ignored by the colonists

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) (1774)

British response to the Boston Tea Party *Provisions:* *Boston Port Act* - Closed the port of Boston and relocated the customs house so that some important supplies could enter Massachusetts. *Massachusetts Government Act* - Limited town meetings and replaced the Massachusetts judiciary and council members with Crown appointees. *Administration of Justice Act* - Required that trials of royal officials accused of serious crimes in the colonies be held in Britain. *Quartering Act* - Required all colonists to house British troops when ordered.

Lexington and Concord (1775)

British troops march out of Boston to confiscate stored guns, powder, musket balls and arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock Paul Revere's Midnight Ride Site of the first shots of the American Revolution.

Thomas Nast

Brought down the Tweed Ring and other corrupt politicians through his political cartoons

Bracero Program

Brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs to fill labor shortages due to the war Concentrated in southern Ca Given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens) Stimulated emigration for Mexico.

Birth of a Nation (1915)

Glorified the Ku Klux Klan during the Reconstruction Period Portrayed African Americans (played by white actors in blackface) as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women The first full length film shown at the White House

Protestant Work Ethic

God wanted you to work and make a profit To please God, one needed to work for the 'glory' of God Didn't have to like what you were doing Had to be 'successful' to have God approve of you/then you might go to heaven *Historical Significance:* The reason why Americans take fewer vacation days and are proud of it

War Production Board

Gov't agency controlled/orchestrated the weaponry and tools of war Who got what orders Halted production of non-essential products

War Industries Board

Government agency established to coordinate the purchase of war supplies during World War I.

Federal Trade Commission (1914)

Government agency to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony *"City upon a Hill"* from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928 'Wet' First Roman Catholic & Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee Lost to Herbert Hoover

Resumption Act of 1875

Grant's plan to withdraw Greenbacks from circulation Would benefit the wealthy but hurt the poor Silver is discovered in Nevada (Comstock Load)—becomes 1/16th the price of gold Ends the threat of bimetallism *Historical Significance:* Reinforces Republican party's association with big business Greenback Labor Party is formed

Jones Act (1916)

Granted territorial status to the Philippines and promised to grant independence as soon as a stable government was established

Patronage

Granting favors, giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support rather than merit Key tactic of *Party Machines* *Boss Tweed - Tammany Hall* *Historical Significance* Charles Guitteau assassinates Garfield for not receiving a patronage position Led to the passage of the *Pendleton Act of 1883* and the *Civil Service Commission*

Pilgrims

Group of Puritan separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Boll Weavils

Group of mostly Southern, conservative Democrats who abandoned their own party leadership to follow Reagan.

National Labor Relations Act (NLR) (Wagner Act)

Guaranteed workers the right of collective bargaining Set down rules to protect unions and organizers Created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations

Brady Bill (1993)

Gun-control law named for presidential aide James Brady who had been wounded and disabled by gunfire in the assassination attempt on Reagan in 1981. Mandated federal background checks for handgun sales

'Lost Generation' Authors

H.L. Menken F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis William Faulkner T.S. Elliot Ezra Pound Eugene O'Neal

Credit

Buy it now and pay it off over time

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909-10)

Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot.

Proposition 13

California tax revolt in 1978 which slashed property taxes and forced huge cuts in government services.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Called for full equality in all public facilities; ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

Republican Party

Came out of the Midwest (Wisconsin & Michigan) & spread east Moral protest to the expansion of slavery Opponents of the Act from all parties -Disenfranchised Whigs -Democrats -Free Soilers -Know-Nothings From nonexistent to major party overnight Purely sectional affiliation *Historical Significance:* Politically, North vs South

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Campaigned against the 14th and 15th Amendments because they inserted the word *male* into the Constitution for the first time ever *Historical Significance* Finally uniting these 2 suffragettes

Gilded Age Technological Innovations

Cash Register Stock Ticker Tape Typewriter Refrigeration—not only at home but RR Cars Electric Dynamo Electric Railway Car/Street car Telephone Light Bulb Phonograph Mimeograph Dictaphone Moving Pictures

Federal Reserve (1913)

Central banking system created in response to a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) *Historical Significance:* Showed the need for central control of the monetary system if crises are to be avoided Utilized during the Great Depression

W.E.B. Dubois

Challenged Washington's ideas on race relations and encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination; leader of the *Niagara Movement* in 1905; founding member of the *NAACP*.

Dumbell Tenements

Cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. Design had many housing units sharing a corridor, bathroom, and kitchen.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Chicago labor protest organized to protest the treatment of workers at the McCormick Harvester Company as well as methods used by police in dealing with protesters; ended abruptly when an unknown assailant threw a bomb that killed 7 police officers; 8 anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. *Historical Significance:* The public blamed trade unions for the violence. Union's association with socialists/anarchists becomes entrenched in the public's mind

Powhatan

Chief of the Native Americans around Jamestown Aided the colonists in their first winter Father of Pocahontas

Casablanca Conference (1943)

Churchill and Roosevelt stated that the Allies would only accept an unconditional surrender from the Axis Powers.

New England Confederation (1643)

Civil War in England Crown neglected the colonies, salutary neglect Four colonies came together (M. Bay, Plymouth, New Haven & Connecticut) for protection & mutual benefit Left out was Rhode Island & Northern Mass. -Maine

Freedom Riders

Civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (1960).

Victory Gardens

Civilians growing fruits & vegetables during WWI & WWII so that more produce would be available to be sent to foreign allies & troops.

Battle of Okinawa (1945)

Closest island to homeland Japan Japan started to use 'Kamikazes' pilots—suicide pilots Attack on Homeland Japan would come from here

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial response to the Tea Act; 30-130 colonists - dressed as Mohawk Indians - boarded British ships and dumped the tea into Boston Harbor *Historical Significance:* Led to the Intolerable Acts.

Corporate mining in the West

Colorado - Gold Rush, Pike's Peak, 59ers Nevada - Comstock Lode, silver Boomtowns and Ghostowns Hydraulic Water guns replace panning

Committee of Public Information (Creel Committee)

Committee led by George Creel to sell the war to the American people. Used propoganda

Zimmerman Telegram

Communication intercepted by U.S. officials stating that Germany would help Mexico take back territory lost if they declared war on the United States.

Treaty of Paris (1899)

Concluded the Spanish American War America received Guam, Puerto Rico and paid 20 million dollars for the Manila Cuba was freed from Spain

Korean War (1950-1953)

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Powers of the Legislative Branch

Congress has the power of the purse - power to set and collect taxes, borrow money, regulate trade, coin money. Congress was to set up a postal service and issue patents and copyrights. War must be authorized by Congress. Congress is responsible for raising and maintaining an army and a navy.

Powers of the Judicial Branch

Congress was to establish a Supreme Court and lower courts. The kinds of cases that could be heard in federal courts was specified. The Supreme Court's jurisdiction was outlined. Treason was defined; requirements for conviction were set; and punishment was to be in the hands of Congress.

Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

Conservative generals under the authority of Francisco Franco went against the elected government. The conservative generals received the support of Nazi Germany and the Fascist Italy while the Soviet Union intervened in support of the socialist Republicans. US remains neutral. *Historical Significance:* 'Practice' for upcoming WWII

John Dickinson

Conservative leader who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"; advocated for colonial rights but urged conciliation with England & opposed the Declaration of Independence; helped to write the Articles of Confederation.

DeLome Letter (1898)

Considered a cause of the Spanish-American War - letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley which was published in the Hearst newspaper.

Hundred Percenters (1920's)

Considered themselves 100 percent American, not foreign born. Wanted to limit foreign cultural and political influences Americanism without any foreign influences

Malcolm X

Converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50,s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Advocated non-violence after a pilgrimage to Mecca.

William Berkeley (1641-1652 & 1660-1670)

Corrupt governor of Virginia Gave large land grants to wealthy council members to win their support Angered western farmer by not responding to NA attacks Bacon's Rebellion

Altamont Free Concert

Counterculture era rock concert held on outside of San Francisco - 'Woodstock West' Marred by the death of a concertgoer who was stabbed by a Hell's Angel, who were hired as security for the Rolling Stones.

Burger Court

Court: Continued the liberal legacy of the Warren Court but transitioned into the more conservative Rehnquist Court Roe v Wade Miller v. California United States v. Nixon Gregg v. Georgia Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Warren Court

Court: Individual rights rather than property rights Brown v Board of Education Mapp v Ohio Gideon v Wainwright Escobedo v Illinois Miranda v Arizona Loving v Virginia

Rehnquist Court

Court: promoted a policy of New Federalism in which more power was given to the states at the expense of the federal government; more conservative that previous courts Texas v Johnson - Flag burning US v Eichman - Flag burning Bush v Gore - Florida recount

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993)

Created a free-trade zone in Mexico, Canada and US

Dominion of New England (1686)

Created by Royal Authority to provide protection from Native Americans and enforce the Navigation Laws Combined New York, New Jersey and the other New England Colonies *Leaders:* *Sir Edmund Andros*

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. Spent over $1 Billion and was cancelled. So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages.

Pendleton Act (1883)

Created the *Civil Service Commission* to ensure that hiring of federal employees was based on examinations and merit rather than political patronage. *Historical Significance:* Significantly reduced federal patronage from powerful office-seekers thus forcing politicians to look increasingly to corporations for campaign funds.

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, led by Harry L. Hopkins. Gave money to the states to dole payments and for wages in work projects

Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, & 1928

Created the United States Tax Court Reduced income tax rates Eliminated all income taxation for some two million people Only the top 2% paid federal income tax Eliminated the Gift Tax Reduced inheritance taxes Ended public access to federal income tax returns

OPEC Oil Embargo (1973)

Cut off supply of oil as protest of U.S. support of Israel Limited the amount of oil sold to Israel's supporters *Historical Significance:* Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.

Latino Movement

César Chávez United Farm Workers Brown Power National Council of La Raza

Kitchen Debate (1959)

Debate between Nixon and Khrushchev. Discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism, through interpreters. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate. *Historical Significance:* Solidified Nixon's reputation as being 'hard on Communism'

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. *Historical Significance:* Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Texas v. White (1869)

Declared that secession was an illegal act and asserted the right of Congress to re-frame state governments, thus endorsing the Radical Republican point of view.

Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Ordinance of Nullification

Declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. Calhoun had just resigned as VP

Lincoln's Illegal Actions

Declares martial law Suspends the writ of habeas corpus Arrests the Maryland Governor and Legislators that were going to vote for secession Calls up 75,000 volunteers Declares a naval blockade around all southern ports Sends U.S. troops to fight along side militias in W. Virginia and Missouri Gave $2 million to three individuals

Cotton

Half the value of all American exports One-fifth of the population drew their livelihood from it's production 75% of the worlds production came from the American South Gave southerners a sense of power

Gay Rights Movement

Harvey Milk Stonewall Inn Raid - NYC, 1969 Rainbow

Ku Klux Klan

Hate group that began as way to enforce Black Codes & Jim Crow Laws against African Americans Expanded to include Catholics & immigrants in the 1920's

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. *Historical Significance* Not the first expedition to the 'New World', but his stories of gold, inspired governments to fund other explorers on future expeditions.

Harry L. Hopkins

Head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration Friend and adviser to President FDR Very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Annapolis Convention (1786)

Held to discuss the barriers that limited trade or commerce between the largely independent states under the Articles of Confederation. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Constitutional (Philadelphia) Convention in 1787.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Home Owners' Refinancing Act (HORA)

Helped the people that were in danger of loosing their property. Provided home owners with assistance with their mortgages.

American System

Henry Clay's plan for a profitable domestic market to be used to knit the country together economically and politically. *Provisions:* Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue. Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks. Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues.

Battle of Leningrad (1941)

Hitler tried to attack Russia but was halted because of the extreme winters. In the Soviet Union, was a three year siege. 660,000 Soviets died of starvation and disease before Germans retreated. The battle was significant for the bravery of the Soviets against the Germans.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

Home to many Puritans who left England because of the persecution they faced from the Anglican Church. *History:* Developed into a theocracy in which the church was central to all decisions; became the first English colony to establish the basis for a representative government. *Leaders:* *John Winthrop*

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Horrors and brutality of slavery Highlighted the breaking up of families - being 'Sold down the river' Written based on stories from the Liberator National Bestseller *Author* Harriett Beecher Stowe *Historical Significance:* From a political issue to a moral issue "So this is the little lady that started the war."

1619

House of Burgesses founded First 'Slaves' brought to North America

John Tyler

Ideologically a Jacksonian-Democrat who turned Whig because he hated Jackson the person Vetoed the national bank-twice, and gets kicked out of the Whigs Entire Cabinet resigns (except Daniel Webster)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1799)

Jefferson and Madison's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; promoted the states' right to nullify federal laws they considered to be unconstitutional. *Historical Significance:* Established the Nullification Doctrine.

The Man Nobody Knows (1925)

Jesus Christ was the best adman EVER because he got people to believe in something that hadn't existed before - Christianity. *Author* Bruce Barton

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. *Leaders:* William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer

D-Day (1942)

June 6, 1944. Began the invasions on Normandy to liberate the French from Nazi control.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969-1972)

Known as SALT I; aimed to prevent the expansion of U.S. & Soviet nuclear arsenals. SALT II sought further reductions, but when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, the Senate refused to ratify the treaty.

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (1982)

Known as START; sought to reduce long-range nuclear missiles.

Samuel Slater

Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and "Father of the American Factory System"; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill.

Square Deal

Labor: Treat both owners & labor fairly rather than siding with one or the other Trust Busting: Break up 'bad' trusts and regulate 'good' trusts Railroads: 'Just & reasonable' rates Consumers: FDA & Meat Inspection Act Conservation: Preservation vs Conservation

Disadvantages of the South

Lacked industry/manufacturing Lacked a reliable transportation system Lacked a Navy Smaller population States' Rights/Weak Federal Government

Roe v Wade (1973)

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Victory for feminism and civil liberties *Historical Significance:* Abortion is legal Provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement.

Northern Colonies

Large families Longer lifespan Marriage important Little religious tolerance Trade based economy Substance farming Small family farms Larger towns Many small rivers

Bonanza Farms

Large, 15,000-50,000 acre, single crop farms; came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Largest and bloodiest battle of the American Civil War; Union victory; considered - when coupled with *General Ulysses S. Grant*'s victory in Vicksburg the next day - to be the turning point of the war. *Historical Significance:* Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic *Gettysburg Address*.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the American Revolution. *Historical Significance:* Prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Law that established the Kansas and Nebraska territories with the slavery question determined by *Popular Sovereignty*. *Leaders:* Stephen Douglas *Historical Significance:* Missouri Compromise would be repealed Led to the *Bleeding Kansas* conflict (1854-61).

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry; created the *Interstate Commerce Commission* to railroads and ensure that they complied with the new regulations.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves.

Abbie Hoffman

Lead protesters at Chicago Democratic nominating convention (nominate pig for president) Co-founder of the Yippies- Youth International Party Weather Underground Chicago 7 Trial & Days of Rage

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of a slave rebellion on the sugar island of Santo Domingo (Haiti), for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs. When the French were driven out by the slaves and malaria, Napoleon no longer needed Louisiana.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Stokely Carmichael

Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. Worked with Martin Luther King Jr. but later became militant. Urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power.

Senator Gerald Nye

Led a committee investigating the tie between war profiteers and govt. Suggested that business was responsible for WWI because they were the only ones to profit from it. *Historical Significance:* If you take the profit out of making war material—there would be no war. Findings ignored by Congress

Gabriel Prosser (1800)

Led one of the first armed slave rebellions with 50 other slaves living near Richmond, VA. in 1800. 2 slaves told the white authorities. Was executed with 25 of his followers

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Legislation that allotted each head of household 160 acres of land; land deemed to be "surplus" beyond what was needed for allotment was opened to white settlers with the proceeds invested in education programs; designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the *assimilation* of Native Americans into American society. *Historical Significance:* Native Americans lost about 90 million acres of treaty land.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment (1901)

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Helsinki Accords (1975)

Legitimized the Soviet land holdings following WWII. Outlined boundaries for Poland and other Eastern European countries. Guaranteed basic human rights to Soviet controlled countries

United States v. E. C. Knight Company (1895)

Limited the government's power to control monopolies. Ruled that manufacturing was a local activity not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce.

Immigration (Literacy Test) Act (1917)

Literacy tests were imposed on all immigrants, and any immigrant who could not pass the tests was not allowed entry into the U.S.*Historical Significance:* First immigration act turning the country toward the nativism of the 1920's

Appomattox Courthouse (1865)

Location of Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrender to General Grant effectively ending the war; Lincoln was assassinated five days later by Confederate sympathizer *John Wilkes Booth*.

Political Objectives of the South

Low tariffs to protect its cotton trade with Britain. The expansion of slavery for political, economic, and ideological reasons. Opposition to a cheap public land policy which would force the planter-slaveholder to compete politically, economically, and ideologically with the independent farmer in the West.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1931)

Lowered home mortgage rates and allowed farmers to refinance their loans and avoid foreclosure

26th Amendment (1971)

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Fugitive Slave Law (1850)

Made it a crime to help runaway slaves Allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders. $5 if set free; $10 declared slave

Pregnancy Discrimination Law (1978)

Makes it illegal to fire or deny a job to a woman on the basis of pregnancy

Predatory Wealth vs. Productive Industry

Making money for money's sake vs. Making goods to fulfill a consumer need

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence - finally adopting the *Declaration of Independence* in 1776.

Port Huron Statement (1962)

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and the Cold War. Determined not to be a "silent generation" Proclaimed a "new left" by transforming the US into a "participatory democracy" as an end to materialism, militarism, and racism

First Hundred Days

March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

Free Speech Movement (1964)

Mario Salvo Students protested against limits on passing out of literature ---> questioned university & society that created it and this signaled the beginning of numerous campus protests.

Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)

Marked the beginning of the American Civil War. *Historical Significance:* Seen as a military victory in the South and a political victory for the Lincoln administration because the South had opened hostilities.

Greensboro Sit-in

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at a Woolworth in North Carolina. *Result:* Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. *Historical Significance:* Sit-ins, Lie-ins, Pray-ins, etc. become a common tactic

Cult of Domesticity

Men are out in the rough and tumble world of business The home is a place of solitude and peace Women are to create an environment where the husband comes home and she will nurture him—moral power *Historical Significance:* With the urbanization of America the family gets smaller and it becomes child centered.

ABC Conference (1914)

Met in Niagara Falls, Canada, to mediate diplomatically in order to avoid war between the United States and Mexico after increasing tensions over the Tampico Affair and the United States occupation of Veracruz Argentina, Brazil, Chile

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the *Declaration and Resolves* in which they: Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void. Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed. Recommended a boycott of British imports.

Delaware

Middle Colony Fertile farmland Grains 'Owned' by Pennsylvania New Sweden

New Jersey

Middle Colony Grains Eastern Puritans vs. Western Quakers Least religious freedom in the Middle Colonies

New York

Middle Colony Grains New Netherlands - Dutch Manhattan

Pennsylvania

Middle Colony Quakers 'Equality' - religious & ethnic Grains Philadelphia William Penn

German Immigration in the 1840s

Middle-class Lutheran immigrants because of the political upheaval in 1848 Created small family farms in the Mid-West (Wisconsin) Mostly liberal, independent minded, isolationist, and opposed slavery

Roanoke (1586)

Missing colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

"New Lights"

More modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in revivals and emotional preaching of the Great Awakening

20th Amendment (1933)

Moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3.

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). *Historical Significance:* Exacerbated the socio-economic differences between racial groups

Jacob Riis

Muckraking journalist and photographer who exposed the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City in his work *How the Other Half Lives*.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraking journalist who exposed the corruption of political machines in the cities in his book *The Shame of the Cities*.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist who exposed the corruption of the oil industry in her work *A History of Standard Oil*.

Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

NASA's Space Shuttle exploded after takeoff, killing all 7 astronauts on-board. 17 percent of the American population witnessed the launch on live television broadcast because of the presence of high school teacher Christa McAuliffe.

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

Name commonly given to *William Tecumseh Sherman*'s campaign from the captured city of Atlanta to the port city of Savannah; Union victory. *Historical Significance:* Inflicted significant damage - particularly to industry and infrastructure - as well as to civilian property through *Total War*; destroyed much of the South's physical and psychological capacity to wage war.

Great White Fleet

Name for the steam-powered ships of the enlarged and modernized American Navy of the early 1900s.

Buffalo Soldiers

Name given to African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army on the western frontier and fought in the Indian Wars (1854-1890).

Exodusters

Name given to the former slaves who migrated from the South to the West following the Civil War.

Tet Offensive (1968)

National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties. *Result* Major defeat for communist North *Historical Significance:* Declining approval of LBJ Increased anti-war sentiment & protests

Causes of World War I

Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances

War Hawks

Nationalist members of Congress - primarily from southern and western states - who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812. *Leaders:* Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

Red Scare (1920's)

Nationwide crusade to round up anybody that was 'liberal' or left wing - Palmer Raids *Causes* Bolshevik Revolution (1917) Increased immigration from Eastern European Countries

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

American Protective Association

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880's and 1890's.

Settlement Houses

Neighborhood centers established to provide help to needy families, combat juvenile delinquency, and assist recent immigrants in learning English and in becoming citizens. *Leaders:* Jane Addams of the Hull House in Chicago

Apollo 11 (1969)

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became first people to walk on the moon

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

Network of highways across the U.S., modeled after the Autobahn system developed in Germany, so that military vehicles could go across country easily Was a boom to the transportation industry

Alphabet Agencies

New Deal agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names

Stephen Douglas

Illinois Senator who invested in Chicago real estate and railroad stocks Champion of *Popular Sovereignty* Sees slavery as an economic issue not a moral issue

'Salad Bowl' Theory

Immigrants should keep their ancestral customs and ethnicity Horace Kallen

Quota Act of 1924

Immigration quota went from 3% to 2% Shifted quota from 1910 census to 1890 census—before the real immigration started

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.

Kitchen Cabinet

Nickname for the small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency.

North African Front

Nicknamed Operation Torch. Stalin pressured Churchill and FDR to open up another front and take pressure off Stalingrad. Casablanca Libya Egypt

Little Rock Nine

Nine black students were denied entrance to Little Rock's Central High School in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools. Eisenhower ordered the US Army to force the integration in opposition to the governor & Arkansas National Guard.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Nine colonies came together in New York City to draw a letter up asking King and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act *Historical Significance:* 2/3rd of the colonies came together not like 1754 and the Albany Plan When it was repealed the colonies think that England not serious

Opening China (1972)

Nixon went to China in February 1972 and improved relations with the U.S. and China. *Historical Significance:* Nixon then used this new relation with China in order to win trade with the Soviets.

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-1949)

In an attempt to consolidate their control of East Germany, the Soviets ordered the access roads into West Berlin closed. In response, the US & Britain launched a year-long airlift that numbered one thousand planes per day & successfully provided 2 million West Berliners with basic necessities.

Gaspee Affair (1772)

Incident in which members of the Sons of Liberty attacked, boarded, looted, & torched a British ship that had run aground in shallow water near Warwick, RI. *Historical Significance:* Officials threatened to charge those involved with treason, moving their trials to England; led to the formation of the Committees of Correspondence.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.

Supporters of Hard Money

Included bankers, entrenched capitalists, creditors, and investors who thought this would: Allow currency to hold its value, since gold-backed money is less susceptible to inflation. Increase the value of gold as the population expanded.

Supporters of Soft Money

Included expectant capitalists, debtors, and farmers because this would enable them to: Borrow money at lower interest rates. Pay of their loans faster with inflated dollars. Increase prices for the goods they produced.

McKinley Tariff of 1890

Increased duties on foreign goods to about 50 percent. Created to keep revenues coming and protect from foreign competition. Highest rates yet. Causes Republicans to lose support

Pequot War (1637)

Indians were being pushed off their land in New England Indians retaliated English settlers burned them out and shot the survivors Outrage in England *Historical Significance:* Colonial belief develops that the Indians need to be 'Christianized'

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist who founded the *Standard Oil Company*; concentrated his wealth using *horizontal integration*, eventually controlling 90% of the nation's oil market.

Gentleman's Agreement (1907)

Informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

Fireside Chats

Informal talks given by FDR over the radio Gained the confidence of the people

Second Bank of the United States

Institution chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks. *Historical Significance:* Blamed for the Panic of 1819; especially unpopular among the western land speculators and farmers who supported Andrew Jackson.

Bank of the United States

Institution proposed by Alexander Hamilton in order to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the U.S. government under the newly enacted Constitution. *Historical Significance:* Highlighted the growing political rivalry between Hamilton (Federalist) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) and the debate concerning the scope of the federal government.

Social Security Act (SSA)

Intended to help anybody who couldn't work because of age or disabilities. Established pensions for retirees, unemployment insurance, & aid for certain groups of low income or disabled.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Radio

Invented in 1890 by Marconi Became the center of the home in the 1920's

Cyrus McCormack

Inventor of the mechanical reaper; founder of the International Harvester Company. *Historical Significance:* Greatly improved farm productivity.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigations into communist influence on the American society, especially in the government, military and movie industry. Richard Nixon

Lewis Hine

Investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Committee Documented child labor across the country

J.P. Morgan

Investment banker who eliminated business rivals by driving down prices; founded *U.S. Steel* - the nation's first billion dollar corporation. *Jupiter* *"The Bankers' Bank"*

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. Turns to violence in the mid-60's.

Kent State Shootings (1970)

Involved the shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970.

Connecticut

Northern Colony Fundamental Orders - 1st 'American' constitution Settling was the beginning of 'Westward Expansion' Fur, Fish, Lumber

New Hampshire

Northern Colony Fur, Fish, Lumber Most northern colony

Rhode Island

Northern Colony Fur, Fish, Lumber Total religious freedom Most liberal colony - North Carolina Roger Williams

Massachusets

Northern Colony Pilgrims Mayflower Compact Fur, Fish, Lumber John Winthrop Dominion of New England - Sir Edmond Andros

100th Meridian

Not enough rainfall to support large scale farming Developed tougher strains of wheat, sorghum and other drought resistant grains *Historical Significance:* Caused the Dust Bowl of the 30's

Armistice Day (Veteran's Day)

November 11, 1918 at 11 o'clock

Strategic Defense Initiative

Nuclear missile defense system based on satellite based missiles *'Star Wars'*

Stock Market Crash

October 29, 1929—Black Tuesday One day over 16 million shares are sold By the end of 1930 4 million out of work 5,000 banks closed *Historical Significance:* Individuals blame themselves for the failure of the system Lost all confidence in themselves

Spot Resolutions (1847)

Offered by Abraham Lincoln requesting that Polk provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil; called into question Polk's conduct during the Mexican-American War.

Marshall Plan (1947)

Officially the European Recovery Program; U.S. economic program for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe.

Domestic Terrorism of the 1990's

Oklahoma City Bombing - Timothy McVeigh Waco - David Koresh & the Branch Davidians Ruby Ridge

Upton Sinclair

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act (1907) 'The Jungle' EPIC - End Poverty in California

Jonathan Edwards

Puritan Minister known for his clearly articulated fire and brimstone speeches - *"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"* speech

Roger Williams

Puritan dissenter who advocated of religious freedom, the separation of church & state, & fair dealings with Native Americans; convicted of sedition & heresy & banished from the colony; founded Providence Plantation (RI) in 1636.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged the authority of the ministers, exposing the subordination of women in the culture of colonial Massachusetts; tried, convicted, & banished from the colony in 1637.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

One of the Reconstruction Amendments *Provisions:* *Citizenship Clause* - Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. *Due Process Clause* - Prohibited state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. *Equal Protection Clause* - Required each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

One of the Reconstruction Amendments *Provisions:* Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

One of the Reconstruction Amendments *Provisions:* Prohibited the government from using a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a voting qualification.

Homestead Strike (1892)

One of the largest disputes in U.S. labor history; involved workers at the Carnegie Steel Company and Pinkerton Detective Agency *Historical Significance:* Major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers

Primogeniture

Only the eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. Younger sons would have to seek their fortunes elsewhere - Military, Clergy & now Colonist.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Opened trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Invasion of Italy (1943)

Opening a '2nd Front' Sicily Monte Cassino Anzio

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Ordered by President Franklin Roosevelt in February, 1942. Declared that large military zones could be set up to exclude current residents who were believed to be a threat to security.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

American Colonization Society

Organization established with the goal of transporting free blacks to a colony in Africa; founded Liberia in 1821-22. *Leaders:* Charles Fenton Mercer, Henry Clay, John Randolph, Richard Bland Lee

"Old Lights"

Orthodox members of the clergy who opposed the rivals and emotional preaching of the Great Awakening

Chief Pontiac

Ottawa Indian who led a rebellion against the British occupying the western parts of the American colonies after the French & Indian War.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Outlawed all 'closed' shops Required all union leaders to take a non-Communists oath Truman vetoes the bill but passed in Congress with a 2/3rds vote

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

Overturned the Munn v. Illinois decision Severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce Led to the creation of the *Interstate Commerce Commission*.

Middle Passage

Part of the Colombian Exchange (Triangular Trade) route carrying slaves across the Atlantic Ocean, from West Africa to the West Indies

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed; declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" & that the colonists possessed virtual representation.

Panama Canal Treaty (1977)

Passed by President Carter Gradual return of control of the Panama Canal to Panama. Transfer of canal ownership in 1999 *Historical Significance:* Guaranteed canal's neutrality

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916

Passed by president Wilson in 1916 Originally a reform wanted by the Populist party Gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest

Penn's Charter of Liberties (1701)

Passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and approved by William Penn Secured personal freedoms against the proprietor and crown Served as the constitution of Pennsylvania from 1701 to 1776 *Historical Significance* Freedom of worship to all Establishment of a popular assembly with the right to initiate legislation and the affording of persons accused of crimes the right to counsel.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, 37

Passed in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. Specifically to keep the U.S. out of war Isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I *Storm Cellar Mentality*

Thomas Paine

Patriot and writer whose pamphlet *Common Sense* convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Perfect railroad territory just south of the New Mexican border with Mexico Northerners opposed the purchase, but the Senate approved it *Historical Significance:* The southern line would be easier to build because of the lower mountains The northern line would have also passed through then unorganized Nebraska territory

John Rolfe

Perfected the raising of tobacco in Jamestown Married Pocahontas

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

War on Terror

Policy initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, to fight global terrorism - defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Omaha Platform (1892)

Political agenda adopted by the Populist Party in 1892. *Provisions:* Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Irish Immigration in the 1840s

Poor Catholic immigrants leaving because of the potato famine Race Riots with African Americans Ancient Order of Hibernians Urban Slums Become politically important because of their large numbers - Tammany Hall

Disadvantages of the North

Poor Soldiers Poor Generals Was going to be an invading army MOST IMPORTANT - Did not have a cause

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

Popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states One of the Progressive Amendments

John Marshall (Marshall Court 1801-1835)

Powerful chief justice of the Supreme Court. Established the principles of United States constitutional law. Played a major role in increasing the power of the judicial branch, as well as the power of the national government. Ruled in favor of Federal Power over State Power. Ruled in favor of Federal Power over State Power.

Vertical Integration

Practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products.

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Pres. Nasser of Egypt wanted to build a dam on the upper Nile U.S. and England pull their offer of financial assistance when he talks to the Soviets also Nasser takes control of the Suez Canal Bans Israeli ships from using the canal France and England launch raid into Egypt without the U.S.'s knowledge UN orders England & France to withdraw *Historical Significance:* World was on the brink of WWIII UN is going to have authority than the League of Nations

John Muir

Preservationist "Woodman spare that tree" Yosemite - Hetch-Hetchy Valley

Impeachment of Bill Clinton (1998)

President Clinton admitted that he had a sexual affair with Monica Lewinski, a White House intern, after lying to Congress about the affair

Fair Deal Legislation

President Harry S. Truman's 21 point program of domestic legislation. Included: *National Mental Health Act* (1946) *National School Lunch Act* (1946) *Employment Act* (1946) *Water Pollution Law* (1948) *Housing Act* (1949) *Fair Labor Standards Act* (1949) *Social Security Act* (1950)

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

United States v Nixon (1974)

President Nixon claimed 'executive privilege' protected all communications between the president & advisers His reasoning for not turning over the tapes The court rejected the President's claim 8-0 *Historical Significance:* Nixon resigned weeks after the decision Critical piece of the Watergate Scandal

Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856)

Preston Brooks (SC) beat Charles Sumner (MA) unconscious with his cane on the Senate floor; followed speech Sumner had made two days before about the Kansas issue. *Results:* Brooks survived an expulsion vote in the House but resigned his seat; he was reelected. Sumner was unable to return to his Senate duties for more than three years while he recovered. *Historical Significance:* Symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse" Civil War is inevitable

West Virginia (1863)

Pro-Union, Anti-Slavery 'mountain whites' Declared their independence in 1861 Granted statehood in 1863 Last State east of the Mississippi

Quantrill's Raiders (1856)

Pro-slavery men killed anti-slavery men, women & children in Lawrence, Kansas In retaliation, John Brown, an abolitionist minister, raided Pottawatomie and killed 5 men.

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery people who came into Kansas to vote for slavery

Referendum

Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

Recall

Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.

Emancipation Proclamation (1862)

Proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion and shifting the war objectives of the North. *Historical Significance:* Gave the North a 'moral cause' Border States were exempt because they 'weren't in open rebellion'

Alliance for Progress

Program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems Money was used to aid big business and the military

Embargo Act (1807)

Prohibited all foreign trade. *Historical Significance:* Devastated the New England economy and led many to support Charles Pinckney, the Federalist candidate in the 1808 election.

Espionage Act (1917)

Prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment; upheld in *Schenck v. United States*.

Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934

Prohibited any loans (including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Prohibited certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace - Trusts Targeted at *John D. Rockefeller* Law didn't have any 'teeth' until the *Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914* *Historical Significance:* First time the Federal government realized that the private greed should not come before public good/need

Executive Order 8802

Prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. Established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941)

Prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry.

Title IX

Prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational activity (including sports)

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

Prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of good manufactured by children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce. Would end up ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 1918.

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

Prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. One of the Progressive Amendments

Hatch Act (1939)

Prohibits employees in the executive branch of the federal government, except the president, vice-president, and certain designated high-level officials, from engaging in some forms of political activity.

Nineteenth Amendment (1919)

Prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex One of the Progressive Amendments

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent white abolitionist; editor of *"The Liberator"*; founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Wilmot Proviso (1846 and 1847)

Proposal to ban slavery in the territories as a result of the Mexican-American War; failed in the Senate. *Historical Significance:* 'Mythical' wound to the South

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

Proposed Kansas state constitution "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery" Free-Soil party boycotts the vote President Buchanan supports it Stephen Douglas blocks its passage in the Senate *Historical Significance:* Undermined Douglas' chances of Presidential victory Split Democrats regionally, destroying the last political unity in the country

Tariff of 1833

Proposed gradually reducing tariffs back to their 1816 rates - 20%, and South Carolina would not secede. Proposed by Clay and Calhoun Ended the Nullification Crisis

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

Protected investors in securities. It registers all securities, licenses brokers, hears complaints, and penalizes people or companies who dont follow the rules.

Tariff of 1828 ("Tariff of Abominations")

Protective tariff (50-55%) on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods

Native American Movement

Protest at Wounded Knee Protest at Alcatraz Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 Red Power

Chicago 7 Trial

Protests at the Democratic National Convention (1968) in Chicago by groups like the SDS, Yippies & Weatherman resulted in the arrest of 8 leaders, including Abbie Hoffman, Bobby Seale & Tom Hayden, charged with traveling over state lines to incite a riot. Seale had his trial separated from the other 7 leaders Mayor Richard Daley

Project Headstart

Provided early educational opportunities, such as subsidized preschool, to children from lower-income families.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

Provided federal loan's to farmers' cooperative to extend electrical power lines to rural areas.

Samuel Chase

Supreme court justice whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury. Was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

California Gold Rush

Sutter's Mill Claim Jumping Vigilante Justice Boomtowns 49'ers

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Taft signed this law that increased import taxes. This was a very regressive tax (regressive = costs the poor and middle class more than it costs the rich). Teddy knew it would be difficult to get Congress to lower taxes on the poor and middle class but was outraged when Taft agreed to sign this law that so clearly increased taxes on working people.

'Smoking Gun'

Tapes with an 18 1/2 minute gap that proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal; Made his impeachment or resignation undeniable

Triple Wall of Privilege

Tariffs Banks Trusts Woodrow Wilson

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Tariffs rates hit 60% Protectionism *Historical Significance:* The highest in American history

Carlisle Indian School

Taught Indian children the white man's ways *"Kill the Indian, save the man"* Didn't work. They were neither white or Indian—caught between two worlds.

Stamp Act (1765)

Taxed all printed material in the colonies, including - but not limited to - stamps, legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc. *Historical Significance:* Led to the formation of colonial organizations such as the Stamp Act Congress, Sam Adams's Loyal Nine, & the Sons of Liberty & the suggestion that a complete break with Britain was essential to the colonies' future.

Four Freedoms Speech (1941)

Technically Franklin Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union address in which he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear

Huey Long

"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA "Share Our Wealth" program Make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy Assassinated

Charles Lindburg

"Lone Eagle", "Lucky Lindy" - Greatest American hero of the 1920's In 1927, flew the Atlantic from West to East in *Spirit of St. Louis* *Historical Significance:* What a hundred years earlier had taken months could now be done in hours

Volstead Act (1920)

"No person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." Did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors Implemented to enforce the 18th Amendment

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. US (1935)

"Sick chicken case" the Court invalidates the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) saying that the codes created by them are unconstitutional and that only Congress can make laws.

Henry Kaiser

"Sir Launchalot" Could make his Liberty Ships in fourteen days Victory through manufacturing "Build'em faster than they can sink'em" *Historical Significance:* Example of American 'can-do' spirit Provided health insurance to lure best workers

Thorstein Veblen

"The Theory of the Leisure Class" Exposing predatory wealth

David G. Phillips

"The Treason of the Senate" in Cosmopolitan Linked 75 of the 90 Senators to railroads and trusts 80% of exposed Senators were out of office Contributed to the passage of the 17th amendment

Presidential Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction. *Provisions:* Similar to Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan. Gave Johnson the power to pardon former Confederates.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Anti-monopoly law Unions could not be considered "combinations in restraint of trade" and therefore unions could not be prosecuted under anti-monopoly laws. *Historical Significance:* Remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Jayhawkers

Anti-slavery people who came into Kansas to vote against slavery

Quota Act of 1921

Any country had an immigration quota of 3% of that nationality living in the U.S.

Henry Ford

Applied Mass Production, Assembly Line, & Standardized Parts to the automobile industry - *Model T* Paid workers high wages than his competitors so they could afford his cars

Frank Lloyd Wright

Architect "Falling Water" *Mid-Century Modern* Preeminent American Architect

Louis Sullivan

Architect - Steel framed skyscrapers Home Insurance Building - 1st Skyscraper *'Form follows function'* Mentor for Frank Lloyd Wright

442nd Regiment

Japanese American unit that served in Europe. Became the most decorated unit in American history.

Henry Wallace

Seen as too liberal by Democratic Party Leaders Replaced as VP by Harry Truman Advocated a more 'cooperative' rather than 'antagonistic' stance with the Russians Fired by Truman as Secretary of Commerce in 1946 Ran for President in 1948

Thomas W. Lawson

Self made millionaire in the stock market Published a serial, "Frenzied Finance", that exposed the practices of himself and others like him Exposed financers worked to destroy him

Roosevelt Panic of 1907

Short panic on Wall Street in 1907 Included "runs" on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators Blamed on Roosevelt because of his "meddlesome" tactics

Populist Party

Short-lived political party based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states. *Leaders:* James B. Weaver, Thomas E. Watson, William Jennings Bryan *Major Ideas:* Hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally. Support for Bimetallism & inflationary monetary policies.

Free Soil Party (1848-54)

Short-lived political party made up of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. *Leaders:* Martin Van Buren *Major Ideas:* Opposed slavery in the new territories and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against free blacks.

Liberal Republican Party (1872)

Short-lived third party of reform-minded citizens in response to the political corruption of Washington, specifically to curb the corruption of the Grant administration

Kennedy Assasination

Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas. Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby. Lyndon Johnson becomes President.

Election of 1800

Sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800." *Candidates:* John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) *Results:* Jefferson and Burr tied; the election was thrown into the House of Representatives which elected Jefferson on the 36th ballot. *Historical Significance:* Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

Social Gospel

Traditional Protestant Churches (German Baptist & Congregational) brought Protestant Christianity to slums Set the stage for reform movements

Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency (Washington Rule)

Republicanism

Was against a hereditary aristocracy Not different social classes Were afraid of the lower classes gaining too much control in society—'mobocracy' Didn't want the radical 'leveling' of the social classes

The Association

Was created by Congress to support the boycott of English goods/products Homespun is created

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Was to 'prime' the pump for the economy by giving out loans so people could get back to work.