AP WORLD COMPLETE QUIZLET BABY
Dhimmi
"Protected peoples". in return for the jizya tax, they got to keep their freedom, property, religion, and handles legal affairs --millet communities: ottoman autonomous religious communities
What does the Renaissance mean?
"rebirth"
bushido
"the way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death
Kublai Khan
(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.
Ibn Battuta
(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
Inca Empire
(1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. As the most powerful people of Andean America, the Inca dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans; was an extremely diverse culture cause it spanned north and south rather then east and west.
Byzantine Empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.
Umayyad Caliphate
(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.
Franks
(Germanic) established a capital at Paris under King Clovis (481-511), who united the Frankish tribes and served as first Roman Catholic leader
Analyze continuities and changes in the beliefs and practices of ONE of the religions listed below from its beginnings to 1450. Buddhism Christianity Islam
-
Explain ONE difference in the way in which nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia before 1450C.E. adapted to their environment.
-
Explain ONE major pattern of cultural interaction between nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia before 1450 C.E.
-
Explain ONE similarity between the economic practices of nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia in the period 600-1450 C.E.
-
Explain ONE way in which Buddhism changed as it spread across Asia.
-
Explain ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism changed other Asian religious traditions in the period before 1450 C.E.
-
Identify ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism in the period before 1450 C.E. illustrates a continuity in patterns of cultural diffusion.
-
Neolithic Era
- "New Stone Age" - 10,000 - 4000 BCE - was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture
Paleolithic Era
- "Old Stone Age" - a long period of human development before the development of agriculture
Mohammed
- 570-632 CE - born in Mecca / died in Medina - founder of Islam - regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God - his teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book - came to beleive that one true God, Allah was speaking to him through the archangle Gabriel and he passed the religion onto others
Greek city-states
- Ancient Greece was made up of city-states, also known as Polis - they were developed out of the political chaos of the 1100's (BCE) - each Polis was independent and so a range of political institutions developed across the Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Islands - the largest city-states were Athens and Sparta
The Persian Empire
- Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Persian Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE - later conquered by Alexander the Great.
Nirvana
- Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated
Justinian
- Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE - reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome - initiated an ambitious building program (he built the Hagia Sofia) - known for issuing most famous compilation of Roman Law
Daoism
- Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou Dynasty - associated with legendary philosopher Laozi - self-sufficient - created to try and end the period of warring states - "Wu Wei" - SOCIAL and politcal - coexist with nature - go with the flow
Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)
- Crucifixion: the son of God, Jesus, died on the cross in which all sins were forgiven / Good Friday - Resurrection: three days after the Crucifixion of Jesus, he rose again / Easter Sunday
Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties
- First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. - First of 'centralized' China.
Allah
- God of the monotheistic religion of Islam
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
- Gods of Hinduism: 1: Brahma- god of creation 2: Vishnu- god of protection 3: Shiva- god of destruction
Aristotle
- Greek philosopher - a pupil of Plato / the tutor of Alexander the Great / the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics - he profoundly influenced Western thought - disagreed with Plato's theory / promoted a moderate democracy, order, and acceptance of roles / taught geocentrism (earth is center of universe) / defined the four elements
The Ten Commandments
- Hebrew law governing religioius belief and behavior - set forth by God and brought to the people by Moses
The Hitties and iron weapons
- Indo-European migrants - introduced iron metallurgy to Mesopotamians
Islam (the Qur'an)
- Islam's holy book (Similar to the Bible and Torah) - the transcription of Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel
Medina (the Hegira)
- Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca - The Hegira was the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Median which was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam
Anasazi
- Native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and Northern New Mexico and Arizona from about 100 AD - descendents include the present-day Pueblo people - culture includes Basket Maker phase, and later marked by creation of cliff dwellings and expert artisanship - they worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas
Zoroastiranism
- Persian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra - its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions
Republics/Democracies
- Republic: state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. - Democracy: form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
Julius Caesar
- Roman military and political leader - He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire - Dictator
Stages of hominid development
- STAGE 1 (4,000,000 BCE - 1,000,000 BCE): Hominids / Australopithecines [had apposable thumbs] / Homo Habilis ["man of skills", found in east Africa, created stone tools] - STAGE 2 (1,600,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE): Homo Erectus ["upright human being", bipedalism, larger and more varied tools, first hominid to migrate from Africa to Europe and Asia, first to use fire - 500,000 BCE] - STAGE 3 (200,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE): Homo Sapiens ["wise human being"] / Neanderthrals (200,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE) [first to bury their dead, made clothes from animal skins, lived in caves and tents] / Cro-Magnons (40,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE) [homo sapiens sapiens = "wise, wise humans", replaced Neanderthrals]
Andean societies
- Second millenium BCE - in the central Andes and Pacific coast of South America - semi/urbanized cultures - economic surplus?
Describe ONE difference between the commercial interactions in The Indian Ocean and the commercial interactions along the overland Silk Roads in the period circa 1200-1450.
- Silk Roads: Hinduism and Buddhism - Indian Ocean: Christianity and Islam - slave trade, bulk trade
Slavery vs. serfdom
- Slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages - Serfdom: A medieval peasant who was forced to work the land of a lord's manor in exchange for protection. They were little more than slaves.
K'ung Fu-tza (Confucius)
- Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 BCE) - his doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials - founder of Confucianism
Egyptian Book of the Dead
- a common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts - constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. - intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld - knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death
The Kaaba
- a cuboidal building in Mecca and is the most sacred site in Islam - focal point for prayer
Nomadic pastoralism
- a form of agriculture where livestock are herded either seasonally or continuously in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze - commonly practiced in regions with little arable land
Aristocracy
- a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility - the wealthiest, most priveliged members of society
Theocracy
- a government thought to be guided by a divine power - controlled by religious leaders
Nomadic hunters/gatherers
- a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers
Early China
- agriculture-based society - written communication - specialized labor - absence of organized religion of official priesthood - society based on family - patriarchal - occasionally women played prominent roles - bronze metallurgy - horse drawn chariots - pottery - East & Central Asia
Gilgamesh
- ancient Sumerian king (city-state of Uruk) - ruled: 2700 BCE - credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats - the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' is thought to be the first story
Nubia
- area south of Egypt - the kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from 750 to 664 BCE
Charlemagne
- became King of the Franks in 768 CE - he built an empire spanning present-day France, Germany, and part of Italy - a close ally of the Church, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 CE after helping the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles - he also spread Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his Empire
Neolithic Revolution
- began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals
Jesus of Nazareth
- born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth - his life and teachings are the basis of Christianity - believing him to be the son of God, his disciples proclaimed him the Messiah and savior of humankind
Maya
- brilliant Central American society - 300 - 1100 - known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language
The Assyrians and cavalary warfare
- built a powerful and intimidating army by organizing forces into standardized units under command of professional officers appointed because of merit, skill, bravery, rather than noble birth/family connections - supplemented infantry with cavalry forces and light horse-drawn chariots (borrowed from Hittites)
Identify ONE cause of the growth of the trans-Saharan trade network.
- camel caravans
Identify ONE innovation, transportation, technological, or commercial practice that led to increased trans-Saharan trade.
- camel caravans
Mecca
- city in western Saudi Arabia - birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad - ritual center of the Islamic religion (holiest city of Islam)
Identify ONE transportation technology that led to increased volume of trade along the Indian Ocean.
- compass, astrolab (GPS), lateen sail, dowh ships, junk ships
Persian Wars
- conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire - ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon - chronicled by Herodotus.
Olmec
- early Mesoamerican society (1st) - 1200-100 BCE - centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya - the "rubber people"
Hammurabi's Law Code
- established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators - relied heavily on the principle of 'lex talionis' (the law of retaliation / an eye for an eye) - there was no way of escaping it.. Hammurabi had statues all over his kingdom with the laws inscribed onto it so that everyone knew what they were
Sedentary agriculture
- farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place - domestication of plants and animals
Gender division of labor
- feature of the Stone Age society - due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Although, this did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. But over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.
Eightfold Path
- final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life of balance and constant contemplation
The Torah
- first five books of the Old Testament (in the bible) - most sacred book in Judaism
Indus valley civilization
- first society here was the Harappan - there isn't very much information on it because most Harappan physical remains are now below the water table and scholars can't decipher records - reflected a strong concern for fertility - Aryans migrated here (they had a well-defined social order) - built dams (to prevent flood), city walls, a fortified citadel, and a large granary
Buddhism
- founded by Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) - originated between 535 and 528 BCE - based on the 4 Noble Truths - no caste system - promoted by King Ashoka (Mauryan Dynasty)
Siddhartha Gautama
- founder of Buddism - born a prince but left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering - he wandered the forests of India for 6 years seeking enlightenment - he believed in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path where you aim to reach nirvana - known as the Buddha
Shi Huangdi
- founder of the Qin Dynasty (from 247 BC to 221 BCE), - the first emperor of a unified China
The Bible (Old and New Testament)
- holiest book of Christianity - split up in two: the Old Testament and the New Testament
Ghana
- kingdom in West Africa during the fifth thought the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam - its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade
David and Solomon
- kingdom period of the Hebrews with the capital in Jerusalem - at this time the Egyptian and Hittite Empires were receding and it allowed for the Hebrews to establish a kingdom - King David ruled Israel from 990 BCE to 968 BCE; and his son Solomon ruled after him until 928 BCE. David enlarged his kingdom and brought it to the peak of political and military power. Solomon "ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River from Tiphsah to Gaza; he was at peace with all his neighbors"
Mississippian culture
- last of the mound-building cultures of North America - flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E. - featured large towns and ceremonial centers - lacked stone architecture of Central America.
Civilization
- literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor
Analects
- main book of Confucianism - profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions - after his death, some of his pupils compiled the master's sayings and teachings and it became known as this
What commercial practices led to increased trade on the Silk Road?
- merchant class + political clout, nomadic practices, shops near/on Silk Rods, sea routes, merchants + monasteries (weigh stations for caravans)
Metallurgy and metalworking
- metallurgy: the study of metals and their properties / the science and technology of extracting metals form their ores, refining them, and preparing them for use - metalworking: the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures
Identify ONE environmental factor that led to the development of trade along The Indian Ocean.
- monsoon winds
Pyramids
- monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt - used as burial sites for pharaohs - within the pyramid was everything the deceased needed in the after life; including possessions, gold, jewels, and jars containing their vital organs that were removed during mummification - massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides
Foraging societies
- nomadic - small communities / population - no political system - economic distribution is more equal - acquire their subsistence from the resources around them, without cultivating the earth
Patrilineal/patrilocal
- patrilineal relates to a social system in which inheritance rights and family descent is traced though the father - patrilocal refers to the pattern where married couples live with or near the husband's parents/family
Confucianism
- philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (Confucius) - created to try and end the period of warring states - social and political - 3 principles: Ren, Li, Xiao - focused on education (liberal arts) - junzi - optimistic
Identify ONE way that the Mongol Empire influenced trade and communication.
- reopened Silk Roads (cross Eurasian trade), taxed trade + kept it safe
Egypt
- ruled by pharohs - agriculture-based society - patriarchal society - built irrigation systems / pyramids as royal tombs - hieroglyphic writing - referred to the area of the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile - the Red/Mediterranean Sea and hostile deserts discouraged foreign invaders
Western scientific thought
- scientific method - basis for modern science
What caused the growth of the Silk Road network of exchange?
- sea routes, Mongol Empire reopening
Indian caste system
- simple division of society into four castes: Brahmin (Priests/Priestesses), Kshatriya (Warriors), Vaishya (Skilled Workers), Shudra (Unskilled workers), with the "Untouchables" (Dalit) below everyone - arranged in a hierarchy - socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions (like Jati)
Hieroglyphics
- system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts - used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt
Laozi
- the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature - founder of Daoism
Four Noble Truths
- the foundation of Buddhist thought 1: life is pain 2: pain is caused by desire 3: elimination of desire will bring an end to pain 4: living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire
Domestication of plants and animals
- the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food - this allowed the humans to remain in one place
Ashoka
- third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE) - he converted to Buddhism - stone edicts (the earliest surviving Indian writing) - built wells, inns, and trees on roads to facilitate trade - grandson of Chanragupta Maurya
The Phoenicians and the alphabet
- this group created the alphabet in which many modern languages have evolved from - became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it was assimilated by many other cultures and evolved - began in 1050 BC, and gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it
The Lydians and coinage
- this group invented the coin - Greek city-states adopted coinage from this group and it is still used in modern times
The Hebrews and monotheism
- this group was the first and only religion of the time to worship only one god - Yaweh -Abraham is considered to be the father of the Hebrews
Identify ONE technological or cultural transfer that occurred as a result of The Mongol Empire.
- tolerance of different religions, horseback riding, archery
What were the effects of the Silk Road networks of exchange?
- trading ideas, disease spread
Socrates and Plato
- two ancient Greek philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies - were rationalists (truth is reached not via our senses but via our thoughts)
Sunni vs. Shiite
- two branches of Islam - Sunni: members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad - Shiite: believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity
Explain ONE process of state building of the Mongol Empire.
- united confederations with civil war, nomadic society
Trading companies
-- English East India Company --United East India Company --Private; merchants paid, got ships --Bought, sold and built trading posts --Could make war for company --VERY SUCCESSFUL
Aurangzeb
-- Mughal ruler that conquered south India --Didn't tolerate Hindue and oppressed them --> religious tension and rebellion
The engenho
--"sugar mill", Portuguese --Both agricultural and industrial parts of the process --natives didn't want to work on these, so got African slaves --really bad working conditions, 1 ton sugar = 1 human life
Floating worlds
--"ukiyo"--entertainment and pleasure quarters --Ihara Saikaku: genre of prose lit, "books of the floating world". erotic love stories. --Kabuki theater: improv/scripted shows --Buraku: puppet theater
The scholar bureaucrats
--Appointed by emperor, governed empire --passes civil exams; preparation started early, wealthy families had tutors
Shah Ismail
--Began Safavid empire --official religion was Twelver Shiism --used propaganda to say that he was the 12th imam
English and Dutch trading posts
--Built trading posts but didn't try to control seas --Sometimes seized Portuguese posts --Advantages over Portuguese: cheaper and better ships, joint-stock company
American food crops (in Ming China)
--China was a very agricultural society --American crops meant that Chiense could farm in lands they couldn't before --> greater food supply --> pop. growth -->market offered opportunities for entrepreneurs and labor forces
The Seven Years' War
--Conflicts between Dutch, Portuguese, and English merchants, etc. + pirates and privateers = global war that lead to British imperial hegemony of world
Kangxi and his reign
--Confucian scholar and emperor that looked after welfare of empire (flood-control and irrigation) --conqueror as well
Prince Henry of Portugal
--Conquered Ceuta and sent voyages down west African coast. --Established trading outposts
Conquest of Java
--Conquered by Dutc, who didn't care about conversion to Christianity, just mostly spice trade --Jan Pieterszoon founded Batavia, trading outpost for spices --Citizens could only trade with VOC --VOC would aid warring princes in return for concessions, made alliances with local authorities
Alfonso d'Alboquerque
--Created Portuguese aggressive policy towards other ships with canons --safe-conduct passes --sought to control India Ocean trade
Foundation of colonies (include settler colonial in all parts of North America: Canada, New England...
--Dutch North American colonies siezed by English --settlers relied on provisions from Europe, food shortage and disease --> death 1) English colonies: support from private investors, bowed to royalty but had more independence and their own assemblies, French colony conquered by English, didn't find large empires like Inca and Aztec or agricultural ppl. Eventually found forests and tried to make legal treatises with ppl they kicked out 2) French colonies: support form private investors, didn't find large empires like Inca and Aztec or agricultural ppl. Eventually found forests and tried to make legal treatises with ppl they kicked out 3) Canada: Spanish explorers reached it
Dutch learning
--Dutch traders were Japan's main source of info about Europe, and so some Japanese learned Dutch to communicate with traders --foreign book ban lifted and Dutch learning became imp. in Japanese intellectual life --Europe tech adopted a little
The Son of Heaven
--Emperor of Qing was not quite god, but more than mortal --EXTREMELY PAMPERED (minor mistakes could lead to death)
Fur trade and its effects
--European mariners came to NA for fish, but fur became popular --indigenous people traded pelts for goods --chain of forts and trading posts created Effects: --conflict between natives, traders, and poachers --American beaver pop. decline, so poachers went inland to native territory --> war --used fur trade to get more land (natives got firearms too)
Civil service examinations
--Exams that determined a person's future; if you scored highly, you could work in the government (very competitive) --very grueling ordeal; people died! --open to everyone --guaranteed that Confucianism would be core of gov.
Gender relations and foot binding
--Filial piety (child duties to father and subjugates to emperor) --hierarchical, patriarchal, authoritarian --honored male line of descent, children took care of parents (clan-like with gov./social order) --subordination of women (they married and joined other households, social and financial liability) --marriage to continue male line of descent Foot binding: --hoped this would get a pretty girl a marriage with good social standing
Osman Bey
--Founded Ottoman Empire --waged holy war on Byzantine Empire --Took Janissaries
Qianlong and his reign
--Grandson of Kangxi, Qing ruler --made China so rich canceled tax collection --towards end of reign paid less attention to gov., a practive continued by successors --created wealthy and well-organized land
Captain James Cook
--Led 3 expeditions to Hawaii and died there in a scuffle with Hawaiians. -- charted east Australia and New Zealand, added New Caledonia, Vanuatu, some Polynesia islands, and Hawaii to map.
Slavery in North America
--North America settlers cultivated tobacco to sell to the eastern hemisphere, and these plantations created demand for cheap labor --Since natives wouldn't work, ppl with hopes from Europe came and after certain # of years could become planters. --Africans also came to become indentured servants, but many fell into seritude --some states eventually recognized all blacks as slaves --Northern states didn't have slaves bc not good cash-crop environment, but benefited form slave trade
Decline of the Mughal Empire
--Not much administrative, military, and social reform --quality of life decline --Aurangzebs 2 mistakes: 1) Tried to conquer all of India, which increased # of adversaries, drained treasury and people, and diverted him from governing 2) Tried to get rid of Hindus, which caused rebellions and weakened internal alliances --Marattas started a rebellion --Sikhs who tried to bridge Hinduism and Islam, but became anti-Muslim after they were persecuted --larger dynasty but unstable
Mehmed the Conqueror
--Ottoman king that captured Constantinople --ruled in absolute monarchy --conqueror (captured Pope too)
Suleyman the Magnificent
--Ottoman king that was a conqueror (conquered Tigris and Euphrates river valleys) --Made Ottomans a major naval power --Used Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha as a conqueror
The Manchus
--Pastoral nomads that took over China and established the Qing Dynasty. --Unified CHina into one central state with a law code by Nurhaci --Helped Ming against rebellion, then took over --Separated between Manchu and Chinese cultures (Chinese shaved front of head, no intermarriage, etc.)
Manila
--Philippine city which didn't stand a chance against Europeans, because didn't have much centralized gov. --Spanish policies there revolved around trade and Christianity --Became Spanish trading hub --Spanish tried to convert citizens with schools, first met with resistance but later became great supporters of Roman Catholic CHurch
Ferdinand Magellan
--Portuguese sailor wanted to reach Asia, so circumnavigated world under Spanish sponsorship. --Tried to sail from South American east coast to Pacific; found Strait of Magellan ---Died in Phillipines.
Silver mining and mita
--Potosi, silver mining boomtown where administrators relied on voluntary labor and draft labor (mitt system) --Mita system: for dangerous jobs, native villages had to send 1/7 of population to Potosi to mine --QUinto; 1/5 of silver revenue went to SPanish gov., which helped Spain have a powerful army and bureaucracy --trade for spices
Siberia (and Russian control)
--Russians conquered Mongol khanates and conquered this place for fur --Natives had many ehtnic groups and languages, but were hunting people. Dif. people reacted differently to the Russians wanting fur --Russians punished hostile nations and brought diseases, which caused for there to be less fur (bc less hunters). So then Russians just tried to convert, but both sides weren't very interested because conversion = no fur trade --Russians moved to Siberia bc good working conditions, trading posts developed into towns
Shah Abbas the Great
--Safavid emperor that encouraged trade, and change administrative and military institutions --moved capital to Isfahan --better war tech, a conqueror
Neo-Confucianism in Japan
--Shoguns liked neo-Confucianism bc in their favor --official ideology of Japan --Confucianism + Buddhism
Volta do mar
--Strategy that helped mariners sail from Canaries to Portugal. --Sailed out of route until found a wind blowing in correct direction, faster.
Important crops in Muslim empires
--Tobacco, coffee, and sugar. Coffee and tobacco banned by law but that didn't stop anything --agriculture was foundation of Islamic empires
Control of the Daimyo
--Tokugawa shoguns wanted to stabilize Japan and prevent civil war, so had to control them --used policy of "alternate attendance": families of these ppl had to be in Edo and spend every other year at court. --gov. encouraged them to spend $ on house instead of war --marriages had to be approved, couldn't meet, etc.
Vasco de Gama
--Traveled to India (took 3 months, lots of men died), but brought back cinnamon and pepper which made $$$! --Opened way for other Portuguese merchants to travel to India --Built trading outpost in Calicut
Portuguese trading posts
--Tried to control and profit from trading routes rather than conquering land (put fortified outposts where servants had to pay) --Alfonso d'Alboquerque created aggressive policy towards other ships with canons: safe-conduct passes, tried to control Indian Ocean trade --Overconfident, but slowly lost control of trade
Babur
--Turks that claimed he was a descendent of Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane, so conquered India and created Mughal dynasty --wanted to reclaim homeland, but settled for India --better conqueror than administrator --same with son Humayan, who was exiled (though he recaptured parts of north India)
Multicultural societies in the Americas
--When Europeans came to Americas, not many women, so started to marry natives. (mestizo society in rural areas) Social hierarchy: 1) Peninsulares: migrants form Iberian Peninsula 2) Criollos or creoles: born in America of Iberian parents 3)Mestizos: mulattoes, zambos, and others of mixed parents --French and English colonies were less multicultural, some French fur traders married natives but others and English were mostly races that just liked to trade and gain from natives
Tokugawa Ieyasu
--after Japan was unified by military leaders, he established a military gov. --Created bakufu; "tent gov." bc temporary --main aim of he and and those that followed was to stabilize Japan and prevent civil war --strove to control daimyo (powerful landlords), who each had a mini-gov.
The hacienda
--an estate (plantation, farm, etc.) --Main SOuth American jobs were farming, stock raising, and craft production -- most prominent site of production (for itself and others) --mostly natives worked on them, gave tribute as well in return for having Spanish land owners look after them --abusive treatment to natives --loans to natives were repaid with labor on these estates
Twelver Shiism
--believed in 12 imams (religious leaders) after Muhammed, 12th imam went into hiding to avoid persecution, but believed he would return --Quizilbash: "red heads" hats with 12 pleats for 12 Shiite imams
Ming government
--created by Hongwu (Chinese) after Yuan Dynasty --Used Mandarins (traveling imperial officials that oversaw implementation of policies) --Trusted eunuchs: couldn't have families, so couldn't build power bases to challenge him --Yongle: launched naval expeditions that spread CHinese colors, prevented invasions (though army was massacred by Mongols) --Great wall (to eradicate foreign influence) Gov. sponsored CHinese cultural study and COnfucianism --Civil service exams
Akbar
--emperor of Mughal dynasty that centralized admin structure of gov. --laid foundation for conquering south Inida --Tried to reduce tensions between Hindu and Muslims, so created "divine faith", which said emperor was a ruler common to all religious groups --Loved religion and philosophy --pushed for social reform
Taino
--lived in small communities where they grew stuff • Spanish cooperated with them—liked arts and brought trade• Encomiendo: were recruited to mine, this was recruitment center • Encomenderos: Spanish settlers o Gave them health and welfare • Social and physical abuse—decline Smallpox • Population decline • Spanish kidnapped them to replace lost workers o Taino basically disappeared
Anti-Christian campaign
--many ppl like Jesuit Francis Xavier opened missions in Japan that were successful with daimyo and pop. --Gov. officials that didn't like foreign influence restricted European access bc of this --Ppl didn't like "we are the 1 true doctrine" attitude, so eventually led to torture and execution of Christians
Native learning
--native scholars wanted a unique Japanese identity and scorned things like neo-Confucianism and Buddhism --encouraged Shinto, etc. --Believed Japanese to be superior
Ming decline
--pirates and smugglers (inneffective navy and coastal defenses, so disrupted coastal communities) --emperors lived extravagantly, ignored gov. affairs; gave eunuchs responsibility, and they gained power
Safavid empire
--said that emperors were descended from Sufi Safi al-Din --changed religion several times to gain popularity but settled in Twelver Shiism
Spanish missionaries
--tried to convert natives, made schools and learned about natives to communicate --Bernardino de Sahagun: compiled info about natives, imp. now --met with resistance, but many natives converted
The Virgin of Guadalupe
--worshipped by mestizo society --myth that Virgin Mary visited Juan Diego --place? --symbolized Mexican relgion and salvation
What were the social structures of Spain?
-A hierarchal social class system had emerged 1st: Peninsulares (Europeans born in Spain) 2nd: Creoles (Europeans born in the Americas) 3rd: Mestizos (blend of European and Amerindian) and mulattoes (blend of European and African) 4th: full blood natives and Africans -slavery was common -used ecomienda and mita labor systems
What are the major population shifts that occurred during the time period of 1450-1750?
-A rise in the population of Europe -A decrease in the population of the Americas -No overall population decrease occurred in Africa
What were the political structures of Europe?
-British government formed partnerships with trading companies, and was most interested in profits -Individual colonies were allowed to set up their own structures (most set it up like the British Parliament)
What happened once Peter the Great died?
-Catherine the Great would further strengthen the Empire -he left behind a new dynamic Russian society: the conflicting tendencies toward westernization mixed with the traditions of the Slavs to turn inward and preserve their own traditions
Where were slaves destined to before 1650? Where did slaves start to go in the 2nd half of the 17th century?
-Either sugar plantations in Brazil and mainland Spanish colonies -the Caribbean
What led to the decline of the Muslim Empires?
-Inadequate transportation and communication -Unruly warrior elites and inadequate bureaucracies -the rise European rivals
What was the largest and most organized empire of Africa from the middle of the 15th century until the late 16th century? Where was it?
-It was the Songhai -Northwest Africa - in the areas that had been controlled by the earlier kingdom of Mali
What form of government did the English use in their colonies? What did they have less of an interest in?
-a limited monarchy; which allowed some independence for colonial governments -in converting natives to Christianity than they did in building prosperous, money generating colonies
What were the political structures of Spain
-both the Spanish and the Portuguese kings appointed viceroys, to rule in the king's name -Spain set up a Council go the Indies, as a supervisory office to pass laws. -Advisory councils were then set up within each viceroyalty
What are the major developments?
-changes in trade, technology, and global interactions -Major maritime and gunpowder empires -slave systems and slave trade -Demographic and environmental changes -cultural and intellectual development
What are particular factors that weakened Ming China?
-climatic change -nomadic invasions -decline of the silk road -inept rulers -pirates
Identify ONE effect of the trans-Saharan trade network.
-emergence of empires, long distance trade, spread of Islam, social classes/hierarchies, SLAVE TRADE, urban culture
Where did the sugar plantations in North America first appear? Where did tobacco plantations rise?
-in the humid lowlands of present day Louisiana -in the tidelands of Virginia
What were the reforms made by Peter the great?
-military reform -building the infrastructure -expansion of territory -reorganizing the bureaucracy -relocation of the capital to St. Petersburg on the Baltic sea from Moscow
What did the foreigners eagerly seek out from Ming China? What were they in exchange for?
-silk, porcelain, and manufactured goods -in exchange for spices cotton fabrics, gems and pearls
What are the characteristics of the time between 1450 and 1750?
-the globe was encompassed -sea based trade rose into proportion to land based trade -European kingdoms emerged that gained world power -the relative power of nomadic groups declined -labor systems were transformed -"Gunpowder Empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia
what were the similarities between the Muslim Empires?
-they all originated from the turkic nomadic cultures of the central Asian steppe -they all had absolute monarchs that modeled their courts on those of the earlier Islamic dynasties
What was the Ming intent when they drove the Mongols out? What did they turn to first?
-they were intent on restoring the glory of Han China -to resorting China's internal trade and political administration
what was the result of the Columbian exchange?
-variety in people's diets increased -much better nutrition and health -transferring of diseases, resulting in devastating effects on the Amerindian populations
How did southernization influence China?
...
How did southernization influence Islam?
...
How is the term "southernization" related to "westernization"? What are the features/characteristics of southernization?
...
Political decentralization (of medieval Japan)
...
When and how did Europe get southernized?
...
Ming collapse
1) Famine 2) Rebellion from peasants in famine-struck places 3) Manchu invasions (allied with Ming against rebels, but then took over)
Chinese social hierarchy/structure
1) Privileged classes: emperor and family, then scholar bureaucrats, then gentry --SBS were intermediaries between gov. and citizens --no taxes or punishments, couldn't be witnesses for a crime --land 2) Working classes: peasants, artisans, and merchants --peasants were most honorable of the 3 bc did honest labor and provided food --merchants were at the bottom, thought to be social parasites, little legal protections --however, distinction between merchants and gentry was blurred bc gentry participated in economic affairs 3) Lower classes: military, servants, prostitutes, beggars, etc. ('mean people') --appointed civilian bureaucrats in charge of military to keep them from taking over
Aztec Empire
1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments.
When was the Songhai defeated by the Moroccan army?
1591
Features of civilization
1: complex institutions 2: advanced technology 3: advanced city 4: written communication 5: specialization of labor
Laws of Manu
200 BCE > 200 CE - support of caste system
Tang dynasty
618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam.
Turks
6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey)
Charlemagne
800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe
Swahili
A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast
Srivijaya
A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.
Sufism
A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam
Ice Age
A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation
Ice Age
A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation alternating with episodes of relative warmth
Trans-Saharan slave trade
A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.
Slash-and-burn agriculture
A form of agriculture in which an area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning and is then planted, usually for several seasons, before being left to return to forest
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
Oligarchy
A government in which only a small group of people hold the power
Family units, clans, tribes
A group of people sharing common ancestry
Vikings
A group that raided the British Isles from Scandinavia in southern Norway
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
Holy Roman Empire
A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.
guild
A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.
Kievan Rus
A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine
Sufism
A mystic tradition within Islam that teaches that people can find God's love by having a personal relationship with God.
Early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages"
A period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
Neo-Confucianism
A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
wood-block printing
A printing system developed by the ancient Chinese, in which wood blocks were carved with enough characters to print entire pages. Began as early as the 2nd century CE.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Cultural diffusion
A social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another
Songhay Empire
A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. The ________ empire was divided into five provinces each led by a governor under Askia Muhammad. Culture became a blend of traditional West African beliefs and the religion of Islam. Daily life was often ruled by traditions and local customs, but the law of the land was based on Islam.
Monastism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith
How were the slaves captured in the Slave trade between African kingdoms and Europe? What did the Atlantic trade do to the slave trading?
African slave hunters would capture Africans, generally from other groups than their own, and transport them to trading posts along the coast for European ships to carry to the New World. -The Atlantic slave trade interacted with and transformed these earlier aspects of slavery... even though slavery already existed in Africa
Population growth (in Ming China)
American crops --> greater food supply --> pop. growth -->market offered opportunities for entrepreneurs and labor forces
Who was Isaac Newton?
An English mathematician who genius shaped many modern fields of science. He formulated the set of mathematical laws for the force of gravity, made discoveries regarding the nature of light. and built on earlier Indian and Arab ideas for Algebra
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Homer
Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey
The Silk Road
Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east
Climate changes
Any change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity.
Peter and Paul
Apostles of Jesus who spread his teachings / Christianity after his death
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
The Aryan invasion of India
Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.
Taiki Reforms
Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.
Why did the Church's power begin to diminish in the time period of 1450-1750?
Because scientists and literary writers were challenging the church, but the Pope's political power was compromised as centralization of government gave more authority to kings. The Church's Power was weakened by the Protestant Reformation
How did Portugal end up losing in the long run on the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Because the lands they received were already claimed by empires that did not recognize the Portuguese claims
Reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
Polytheism
Belief in more than one God
What parts of Europe weren't under the power of the Catholic Church at the end of the 16th century?
Britiain and Germany
Syncretic Chan Buddhism or Zen Buddhism
Buddhism which emphasized nature over learning
Taj Mahal
Built by Shah Jahan for his wife
Grand Canal
Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.
monsoon seasons
By timing travel with_____________, ships could travel quickly and then wait it out in certain cities contributing to cultural diffusion, brining Islam to southern Asia through intermarriage with local women
Justinian
Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
Hangzhou
Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Ghana, Mali, Songhay
Capitalizing on new saharan trades these monarchies were known for trading gold for salt and slaves
Charles Martel
Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
What religion was overwhelmingly in Europe by 1450?
Catholic
tribute system
Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable).
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.
Xuanzang
Chinese-Buddhist monk who traveled to India to learn Indian Buddhism, and brought it back to China by translating buddhist texts
Janissaries
Christian boys taken by ottoman empire as slaves and became soldiers
What did the Tokugawa shoguns have less patience with than the Chinese?
Christian missionaries from the West
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
Chivalry
Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
House of Wisdom
Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.
Hulegu
Conquered Baghdad and the Abbasid territories, known as Il-Khanate. Converted to Islam, ending their religious tolerance and contributing to the massacre of Jews and Christians
seizure of Constantinople
Constantinople fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium
Fatehpur Sikri
Constructed by Akbar, commemorate conquest of Gujarat. Beautiful, symbol of religious devotion and piety
Cultural diffusion vs. independent innovation
Cultural diffusion is a social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another while independent innovation is the development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (the developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances
Relations with indigenous people
Death, slaughter over land, disease (though mestizo populations formed). slavery. Europeans dominated trade and politics.
What was particularly problematic in the Caribbean and in Brazil for the slaves?
Disease among the slaves because many of the slaves were dying from dysentery caused by contaminated water and malaria.. which caused the population in this area to not experience a natural growth, so the slaves had to be replaced by the slave trade
Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)
Divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
Song dynasty
During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople
economic revolution
Economic development of Song; mass production for trade; equal field system
Shah Jahan
Emperor of Mughal emperor after Akbar. --Not much of a conqueror, but helped Mughal empire reach peak of splendor --huge armies --beautiful cities --trade (textiles) left administration to subordinates, so wives took advantage of this (Mumtz Mahal)
6) "Gunpowder Empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia
Empires in other civilizations areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry. Basing their new power on "gunpowder," they still suffered from the old issues that had plagued land-based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication, within the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory, By the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea based kingdoms of Europe.
Empress Wu
Empress of China during the Tang dynasty, she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China
flying cash
Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.
the Mongol world
Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of Mongol conquests across Eurasia that created the Mongol empire •Subjected huge populations to Mongol rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Mongol rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems
What were the two areas that worked the most to actively rebuild trade?
Europe and China
Geographically, where was Europe?
Europe was on the outskirts of the established trade routes
Migratory farmers
Farmers that continue to migrate, instead of settling, after using up the land
What was the gender of most of the slaves that went to the Middle East and India?
Female
Lady Murasaki and "The Talke of Genji"
First novel of Japanese literature
Foreign trade and migration to southeast Asia
Foreign trade --> prosperity (traded silk, porcelain, lacquerware) --trade and economic expansion regulated by gov. --Foreign merchants were giving southern CHinese rebellious ideas, so Yongle tried to stop foreign influences --less tech and innovation bc thought it would lead to instability, also it's cheaper to hire more workers --people migrated to southeast Asia
Chinese tributary system
Form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty
Who led the Spanish expedition that attacked and defeated the Inca?
Francisco Pizarro
What did Isaac Newton not do?
He didn't challenge the authority of the Catholic Church, but he did prove that the Greeks and Romans were mistaken in some of their theories, and that fact encouraged others to question traditions that had not been challenged before
Saint Augustine
He worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions, especially Platonism, and to articulate Christianity in terms that were familiar and persuasive to the educated classes
Central Asia and Mongolia
Historically been closely tied to its nomadic people and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia
Mohammed and the foundation of Islam
In 610 or earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.
Theravada (Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism)
In Hinayana, the Buddha is the Teacher and in Mahayana the Buddha is God.
Civil Service Exam
In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.
Where were the slaves traded to in the African slave trade before the Atlantic slave trade?
In two areas of the world: -The Western Hemisphere -Islamic lands in the Middle east and India
Who was one of the greatest scientists of the era (scientific revolution) ?
Isaac Newton
Shari'ah
Islamic code of law
What did the Colombian Exchange cause?
It caused some environmental changes that help to explain the population trends that occurred in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia
What is mercantilism? Who was it developed by?
It is a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals. - the Dutch and the British developed this in
What is Humanism reflected in?
It is reflected in the Renaissance art with newly skilled artists showing individual differences enfaces and beautiful examples of human physiques
Matrilineal
It relates to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother
Feudalism in Europe
Kings paid nobles with land (fiefs) and these nobles (lords) promised to fight for the king; lords served as king's vassals (providers of a service) and could have their own vassals (knights) to fight for them
Silla Dynasty
Korean dynasty that resisted Tang for first time. Respected China, performed kowtow, ritual bow to Chinese emperor. Studied Buddhism/Confucianism
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades
Constantinople/Byzantine Empire
Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning
Muslim women in politics
Many Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid rulers revered wives and listened to them
Who led the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
With the fall of the inca and the aztec empires... what places had the Spanish taken control of?
Mesoamerica, and South America, with the exception of Brazil
Jahangir
Mughal emperor that was a great patron of the arts --architecture, influenced by persian and Hindu traditions ("Paradise on earth") --left administration to subordinates, wives took advantage of this
Al-Andalus Caliphate
Muslim control of Spain and Portugal
al-Anadalus
Muslim kingdom in southern Spain, established in 756
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.
What was the religion that was in the Sub-saharan and eastern coastline of Africa?
Muslim, Islam, but many native religions remained quite strong
Magyars
Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary
How did the encomienda system work?
Natives in an area were placed under the authority of encomederos who would extract labor and tribute according to the needs of the area..this system only lasted in the 16th century because many of the natives died
What was very strong in this era with the Ming and Qing emperors?
Neo-confucianism, and numerous Confucian schools were founded by the emperors to reinforce its beliefs.
What four continents were connected by these trade routes?
North America, South America, Europe, and Africa, and they linked directly to the old water trade routes that were established in previous eras
An Lushan
One of the Tang dynasty's foremost military commanders who mounted a rebellion under Hsuan Tsung and captured the capital at Chang'an and the secondary capital at Luoyang in 755
Dravidians
One of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago
Roman Catholic church
One of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split.
What were the major gunpowder empires?
Ottoman, Ming and Qing china, the Mughal, Russia, Tokugawa, Songhai, and Benin
Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover
Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.
Eurasia's great age of migrations
People, mainly from Central Asia, migrated outward. In particular, Europe was flooded by an influx of Germanic and Asiatic invaders that were seen as barbaric invaders but eventually settled there.
hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Plebians and patricians
Plebians were Roman common people while patricians were Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes
Poland and absolutists monarchies
Poland was totally decimated by absolutist monarchies
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.
What was the 1st European kingdom to explore other lands seriously?
Portugal
What were the major maritime powers?
Portugal, Spain, France, and England
Goa
Portuguese center of Christian missions in India.
Ottoman Empire
Powerful Turkish empire that started from the conquest of Constantinople(Istanbul) in 1453
foot binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
Prehistory vs. history
Prehistory was the period of time before writing had been invented while history is any time after writing had been invented where humans now know exactly what had happened rather than making assumptions
Christopher Columbus
Proposed sailing to Asia markets through western route, thought Japan was closer than it was. Portugese were skeptical, but Isabel and Fernando of Spain sponsored him. Reach Taino (thought it was Indies so called ppl Indians), reached Cuba, though it was island off coast of Asia. -- Didn't reach Asia, but inspired others to try
Shintoism
Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. Blended Buddhism and Confucianism.
Syncretism
Religious syncretism exhibits blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions.
Irrigation systems
Replacement of rainfall with water from another source (like natural ponds, lakes, streams, and wells) in order to grow crops
European motives for exploration
Resources and land for crops, --trade routes to Asian markets, -- and to convert people to Christianity (needed race routes to Asia because trade was hard after collapse of Mongol Empire, and Muslim traders were expensive. Also needed eliminate Muslim intermediaries and wanted spices.)
Humanism
Revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman texts
European technology of exploration
Rudder: increased maneuverability Square and lateen sails: for dif. kinds of winds, used both Tacking: advancing against wind by sailing across it Magnetic compasses: direction Astrolabe: determined latitude Knowledge of winds and currents Volta do mar: strategy that helped mariners sail from Canaries to Portugal
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
How was Russia before Peter's rule?
Russia had almost no contact with Europe, and their lack of access to warm water ports crippled their ability to participate in the Maritime revolution
Samsara, Karma, Dharma
Samsara- the Hindu cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) Karma- the belief that a person's actions determines their destiny in their next incarnation Dharma- a person's religious and moral duties
Minamoto Clan
Samurai clan that pushed the Fujiwara clan out and became the military protectors of the Yamato court and Japan's borders (one of the 2 most powerful clans in Japan) and ruled from 12th to late 16th century
merchants
Seen at the bottom of the Chinese social class, because they never created something new.
Parliamentary bodies
Senate and voting bodies?
What problems did China have?
Similar to the Muslims: -borders difficult to guard -armies expensive to maintain -transportation and communication issues
What were the three powerful countries that emerged ?
Spain, England, France
Battle of Chaldiran
Sunni Ottoman Slim the Grim (Slenderman?) went to battle with the Safavids, and won because of better weapons. The Safavid became more conventional Twelver Shiites and used Persian bureaucracy and administration as a result
What disease(s) were brought to Europe from the Americas?
Syphilis
Damascus
Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate
How the Portuguese capture this old sea route that had been shared by Arabs, Persians, Indians, and Southeast Asians?
TECHNOLOGY: they had SUPERIOR WEAPONS -Their ships were armed with cannons that they used so skillfully that their relatively small ships could overpower almost any type of vessel.
Jizya tax
Tax on non-muslims. Akbar abolished his.
What was the downfall of the Songhai?
That they didn't have any guns
Sundiata
The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260
"Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis
The "Out of Africa" thesis states that Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and then migrated from there, and is the most widely accepted theory by scientists, while the multiregional thesis states homo sapiens sapiens emerged simutaneously throughtout the world and descended from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa
Scholar-gentry
The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen. Arose from civil service system as well-paid employees from modest families, educated in Confucianism and wealthy
Peloponnesian War
The Delian League, once formed to unite the Greeks against the Persians, was increasingly dominated by the Athenians, who felt free to use its treasury to finance public building projects in their polis; this behavior by the arrogant Athenians caused much resentment among other League members and, with the involvement of Sparta, ultimately resulted in a disastorous civil conflict which is the Peloponnesian War.
What was this era shaped by?
The European renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Enlightenment, and Neo-confucianism grew in influence in China, and new art forms developed in the Mughal Empire in India
What in specific about the rise of the European rivals led to the decline of the Muslim Empires?
The Europeans benefitted more from the gunpowder revolution than the Muslim Empires. European countries were smaller so mobilization of their human and natural resources was easier. They were also in such strong competition with one another that the Europeans were spurred on to try new technologies and reforms
YHWH
The Hebrew name for God, sometimes translated into "I AM" or "the One Who Is" or "The One Who Causes to Be What Is"
Who built the Taj Majal?
The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who dedicated the white marble mosque and tomb to the memory of his wife
What were the Portuguese intent on?
The Portuguese were intent on converting all that they met to Christianity, although they often did more harm then good
Who slowly faded as a power during the 16th century and who was starting to grow as a power?
The Portuguese; Spain
How did the Enlightenment start?
The Scientific Revolution began to be applied to social and political areas of life during the 17th century
5) Labor systems were transformed
The acquisition of colonies in north and south America led to major changes in labor systems, After many Amerindians dies from disease transmitted by contact with europeans, a vigorous slave trade from Africa began and continued throughout most of the era. Slave labor became very important all over the Americas. Other labor systems, such as the mita and encomienda in South America, were adapted from previous natives traditions by the Spanish and the Portuguese
Foraging
The act of searching for food and provisions
Roman Republic
The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar.
Justinian Code
The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.
sufi
The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.
The Talmud
The collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism
Black Death
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
Independent invention
The development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (that developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances.
What helped the Europeans make their fortune by sea travel?
The european trade cities of Venice and Genoa
The Celts
The first ethnic group to establish a widespread presence in Europe - society based on close-knit tribal groups - lived north of Danube River - they remain in France, Britain and Spain - 500 BCE: began to migrate - no written language, oral tradition- myths, songs, folktales - conquered by the Romans
Melaka (Malacca)
The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula. City state charged ships passing through the Strait of Malacca and became very wealthy
Abraham
The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.
Pillars of Islam
The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible).
Five Pillars of Islam
The foundations of Islam: 1. Profession of faith 2. prayer 3. fasting during Ramadan 4. almsgiving 5. pilgrimage or hajj
Jewish Diaspora
The global dispersion of the Jewish people from their ancestral homeland (in modern-day Israel), with a history dating back millennia.
Quran
The holy book of Islam
What allowed great empires to continue to form in East Asia, the Middle East, and India?
The invention of gunpowder; and it allowed them to conquer nomadic groups that had challenged their authority for centuries
Constantine and the Edict of Milan
The persecution of Christians ended in 313 CE when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan. He granted freedom of religion to all citizens. They also gave back property that was seized from Christians. Constantine was influenced to do this because his mother was a devout Christian
What was the population shift of Asia from 1000-1700 CE? (including the Middle East, Indian, and East Asia)
The population more than doubled to a total of about 415 million..the overall population grew and the majority of people by the end of the time period still lived in the Middle East and Asia.
Metalworking
The process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures
3) European kingdoms emerged that gained world power
The relative power and prosperity of Europe increase dramatically during this time in comparison to empires the longer established civilization areas. However, Europe did not entirely eclipse powerful empires in Southwest Asia, Africa, and East Africa.
Sui dynasty
The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China
Specialization of labor
The specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles
Bantu Migration
The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own culture and ethnic group as superior to all other cultures and ethnic groups and as the standard for judging the worth of the others foreign ways
Roman Empire
The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.
Hellenistic Era
The time between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the expansion of the Roman empire.
Indian Ocean trading network
The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.
What did the female slaves often become?
These women either became part of a wealthy individual's harem, or collection of wives and concubines that filled his household. The wives were not slaves, and their children had higher status than those of the concubines.
What happened as Europe began traveling to other lands?
They aggressively promoted the spread of the Christian faith, so that their missionary motives were often as strong as their desire for profits.
What did all of the Gunpowder empires have in common?
They all had huge land armies with guns and they built their power on the use of gunpowder, they developed relatively independently from western influence and to some extent they counterbalance the growth of European power and colonization
What did the monarchs of Spain,England, and France do?
They curbed the power of nobility and built strong centralized regimes. -came up with new means of financing their ambitions, such as imposing new taxes, fines, and fees, and amassing large armies too powerful for individual nobles to match
What were kings according to the divine right theory?
They weren't gods, but they served as "God's lieutenants upon earth."
Equal field system
This Chinese system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs.
Questions of Periodization
This era includes only 300 years, but some profound and long lasting changes occurred.
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha
Turkish corsair employed by Suleyman as admiral who conquered many places
Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. They eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)
Upanishads- later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas (concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe); sacred writings in Hinduism; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority Mahabharata- Massive ancient Indian epic that was developed orally for centuries; it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches. Bhagavad-Gita - the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)
Nara and Heian Japan
Vast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
What prompted the patronage of the Arts in Italian city-states and Islamic Empires?
WEALTH
Shotoku Taishi
Who: Prince of Japan. What: Borrowed heavily from China: writing and art (kana and ink on silk), architecture (pagoda), well-field system, etc. Also wrote the 17 point constitution. When: 573-621. Where: Japan. Why: Made changes that greatly influenced Japan and were around for centuries.
Who was Martin Luther?
a German priest who believed that the Church was seriously flawed, he openly defied the authority of the Church, by posting his 95 theses on the door of his Church in Wittenberg, Germany
What kind of government was developing in England and the Netherlands?
a different kind... neither had a written constitution, but they allowed limitations to be placed on the ruler's power.
What kind of Religion had christianity been over the centuries?
a missionary religion
caesarpapism
a political-religious system where the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire)
Judeo-Christian tradition
a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
Bureaucracy
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
What kind of force was the Catholic Church in medieval Europe?
a very important societal force
Control of foreign relations
a) couldn't go abroad b) couldn't construct large ships c) expelled Europeans d) controlled foreign trade
"There is no doubt that the Gujaratis from the northwest coast of India are men who understand merchandise; they are also diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with numbers like ours. There are also merchants from Egypt settled in Gujarat, as well as many merchants from Persia and the Arabian Peninsula, all of whom do a great trade in the seaport towns of Gujarat. Those of our people who want to be clerks and traders ought to go there and learn, because the business of trade is a science in itself." Tomé Pires, Portuguese merchant, book describing travels in South Asia, 1515 a) Identify and explain ONE way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred during the period 600 to 1450 C.E. b) Identify and explain TWO ways in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade system in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.
a. b.
"It does not seem to me that the Jewish people can be the cause of this general epidemic throughout the whole world, as many suggest. My reasoning is as follows. First, it is well-known that in most places where the Jewish people dwelled, they died in droves from the exact same disease as the Christians. If they really caused the epidemic, they would not have killed themselves and others of their faith. Second, many people say that the Jews poisoned the wells, causing the disease. This also seems doubtful, because after the wells full of polluted water had been purified, the people still died in great numbers. Further, in cities that use water only from great rivers like the Danube, the inhabitants have also died in large numbers. Moreover, even after all the Jews in many places had been killed and were completely driven out for nearly two years prior, the disease now strikes these same places just as powerfully as before." Conrad of Megenberg, German philosopher and theologian educated at the University of Paris, Concerning the Mortality in Germany, book written in Latin, 1350 a) Describe the historical situation in which Conrad of Megenberg wrote his book. b) Describe ONE argument that Conrad of Megenberg makes regarding the Jewish people and the spread of disease. c) Describe ONE way in which the disease referred to in the passage influenced the development of urban areas in the period 1350-1450.
a. b. c.
The map above indicates that a. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade b. slavery existed in the western Sudan c. Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa d. Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East e. Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
a. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions? a. The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia. b. The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe. c. The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population. d. The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.
a. The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.
Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? a. The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. b. The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. c. In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. d. The Mongols conquered Constantinople. e. Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.
a. The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.
"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? a. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past b. To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties c. To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots d. To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past
a. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past
The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? a. Transportation and maritime technologies b. Large-scale trading organizations c. Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean d. The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate
a. Transportation and maritime technologies
What did the newly powerful european states (Spain and France) form?
absolute monarchies or governments where the king held all of the power
Angkor Kingdom
aka Khmer, located in Cambodia, had contact with Indian traders, adopted Hindu beliefs, however many converted to Buddhism, became most powerful state on mainland, then declined
Swahili civilization
an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements
Fertile Crescent
an arc of cultivable land characterized by wooded hillsides and alluvial valleys which runs northwestward along the Zagros Mountains of Iran, loops around the northern rim of the Syrian Desert, and extends southward parallel to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean - the Tigris-Euphrates and Jordan river valleys are also conventionally considered part of the Fertile Crescent - the earlist physical traces of farming settlements in the world are located in this region
Manorial System
an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors
What disease helped to kill off the Aztec army shortly after the Spanish had arrived in Tenochititlan?
an epidemic of Smallpox
"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The relationships between the individuals mentioned in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about Indian Ocean trade in the period 600-1450 C.E.? a. Non-Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean trade networks encountered various forms of discrimination that made their businesses uncompetitive. b. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks. c. Non-Muslim religious leaders in the Indian Ocean region used their economic wealth to challenge the authority of Muslim states. d. Indian merchants successfully monopolized the production and distribution of precious metals in the Indian Ocean region.
b. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks.
Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century? a. Climate change b. Epidemic disease c. Religious wars d. Regional migration
b. Epidemic disease
Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? a. He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. b. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. c. He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. d. He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. e. He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
b. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.
The following question(s) refer to the passage below. "Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990. The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following economic developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.? a. The expansion of the system of using indentured servants to work in imperial workshops b. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East c. The decline of China's silk and porcelain industries d. The development of new forms of credit and monetization
b. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East
Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? a. It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. b. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. c. It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. d. It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.
b. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following? a. A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He's naval expeditions b. Merchants' understanding of the patters of the monsoon winds c. An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money d. Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass
b. Merchants' understanding of the patters of the monsoon winds
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? a. The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. b. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. c. Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. d. The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
b. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? a. The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. b. Muslim merchants dominated the trade. c. European Christins became directly involved in the trade. d. Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.
b. Muslim merchants dominated the trade.
Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? a. The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate b. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail c. The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins d. Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly
b. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail
"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments? a. The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment b. Significant increase in morality due to the spread of epidemic diseases c. The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism d. Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures
b. Significant increase in morality due to the spread of epidemic diseases
The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia? a. Military weaponry, such as iron-tipped spears and chariots b. Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero c. Irrigation technologies, such as ceramic pipes d. Textile manufacturing processes, such as the spinning jenny
b. Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? a. The empire of Alexander the Great b. The Mongol Empire c. The Russian Empire d. The Byzantine Empire e. The Ottoman Empire
b. The Mongol Empire
Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? a. The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. b. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. c. The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. d. The Mongols conquered Constantinople.
b. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? a. The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. b. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. c. The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. d. The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
b. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? a. A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. b. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. c. The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. d. The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. e. The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.
b. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.
Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? a. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire b. The development of khanates in Central Asia c. The spread of Islam into East Asia d. Increased trade between Africa and Asia
b. The development of khanates in Central Asia
"Consider how in our time God has transferred the West into the East. He who was a Roman or a Frank is now an inhabitant of Palestine. We have already forgotten the places of our birth. Some already possess homes and servants here. Some have taken wives not merely of their own people, but Syrians, or Armenians, or even Muslims who have received the grace of baptism. Different languages, now made common, become known to both peoples, and faith unites those whose forefathers were strangers. Our parents and relatives from day to day come to join us, abandoning, even though reluctantly, all that they possess. For those who were poor there, here God makes rich. Those who had few coins, here possess countless riches. Those who did not have a home in the West, by the gift of God, already possess a city in the East. Therefore, why should one who has found the East so favorable return to the West? God does not wish those to suffer poverty who, carrying their crosses, have vowed to follow Him, even unto the end." Fulcher of Chartres, French clergyman, chronicle written in Jerusalem, early twelfth century C.E. The conditions described in the passage most directly reflect which of the following changes? a. The displacement of European Christians after the Muslim conquests of Spain b. The establishment of Latin Christian states in the eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades c. The settlement of Latin Christian merchant communities in the Byzantine Empire d. The incursions of Eurasian nomads into the territories of the Roman Empire
b. The establishment of Latin Christian states in the eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? a. The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christians and Muslim sates. b. The geographic rage of network increased because of improved commercial practices. c. The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. d. The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in NorthAfrica and the Middle East.
b. The geographic rage of network increased because of improved commercial practices.
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? a. The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean b. The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests c. The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere d. The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity
b. The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests
Which of the following was a significant effect of the Polynesian migrations in the Pacific in the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? a. The creation of an extensive trade network connecting Pacific islands to the Asian mainland b. The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific c. The development of distinctive Polynesian maritime technologies quickly adopted by Chinese and European explorers d. The establishment of an ethically unified Polynesian state spanning several island groups.
b. The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific
Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? a. The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia b. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests c. The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia d. The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas
b. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests
The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? a. Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan b. Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns c. Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships d. Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities
b. Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns
Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? a. Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe b. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia c. The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate d. African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe
b. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia
The map above shows what significant economic developments? a. Trade connections that linked the Hellenistic and Mauryan empires to African cities from 300 through 150 B.C.E. b. Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E. c. Chinese dominance of Indian Ocean trading networks because of the voyages of Zheng He in the 1400s C.E. d. Changes in Indian Ocean trading networks that resulted from technological innovations from 1450 C.E. through 1750 C.E.
b. Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E.
In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase a. iron b. pepper c. sugar d. ivory e. tobacco
b. pepper
The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers a. favored some commercial trading organizations over others b. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce c. shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes d. restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies
b. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce
What were the goods traded from Africa to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange?
bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, goats, chickens
Why did the Spanish adopt the Mita system?
because of their silver mines in Bolivia
Why was slave labor practical in the Americas?
because so many of the Native Americans who probably would have done the work had died
Why was family life impossible for most of the slaves?
because the demand for male slaves was higher than the demand for female slaves, so the gender ratio was off
Why were the Japanese worried about the Europeans?
because they thought that the Europeans might conspire with the daimyos to destroy Tokugawa control
Gold
biggest commodity of both the Ghana and the Mali empires.
Temujin
birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Genghis Khan (1162-1227)
How did Peter hope to strengthen his country?
by Westernizing it - he was convinced that the empire could only become powerful by imitating western successes, and he instituted a number of reforms that revolutionized it
What was the Renaissance characterized by?
by an attempt to revive the values of the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, Greece or Rome
How was Spain growing as a power?
by claiming and keeping more and more land in the western hemisphere
How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztec empire ?
by using two weapons; guns and disease
Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? a. Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean b. Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean c. Chinese in the Indian Ocean d. Russians in the Pacific Ocean
c. Chinese in the Indian Ocean
"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The letter best illustrates which of the following continuities in the period circa 600-1450 C.E.? a. State support for merchants encourages greater commercial activity. b. Technological advances in shipbuilding facilitated the growth of Afro-Eurasian trade. c. Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes. d. Increasing commercial wealth led to the emergence of new social structures.
c. Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes.
Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? a. The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean b. North Africa and western Europe c. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea d. The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea
c. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea
The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? a. Spread of Hinduism b. Spread of Christianity c. Extent of trade routes d. Seasonal migrations of nomads
c. Extent of trade routes
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? a. It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam to it subjects. b. It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with Swahili states and East Africa. c. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. d. It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.
c. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.
A historian researching the effects of the Crusades on the diffusion of technology would probably find which of the following sources most useful? a. European crusaders' accounts of Islamic religious practices b. Muslim accounts of European royal marriages c. Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought form conquered territories d. Birth records from villages along the routes used by the Crusaders
c. Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought form conquered territories
The graph above shows the effect of which of the following? a. The fall of the Roman Empire on population growth b. The Agricultural Revolution on food supplies c. Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe d. The fall of the Byzantine Empire on population growth
c. Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe
Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? a. Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. b. The Mali-Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. c. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. d.The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.
c. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? a. The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies b. The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate c. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China d. The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuk Empire.
c. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the sheriff of Kent (a region in southeastern England). A great portion of the people of our realm have recently died. Those who survive see that masters need servants, which are scarce, and the servants will not serve unless they receive excessive wages. After consulting with the nobles and clergy, we have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided in the year 1346. Merchants, those who belong to craft guilds, and those who own their land are exempt from this rule. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, parliamentary decree, 1351 Based on the passage, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following? a. The emergence of feudalism in Western Europe b. The development of Parliament as a check on the power of the English monarch c. The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy d. The labor shortages in the English countryside resulting from frequent military conflicts with France
c. The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy
"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following? a. The development of cash-crop plantations in India b. The adoption of traditional African religious practices in the Muslim world c. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia d. The spread of literacy across the Muslim world
c. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? a. The establishment of diasporic merchant communities b. The establishment of new trading cities c. The introduction of new cultural traditions d. The emergence of syncretic belief systems
c. The introduction of new cultural traditions
The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? a. The collapse of papal authority b. The diffusion of artistic traditions c. The spread of epidemic diseases d. The revival of classical architecture
c. The spread of epidemic diseases
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ? a. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. b. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India that it did in the Middle East and China c. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. d. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.
c. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? a. They wee under the direct political control of Oman. b. They had a majority Arab population. c. They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. d. They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.
c. They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.
The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade? a. Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast. b. Europeans were active bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. c. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China. d. The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk. e. Arab and Indian traders wee better traders than the Chinese.
c. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following? a. Widespread adoption of Confucian family monarchies b. Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region c. Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together d. Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices
c. Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together
The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by a. opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia b. increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions c. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans d. discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads
c. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans
Phillip IV
called first Estates General of three estates (clergy, nobles and commoners) to meet and advise the King;
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
converted to Orthodox Christianity, and allowed Byzantine influence in his realm
What were the goods traded from the Americas to Europe and Africa?
corn, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples, peppers, tobacco, and chocolate
Missionary Cyril
created own alphabet in 863, based on Greek, eventually this was adopted by Russians and other Slavs of Easter Europe, helping spread Eastern Orthodox Church as well
Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? a. Armed resistance from Arab natives b. Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade c. The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons d. Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security e. Fear of the spread of the plague in China
d. Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security
Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called a. japan b. Brazil c. Pakistan d. Indonesia e. Saudi Arabia
d. Indonesia
Commerce was a key mode of exchange between which of the following pairs of political entities? a. The Mayan Empire ad the Song dynasty b. Ghana and the Mongol Empire c. Japan and the Byzantine Empire d. The Crusader state and the Fatimid caliphate e. Venice and the Aztec Empire
d. The Crusader state and the Fatimid caliphate
Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?a. The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing b. The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia c. The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers d. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes
d. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes
"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following? a. Muslims' examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades b. The debt the Arab world owed Europe or preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history c. The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world d. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
d. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? a. The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. b. The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. c. The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. d. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
d. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? a. They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. b. They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. c. They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. d. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
d. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the science, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 C.E. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the a. Swahili city-states and the Arabian Peninsula b. maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade c. overland Silk Roads d. islands of Polynesia
d. islands of Polynesia
A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of a. iron and copper mining techniques b. the flying shuttle and spinning jenny c. the science of optics and lens design d. numerals and the decimal system e. gunpowder and cannons
d. numerals and the decimal system
"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. [They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims." Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007 "Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars, ... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it." Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138 The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage a. shows that an influx of manpower form Europe was not critical for the survival of the Crusader states b. shows that Muslims vastly outnumbered Europeans in the Crusader states c. minimizes the importance of Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in the administration of the Crusader states d. presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler
d. presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450 a. used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods b. attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires c. sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities d. used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
d. used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
Seljuk Turks
defeated Byzantine forces at Battle of Manzikert in 1071
The Fujiwara clan
dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period
Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? a. Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes from the Indian Ocean. b. There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. c. Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. d. Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian ocean commerce fell sharply. e. Indian ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
e. Indian ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? a. Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters b. The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry c. Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors d. The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions e. Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces
e. Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces
Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? a. Arabic b. Chinese c. Latin d. Sanskrit e. Swahili
e. Swahili
Vedism (Rig-Veda)
early Indian religion, heavy emphasis on the 4 Vedas, priests very important-performed complex rituals, sacrifice brought you closer to the gods
India specialized productions
fabrics, especially cotton, carpets, steel, leather, pepper
1) the globe was encompassed
for the first time, the western came into continued contact with the eastern hemisphere. technological innovations, strengthened political organization, and economic prosperity all contributed to this change that completely altered world trade patterns
Free Peasant Revolts
free but not landowners, paid rent to landowners and worked for them, also paid taxes; when landowners tried to force them into forced peasant status, they revolted
What kind of technology revolutionized the 1450-1750 era?
gunpowder
What were the goods that were traded from Europe to the Americas in the Columbian exchange?
horses, cows, pigs, wheat, barley, sugar cane, melons, grapes
Middle East specialized productions
horses, figs, dates
Where did another Gunpowder empire emerge?
in Japan, Tokugawa Japan
When did the Tokugawa shogunate "close Japan"? What happened?
in the 1630s they forbid all Japanese from going abroad and expelling all Europeans from Japan, but they carefully controlled trade with other Asians, and European traders could come no closer than nearby islands
When did the French and English arrive in the Americas?
in the 17th century
When did most of the conflicts between the French, English and Spanish occur?
in the 18th century
How did the English differ from others?
in the fact that they allowed great trading companies to control their colonization
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
it drew a line through north and south through the Atlantic, giving Portugal the lands east and Spain the lands west
What is the importance of the European Renaissance?
it encouraged people to think in different ways than they had before, a quality that Europeans would need as they ventured into science, technology, and eventually across the Atlantic to the Americas
What had the Reformation done?
it had challenged and revised accepted religious thought, and by contact with political and social philosophies from other parts of the world
Where did the Renaissance spread?
it spread from Italy in the north and by the 16th century had inspired new art styles in the Netherlands and Germany, as well as such literary geniuses as William Shakespeare in England
What was the significant colony that the Europeans had set up in Africa?
it was near the southern tip, Capetown, ned the Cape of Good Hope
What was Spain's new found wealth during the 16th and 17th century based on?
largely on trade, and the vital link that their American colonies played in the world circuits
When did Peter the Great Rule?
late 17th century and early 18th centuries
What was the expedition that Spain led in 1519?
led by Hernan Cortes, they marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, and defeated the great empire with only a few hundred soldiers
Role of women in Mughal India
mainly powerless; child marriage, no widow remarriage, upper-caste Hindu women remained alone, daughter's birth noe celebrated
What gender were most of the slaves that went to the Americas?
males
Polynesian migrations
mariners with canoes who migrated to Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, New Zealand, Marquesas, and Easter Island
What disease(s) were brought over from Europe to the Americas?
measles, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever
bourgeoisie
middle class based on trade rather than landowners
Islam
monotheistic, belief in only one god named Allah, all believers are equal, only one Quran
Did the Portuguese try and convert natives peacefully?
no, they infuriated the natives by burning down mosques and/or forcing conversions
4) the relative power of nomadic groups declined
nomads continued to play an important role in trade and cultural diffusion, and they continued to threaten the borders of the large land based empires. However, their power dwindled as travel and trade by water became important.
French and English missions
not as successful because they moved to much (weren't really cultivators)
Peace of Westphalia
o A treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War and created a system of independent states that were all sovereign and equal, and each had the right to manage their own political and religious affairs o Still wars: wars of Louis XIV when he tried to expand which prompted other countries to ally against him, and Seven Years' War, which was a global war for imperial supremacy
Absolutism in Russia
o Absolute monarchy in Russia during reign of the tsars of the Romanov dynasty o Conquered and expanded a lot → huge, but started based on Moscow trading city
Martin Luther
o Against Roman church; attacked indulging yourself o Great writer and gained many followers unhappy with Roman church o Wanted to close monasteries, translate Bible into more common languages, and no priestly/Pope authority (no church hierarchy) o Supported by Germany (liked Protestants but also wanted to use for power bases) o England became Protestant because King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife but Pope wouldn't let so he made himself head of the Anglican Church and England slowly became more Protestant
English civil war
o Caused by English kings trying to do things without consulting Parliament, and religious disagreements (Puritans wanted to purify gov. of any lingering Roman Catholicism) o The Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell) executed Charles I for tyranny
The Glorious Revolution
o Followed English Civil War o Cromwell's Puritan regime took control but became a dictatorship, so parliament restored the monarchy. Still conflicts though, so parliament deposed King James II and had his daughter and Dutch husband William of Orange take the throne' o → resulting gov. cooperated with parliament and represented the rest of nobility and people (constitutional gov.) o Constitutional gov.—policies that supported merchants, merchants that supported gov.
Spanish Inquisition
o Founded by Fernando and Isabel of Spain • Got papal license to operate it as royal agency o At first for finding Jews and Muslims, but then Charles V charged it to also find Protestants o Spread even to western hemisphere o Inquisitors used evidence, but could be ruthless o Caused Roman Catholicism to be prevalent in Spain
The Society of Jesus
o Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola o Was more in charge of extended boundaries of reformed Roman Catholic church rather than dealing with doctrine and reform o Members (Jesuits) had to be educated, so they were VERY good missionaries
The Sun King
o France used absolutism, where monarch had absolute power and was supposedly delegated power by king o Lived splendidly in Versailles, thought he had divine rights o Provided nobles with luxurious accommodations and entertainment in exchange for absolute rule o Large standing army, promoted economy (promoted establishment of new industries, roads and canals, encouraged exports), waged war to expand boundaries
Charles V
o Habsburg family slowly collected land throughout Holy Roman empire, and then Charles V inherited that land and conquered even more o Because of the religious conflicts, the princes that tried to use these to build power bases, and the fact that Charles didn't establish a long-lasting administrative structure, the empire didn't last long • Let countries rule themselves but maintained an army o Also foreign challenges; Ottomans and French thought Charles would try to conquer them, so they made him lots of obstacles. Ottomans didn't want a powerful Christian king o Disappointed that he couldn't control Lutherans, retired to monastery
Dutch republic
o King Phillip II of Spain tried to suppress Calvinism in Netherlands → rebellion • Group of Dutch provinces formed anti-Spanish alliance, then gained independence as United Provinces o Constitutional gov.—policies that supported merchants, merchants that supported gov.
Council of Trent
o Roman Catholic church wanted to get Protestants back on their side and define their differences, so they made the Council of Trent and Society of Jesus. o Basically a bunch of religious authorities that addresses doctrine and reform matters o Admitted that church had been bad, and tried to reform it. o Influenced by St. Thomas Aquinas, theologian
Peter I of Russia
o Romanov tsar that wanted to make Russia a military power like Europe o So he led a group of Russian observers to Europe to see how administration, military, and technology worked there o Totally reformed Russia: trained army and used modern weapons, better pay and peasants who could serve in army for life, constructed navy, improved tax collection and administrative efficiency, had aristocrats study geometry and math so they could aim canons well. Even made people wear European fashions, despite protests
John Calvin
o Started a reformation in France and Switzerland of Lutheranism o Made Protestant community in French-speaking Geneva in Switzerland • Missionary center o Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
The Thirty Years' War
o The religious wars between Spain and England, the Netherlands and Spain eventually led to one huge war o Began after Holy Roman emperor tried to force Bohemian subjects to return to Roman Catholic church in Germany o Most of Europe joined in the battle, which killed A LOT of people • Brought doubt to the viability of Europe as a strong states, etc.
New monarchs
o These were monarchs of England, France, and Spain, (and Italy) which were the most powerful kingdoms o All of them wanted to get richer: • France: Taxes on sales, households, and salt trade • Spain: sales tax • England: no tax for fear of rebellion, but raised fines and fees for royal services. Henry VIII dissolved monasteries and confiscated church wealth o → used all of this money for administrative staff and armies • Mostly to control nobles o Protestant countries got rid of church, monasteries, etc.
Catherine II of Russia
o Wanted to make Russia a power and divided it into 50 provinces, interested in social reform o But then a group of people mounted a rebellion and attacked nobles, so her concern became preserving autocracy
Balance-of-power diplomacy in Europe
o Whenever one state began to get strong, other states would form coalitions against it. This was risky, but kept Europe as a land of independent, sovereign, competing state
Witch hunting
o Witches' Sabbath—sexual stuff with devil and magic o Witches became a scapegoat for unfortunate events o Most women—poor, old single, or widowed
What kind of travel was impractical to the Europeans?
overland travel
What other aspects of society did the Catholic Church influence?
politics, art, and science
Hinduism
polytheistic, many paintings of gods, caste system, several holy texts
Champa Rice
rice from Vietnam, fast ripening, allowed for two crops per year and a food surplus
Bartolomeu Dias
rounded Cape of Good Hope and entered Indian Ocean, opened way for trade with Asia through seas
Fujiwara Clan
ruling family in Heian Japan, gained permanent custody over chancellorship and imperial family
Trade routes
sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo
China specialized productions
silk and porcelain
Bantu and their migrations
skilled farmers and herders who moved from West Africa to south and east in search of fertile land when Sahara started drying out; they spread knowledge of farming, ironworking knowledge, and language across African continent from 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500.
East Africa specialized productions
slaves, ivory, and gold
What happened when the byzantine's power faded?
so did that of the Russian stars
Malaysia and Indonesia specialized productions
spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom
War
state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians
Alexander the Great
successor of Philip II; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures; great leader
2) Sea based trade rose in proportion to land based trade
technological advancements and willingness of political leaders to invest in it meant that sea based trade became much more important. As a result, old land-based empires lost relative power to the new sea based power
What were Russia's early days shaped by?
the Byzantine Empire
What model was generally less successful for the countries that followed it?
the French model
What is another name for the Qing dynasty?
the Manchu Dynasty
What were the three types of labor systems that were set up by the Spaniards in the Americas?
the Mita system, the Encomienda system and the hacienda system
What were the three Muslim Empires?
the Ottoman, Safavid and the Mughal
What were the Gunpowder Empires?
the Ottomans and the Safavids in Southwest Asia, the Mughals in India, and the Ming and Qing in China
Who dominated the indian ocean trade for most of the 16th century?
the Portuguese
What was the Enlightenment inspired by other than the Scientific revolution?
the Reformation
where did the French explore and settle?
the St. Lawrence River area through Canada, as well as the Mississippi River valley south all the way to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico
What model did Spain and Portugal use in their colonies?
the absolutist model
What was absolutism reinforced by?
the belief in divine right, or the god given authority to rule
Caroligian Dynasty
the family that would rule the Franks from 751 to 987
Describe the Mita system?
the mining system -this work was very grueling -since so many of the native had died, the Spaniards kept having to increase the amount of time spent in the mines that it became impractical -the work became so grueling that there were no Indians left to do the work
Silk Roads
the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations
Tao-te Ching and the I Ching
the philosophical book in verse supposedly written by Lao-tzu
Leo III
the pope who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816). Regained much land taken by Muslims; policy of iconoclasm opposed worshipping of religious images and icons (influenced by Islam); this policy was opposed by monks and popes
What stimulated development in math and science?
the revival of interest in Greek and Roman influences
What was Martin Luther's main problem with the Catholic Church?
the selling of indulgences
How was the slave population different in North America compared to that in the Caribbean?
the slave population in North America experienced a natural increase, requiring fewer new slaves for trade
How was slavery in Africa before the Atlantic slave trade began?
the slave trade took many forms in Africa... ranging form peasants trying to work off debts to those that were traded as "chattel", or property
What was the Great Circuit?
the trade routes that appeared during this era in the Atlantic Ocean were collectively known as the Great Circuit
What were the rulers in Austria, Prussia, and Russia doing?
they built huge palaces and sought to increase central control... both Prussia and Russia had developed into formidable powers by 1750
What did the French and the english do when they arrived?
they claimed much of North America in areas that the Spanish didn't go
What did the Europeans do that increased their prosperity and power?
they conquered and claimed territories
What did the Ming and early Qing emperors of this era continue to do?
they continued to look to Chinese traditions to strengthen cultural and intellectual life, civil service exams were maintained and other Chinese philosophy, literature and history were compiled during this time
What happened as plantations spread across the South in North America?
they eventually began raising other crops such as cotton and the slave trade remained vigorous
What did Portugal and Spain presume?
they presumed to divide the world in two by seeking the Pope's blessing on the Treaty of Tordesillas
Where did the English settle when they came to the Americas in the 17th century?
they settled along the eastern seacoast in North America
What did Diaz, da Gama, and other early European explorers do?
they started an entire new era of world trade and cross-cultural exchange
What did the male slaves often become?
they were often bought to fight in the large Gunpowder Empire armies
Bedouins
they were small groups of nomadic people in Arabia who were there before the rise of Islam.
What was the encomienda system use for?
this system was use primarily for agricultural work
What was Mercantilism's main goal?
to benefit the mother country by trading good to accumulate precious metals and thus enriching the country
What was Spain's main goal in the Americas?
to find gold and silver (gold, god, and glory)
How long did the Ming's cultural brilliance and economic achievements continue?
until about 1600
Until when did the Ming Emperors continue to rule China?
until the mid-1600s
Tale of Genji
written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.
Population growth and social change (in Tokugawa Japan)
~peace and good economy --> social change --> less order ~less subsistence farming and more agricultural production --> pop. grew --> family pop. control bc of "land mass problems" ~daimyo and samurai encouraged to become political, lost social status an d$ (bc times of peace) --merchants gained wealth and social status
Encomienda and Encomienderos
• Encomiendo: Tainos recruited to mine, this was recruitment center • Encomenderos: Spanish settlers o Gave Tainos health and welfare • Social and physical abuse—decline of Taino
Francisco Pizarro
• Led Spanish expedition to Peru • Came to Inca after dispute between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, so took advantage of that o Took capital of Cuzco • Captured elite under pretense of holding a conference • Got gold from Atahualpa, then killed him o Looted the city • Captured Inca by: • Subjects didn't like Inca overlords and put up little resistance o Many allied with Spanish • Smallpox
Hernan Cortes
• Looked for gold • Seized Cuauhtemoc (nephew of Montezuma) and Tenochtitlan • Won because: o Weapons o Divisions within Aztecs (made allies)
Portuguese Brazil
• Portuguese conquered Brazil • Treaty of Tordesillas o Spain could have anything on the west side of a line, and Portugal could have anything to the right --sugar plantations • Spanish and Portuguese presence in South America led to more communication between the hemispheres
Spanish colonial administration (including viceroys and audiencias)
• Private regime of Spanish conquerors gave way to Spanish royal crown • Royal officials came (for taxes, administration, etc.) o Spanish colonial administration • 2 main centers of authority: • Mexico (New Spain) • Peru (New Castile) o Each governed by a viceroy • Kings didn't want viceroy to become independent rulers, so had them tried by courts knows as audencias • Staffed by uni-educated lawyers • Conducted reviews o Audencias were often in charge of local administration • The government situation was slow and inefficient o New cities • Dense network of bureaucratic control