AP World History #1

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

Gupta Dynasty

(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature

Mehmed the Conqueror

(r.1451-1481), he captured Constantinople in 1453, which later became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital; Ruled with an absolute monarchy and centralized his power; Expanded into Serbia, Greece, and Albania (attacked Italy).

Suleyman the Magnificent

(r.1520-1566 CE) He promoted Ottoman expanison, conquered Baghdad in 1543, and subjected Vienna to siege in 1529.

Qin Shihuangdi

(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.

Harsha

(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.

Labor systems

*Peasant labor* intensified in the frontier regions of *Siberian Russia,* the creation of *cotton textiles* in India, and *silk production* in China. The African slave trade also continued the incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the *Mediterranean* and the *Indian Ocean.* Coerced labor, such as *Chattel slavery,* (people are personal property), *indentured servitude* (temporary labor to pay off an incurred debt,* the *Hacienda* system and the *Incan mit'a* occurred.

Four Noble Truths

1. Suffering is always present in life 2. Desire is the cause of suffering 3. Freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana 4. The Eightfold Path leads to nirvana

First Crusade

1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.

Medieval Japan

1185 - 1608 a period of Japanese history when aristocratic Japanese warlords controlled land and economy.

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Simón Bolívar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Crimean War

19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it ultimately proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

Janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Yellow Turban Revolt

A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.

Chinese indentured servitude

A Chinese Indentured servitude or coolie during the 19th and early 20th century, was a term for a locally-sourced unskilled labourer hired by a company, mainly from the Indian subcontinent or Southern China.

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Bourbon

A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.

Huguenot

A French Protestant

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai.

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel. A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.

Apostle Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.

Safavids

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.

Hierarchies

A Social structure that organizes ranks people such as in a class system.

Thesis

A _____ is used to define the main points of your response to a prompt. In it you must answer all parts of the question. Cannot count toward any other points.

Twelver Shiism

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

Bhagavad Gita

A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.

Jansenism

A branch of Catholicism which resembled Protestantism. Emphasized need for God's grace in achieving salvation and the importance of original sin. Louis XIV took special actions to restrict the rights of this group and force them underground.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.

Code of Hammurabi

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba

Jihad

A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah"

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.

Zhou Dynasty

A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty.

Ethnocentrism

Belief that your own culture is superior to others.

Malay

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malaysian Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Gulf War

A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.

Boddhisatva

A enlightened being who put off nirvana to come back and help others become enlightened.

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

Settler Colony

A form of colonization where foreign family move into a region and an imperial political power oversees the immigration of these settlers.

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

Steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

bourgeoisie

A french term for the property-owning middle class.

Islamism

A fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Quran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life.

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Shogun

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name.

Mesoamerica

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Theocracy

A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.

Attrition

A gradual wearing down or reduction in the strength or numbers of an enemy through sustained attack or pressure; a reduction in the number of employees through retirement or resignation.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Guano

A highly effective fertilizer made from bird or bat poop. It became a major commodity traded globally in the 19th century.

Millennium

A historical period of 1000 years.

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.

Indian Ocean

Between 1450-1750 in this body of water European empires (particularly the Portuguese and Dutch) had many interconnected trading posts and enclaves.

Islamic Golden Age

A hypothetical period that describes the status of the Islamic world from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century CE (sack of Baghdad by Mongols). During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.

Teotihuacan

A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Xia

A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.

Citizenship

A limited form of _______ was awarded to allies and new territories of the Roman Empire as a form of control, foreign policy, and recruitment.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Balance of Power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Hegemony

Dominant control, power, or influence.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Migration

Due to large-scale ______ during the 19th century, women were left to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men

Natural law

A major Enlightenment era idea of universal principles that dictate not only the natural world but also humanity, rights, and morality.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

Phoenicians

A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in Southern part of China during the time period of 1850 and 1864. Against the ruling Manchu Qing Dynasty. That was led by Hong Xiuquan.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.

Sikh

A member of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India. Developed in the 15th century. They believe in One Immortal Being and the teachings of ten Gurus, starting with Guru Nanak.

Sufi

A member of the more mystical third sect of Islam famous for their dance and their poetry.

Samurai

A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan

Nation-State

A modern concept of a government that controls an area and represents the people of that area, often idealized as a homogeneous people that share a common language and feeling of nationality.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. It is not a part of Islam or Hinduism.

Solomon's Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.

Mentuhotep I

Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE.

Theodosius

Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Constantine

Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade (see Mansa Musa)

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Mestizo

A new racial concept that develops in Latin America following the intermixing that occurred between European colonists and the native American population.

Fire

A new technology discovered in the stone age used for protection against cold and predators and was a major develop on the path toward other future technologies such as metallurgy.

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.

Century

A period of 100 years.

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Agnostic

A person who believes it is impossible to know of God's existence or of anything beyond the physical universe.

nomad

A person who lives a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, made as an objective of the religious life of a Muslim.

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France. Marks the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI.

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism).

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.

Conservative

A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.

Shakespeare

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

Yellow River

English name for the Huang He River in the north of China where the first Chinese civilization emerged.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Enclaves

Ethnic ________ were territories or communities with a distinct ethnicity, often developing during the mass migration to big cities in the 19th century. Examples, "China Towns," "Little Italies" etc

Culture

Ethnic enclaves helped transplant the migrants' _______ into their new environments.

Assimilation

Ethnic groups lost their distinctive culture through the domination of newly expanding empires. This process is called ______.

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

1880s

Europeans scramble for Africa colonies started in this decade

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahura mazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil

Iron metallurgy

Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.

Aqueduct

Famous example of Roman engineering that also made possible the existence of large cities.

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

legalism

A school of Chinese philosophy. Prominent during Warring States Period. Had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. Based on a pessimistic view of human nature. Social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.

Janissary

A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army

Republic

A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under a constitution and in some way claims to be "of the people."

Rosetta Stone

A stone containing the same inscription in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Demonic, and a form of ancient Greek. It was used by Champolian to translate Egyptian Hierogliphics.

Great Zimbabwe

A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.

Cosmogony

A story, legend, belief, or myth of the world's origin. Mostly referring to "supreme beings."

chariots

A strong military unit of the ancient time, combining pastoralist technologies of horseback riding and wheels.

Urban Revolution

Between approximately 4000 and 1500 BCE human societies in certain river valleys transformed from Neolithic farming villages into more complex urban societies. What might this transition be called?

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.

Silk Road

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini. https://o.quizlet.com/0lGF4aWN.K3zntXNEIuaMw_m.jpg

Federalism

A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments

Apartheid

A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.

Convict labor

A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States, beginning after the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to about around 1880, and officially ending in the last state, Alabama, in 1928.

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

ziggurat

A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Hydrogen bomb

A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen

Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Civilization

A traditional and somewhat controversial term to describe an urbanized society with written language, complex social, political, and religious institutions.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. In this passage, around *12 million enslaved Africans* were taken, *2 million died* either of mostly disease (diarrhea, etc.) or suicide.

Umayyads

Abbassids or Umayyads? Non-Arab people were more ostracized from society, even if they were Muslim. They were prohibited from holding positions of influence, they paid more taxes, not wanting peasant and urban masses to convert to Islam.

coal

Access to rivers, iron ore, timber, and _____ was a major determining factor in which countries were able to industrialize during this period.

Communism

According to Karl Marx, a classless and stateless society at its ultimate peak of historical development.

Zambos

According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizedrs, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.

Centers of international commerce

Africa and Indian Ocean had *nascent European empires* mainly of interconnected trading posts. Places such as the present-day *Gold Coast in West Africa* were created by the voyagers commissioned by *Prince Henry the Navigatior.*

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.

Atlantic

After 1500, world economic activity gradually began to shift toward this body of water, noncontributing to the rise of Western European colonialism and economic dominance in the world.

Britain

After Egypt became independent from the Ottomans, it still had to contend with the influence of European imperialists, particularly this nation.

Khmer Empire

Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia

Muhammad Ali

Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).

Four Noble Truths

All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire.

Plebeians

All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Warsaw Pact

Alliance against democracy, supporting communism

NATO

Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

Floating Worlds

Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style colonies to continue, such a monoculture.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Bubonic Plague

Also called the Black Death; is believed to be the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the people in parts of China and Europe.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Isfahan

Capital of the Safavid Empire.

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.

Yellow River

Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley.

Christianity

Although initially it was seen as a bizarre cult and was violently persecuted, eventually it gained acceptance and in the 300s became the official religion of the Roman state.

Inca

Although it had a rich and sophisticated civilization, this American empire did not have a written language.

economic

Although the the US did not attempt to settle or colonize South America like other imperialistic nations had done, they did exert ________ influence that in an imperialistic way.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion.

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Jainism

An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor).

Ren

An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.

Olmecs

An early peopl who settled in modern day Mexico and who traded in jade and obsidian and erected colossal heads carved from rocks.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Capitalism

An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of property.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

socialist

An general ideological term for a person who advocates equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners, and often community or worker ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Wheel of Life

An important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation.

NATO

An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; suggested in Wilson's Fourteen Points.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

United Nations

An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security; it replaced the League of Nations.

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.

Revolution

An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

Triumvirate

An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Eventually results in civil war that brings down the republic and results in the Roman Empire.

Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often said as self-governed voluntary institutions.

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Macedonia

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great

John Stuart Mill

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.

Charles Darwin and Evolution

Argued that all life was in *constant change* and was an endless and competitive struggle for *survival over millions of years.*

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

Hubiris

Arrogant conceit, confidence, and pride.

family wage

As industrialization gradually became more intense in certain areas, men displaced women in factories and were paid more, partly because men were seen as requiring a _____ _____.

Small pox

As one of the earliest kinds of vaccinations, the people of Ancient China would swallow powdered fleas on infected cows to help prevent a popular disease, that is currently extinguished, known as ____ ____.

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Taj Mahal

Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife.

cultural

Because more people stayed in one place instead of having to keep moving, it helped build a stronger sense of _________ tradition.

European Industrial Revolution

Because of the Columbian Exchange, the colonies' wealth from precious metals, financial profits, colonial markets and slave labor provided the foundations to this revolution.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)

Daoism

Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Shinto

"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits

Magna Carta

"the Great Charter"; a written legal agreement signed in 1215 that limited the English monarch's power.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.

Truman Doctrine

Common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism. This doctrine was first asserted by President Truman in 1947.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Filial Piety

Concept is stressed in Confucianism. Reflected the high significance of the family in Chinese history.

Absolute Monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

Tang

Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires.

Big Bang Theory

Cosmological model that explains the sudden development of the universe through expansion from a hot, dense state.

1271-1295 CE

Date: Marco Polo Travels (Hint: "__71-__95 CE")

1910

Date: Start of the ten year long Mexican Revolution. Not to be confused with Mexican war of Independence (1810-1821) (Hint: 1__0)

1929

Date: Stock Market Crash

1618

Date: Thirty Years War begins (Hint: 1__8)

1989

Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany

1919

Date: Treaty of Versailles - End of WWI

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

Delhi Sultanate

(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Adolf Hitler

German leader of the Nazi Party.

Songhay Empire

(1461-1591)

Russian Empire

(1480) This is the then-world's largest *territorial* empire, both Asian and European in power. It also expanded to *Siberia.*

Coucil of Trent

(1545-1563 CE) Council of the Catholic Reformation that reemphasized and justified the Roman Catholic beliefs. In response to the Protestant Reformation.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.

Mauryan Empire

(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.

Council of Nicaea

(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Battle of Tours

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.

Caste System

The system in old India that seperated the people into social categories, but based mostly on color with the Aryans always on the top of the social pyramid.

Crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

proxy wars

after WWII many powerful countries used smaller countries to fight one another in wars called _____ wars.

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

Racism

discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race

Jean-Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778)

Minimized the importance of book learning, prescribed an *immersion in nature* which taught self-reliance and *generosity.*

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

Human rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Tao-te Ching

the central text of Daoism.

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

Ethnic Cleansing

the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

House of commons

the first legislative body of Parliament whose members are elected.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Scientific

New ______ paradigms such as the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and psychology transformed human understanding of the world from 1900 to the present.

Comparison

Historical Thinking Skill: Compare the diverse perspectives in the primary and secondary sources in order to draw conclusions about 1 or more events. Compare different historical individuals, events, developments, or processes to draw a conclusion

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.

china

In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.

Egypt

In the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire lost this North African country which had been part of it's empire.

Britain

In the mid 1700s this place was the first to develop industrialized methods.

Encomienda system

In theory, this was a *Spanish colonial* system in which a *Spaniard* would receive *labor from locals* in return for teaching them *Spanish and Catholicism.* Aside from this system, the Spanish also used *Incan Mit'a* as a way for the Spanish Crown to *have labor* for *silver mining.*

Globalization of Christianity

In this era, Christianity went global. *Forty-percent* of Catholics today live in *Latin America.*

Encomienda

In this legal system, the Spanish Crown granted Spanish settlers a number of local native people whom they could require labor from, gold or produce, or those whom they owed *protection and instruction* of the Christian faith.

Java War

In this war (1825-1830), the people of the Island of Java rebelled against their Dutch colonizers. The Dutch won after suffering 8000 deaths and killing perhaps as many as 200,000 islanders.

1857

In what year did the Indians attempt a widespread but disorganized rebellion against the British, resulting in even more intense colonization of India by the British?

1857

In what year did the Indians attempt a widespread but disorganized rebellion against the British, resulting in even more intense colonization of India more directly by the British Government?

Rama

Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.

Muhammad Ali

Not a modern nationalist, but this leader of Egypt is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.

Secular

Not related to religion or a church. worldly.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Christianity

Official Religion during the declining century of the Roman Empire.

Minoans

One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.

Octavian

Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.

Deism

God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.

Kievan Russia

Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953).

gulag

Russian prison camp for political prisoners

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

settlers

Some colonies in the 19th century imperialism involved large numbers of ______ such as in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Algeria.

Bronze

Some people call the later part of the Neolithic Age the ______ Age because of the advancements in metalurgy and tools.

Latent

Something that exists, such as a personal skill or wealth from natural resources, but is not yet achieved or recognized. Potential.

Nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations

Simon Bolivar

South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.

Olympics

Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift

Hellenism

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

Yuan Empire

He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Opium Wars

Industrial countries sought new places to sell their goods. This is seen around the world. This military conflict in Between China and Britain illustrates this.

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Harappans

The first river valley civilization of India on the Indus River. They mysteriously disappeared.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Justinian's Code

Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations

Vladimir Lenin

Leader Russia's Bolshevik movement.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Bantu migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

baroque

Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome

neoclassical

Major Western artistic style from 1600s to 1800s. Symmetry, Greek/ Roman influence, patterns, simple in color

Universal Male Suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections.

Shi'a

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

Parliament

Britain's law-making assembly.

Vedas

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.

Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

Winston Churchill

British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953

4th century CE

Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (Hint: ___ century CE)

10000 BCE

Date: Beginnings of Agriculture

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.

1861

Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification (Hint: 1__1)

1433 CE

Date: End of Zheng He's Voyages/Rise of Ottomans (Hint: __33 CE)

476 CE

Date: Fall of Rome (Hint: _76 CE)

1839

Date: First Opium War in China (Hint: 1__9)

1607

Date: Founding of Jamestown (Hint: 1__7)

1789

Date: French Revolution begins

1939

Date: German blitzkrieg in Poland starting WWII in Europe.

1689

Date: Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights (Hint: 1__9)

1804

Date: Haitian Independence (Hint: 1__4)

1979

Date: Iranian Revolution (Hint: 1__9)

1300 BCE

Date: Iron Age (Hint: 1_00 BCE)

1935

Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Hint: 1__5)

1931

Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Hint: 1__1)

527 CE

Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire (Hint: _27 CE)

1950

Date: Korean War starts

1324 CE

Date: Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage (Hint: __24 CE)

Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

1071 CE

Date: Battle of Manzikert (Hint: __71 CE)

1600

Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa (Hint: 1__0)

732 CE

Date: Battle of Tours (Hint: _32 CE)

3000s BCE

Date: Beginning of Bronze Age and river valley civilizations (Hint: _000s BCE)

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

imported

Both Greece and Japan owe their advancement to the fact that they ______ ideas from other more sophisticated regions (China in the case of Japan and the Middle East in the case of Europe)

Tenable

Capable of being defended.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.

Han

Chinese Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) ruled a centralized and growing empire for 400 years. Complex centralized buraucracy with Civil service system based on Confucianism. Traded on Silk Road.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Four-field rotation

Crop rotation methods are ancient but this Dutch method from the 1500s was popularized in Britain in the 1700s and led to a large increase in agricultural productivity. It typically involved rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover, and allowed livestock to be bred year-round.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

1987

Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada (Hint: 1__7)

Specious

Deliberately misleading in appearance, appearing to be true and logical but actually false.

population

Demographically, a dramatic increase in _______ during the 1600s and 1700s in Northern Europe contributed to the rise of industry there.

Small Pox

Developments in science and medicine have made it possible for humans to wipe out entire diseases such as ___ ___.

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Sectarian

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English author who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Polis

Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

triangle

From the 16th to 19th centuries, the flow of goods between the Americas, Europe in Africa is often described with what geometric shape?

Trireme

Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Synthesis

Historical Thinking Skill: Connect a given historical issue to a relative development in a different historical context, geographical area, period or era. Connect different course themes and approaches to history for a given issue. Use insights from a different discipline to better understand a given issue.

Confucianism

Ideology used within the Chinese government. Officials had to pass exams on the subject to take part in government.

"image national communitites

Image National communities are an imagined political community

Berlin Conference

In 1884, European powers met in Germany for this gathering. They created a plan for dividing up the remaining territory in Africa.

Sugar

In Brazil, this was used a substitute for mineral wealth as it was in-demand in Europe. This was used as medicine, as a spice, a sweetener, a preservative and as sculptures. The production of this was originally pioneered by the *Arabs,* but Europeans transferred their techniques to the Americas.

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.

New Monarchy

In the 15th century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, particularly France, England, and Spain.

economic imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

suffrage

Industrial societies such as in Britain, France, and the US produced a lot of criticism, so some governments were forced to respond with reforms such as free public education and expanded ________ for all men.

civil disobedience

Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free.

What is the Peace of Augsburg?

It was created by *Charles V* (who stayed Catholic) calling all *German* princes together which gave religious freedom over their lands.

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressorts slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

Mongol Empire

Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

The Convention

Legislative body created by revolutionary leaders that abolished the monarchy & proclaimed France a republic; rallied French population by instituting levée en masse ("mass levy"); basically the French equivalent of the draft); frequently used the guillotine on enemies.

Volatile

Likely to change rapidly and unpredictably with the possibility of explosive violence. Remember volcanoes.

private property

Many liberals of the Enlightenment era believed, such as that citizens have _____ _____ rights and that people should generally be free to do what they want with their own possessions. Laws began to increasingly protect ____ ____. This contributed to the rise of Capitalism.

Witchcraft

Many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.

Holocaust

Mass murder of Jews under the Nazi Regime

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Olmec

Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Hijra

Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

African diaspora

Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

Mohenjo-Daro

Name translates to Mound of the Dead. Had a well planned city, and were a polytheistic culture (early Hindu gods?).

Labor

Neolithic farmers and pastoralists learned to rely on Animals for food, clothes, and _________.

stock markets

New financial instruments--especially ways for businesses to raise money--were developed in this period. This includes insurance, corporations, and ____ ____, exchanges where corporate shares could be sold.

Predestination

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

March of the Women

On October 5-6,1789 there was spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread due to scarcity and high prices; Parisian women go to Versailles and angrily demand bread from the monarchs; they take the royal family to Paris as prisoners.

Nuremberg Trials

One key set of trials held for certain Germans accused of war crimes.

Bureaucracy

Organized system of administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected officials.

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.

Paterfamilias

Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in imperial societies. An example is the role of the _______ in the Roman family, also known as the father of the extended family.

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Albert Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.

Exoplanet(s)

Planets circling other stars.

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793).

Sandinista

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.

sans culottes

Reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.

Khubilai Khan

Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Abbas the Great

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

Akkad

Sargon of _____ began taking over Mesopotamian city-states in 2200BC to form the worlds first empire.

Mycenae

Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.

Cities

Served as centers of trade, public performance, and political administration (for example Athens, Carthage, and Teotihucan)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader from 1962 to 1984 who is most known internationally for actions such as his hard-line stance against the pro-democracy Prague Spring protesters in 1968 and well as overseeing Russia's long, costly, and futile war in Afghanistan.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931).

Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas.

Hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

First Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Pax Romana

State of prevailing peace within Roman Empire (27 BCE to 180 CE)

Ziggurat

Sumarian temple pyramid.

Linnaeus

Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)

SAQ: What was the impact of technology in the Early Modern Era in Europe?

Technology main possible the exploration in the early modern era (such as the *astrolabe*).

Little Ice Age

Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

What were the caravels?

The Caravels were Portuguese ships which were *light, fast, maneuverable* and could be sailed *inshore.*

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.

Siam

The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.

Germanic

The Roman Empire fought ______________ people on their Northern boarder but never conquered them.borders.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

Neo-Assyrian

The agressive Mesopotamian empire created after an Assyrian resurgence, which initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them resulting in the Persian Empire.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Vaishyas

The artisan and merchant varna of the caste system.

Five Pillars

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca

Karma

The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.

Laissez Faire

The belief that the government shouldn't intervene much in the economy and should instead let the people do what they want with their property.

Analects

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.

Talmud

The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

ummah

The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Pleibians

The common people during the Roman era.

Gobi

The desert to the north of China

Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Norman invasion

The great conquest of England that occurred in 1066.

Sasanid Empire

The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.

Akbar

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

British Raj

The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.

Meiji Restoration

The political transformation in Japan that led to their successful modernization in the 1800s.

Diffusion

The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Ghengis Khan

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

Tsarist Russia

The tsarist empire in Asia and E europe, they were overthrown by the Russian Revolution in 1917.

French Religious Wars

These French wars were between the Huguenots, who were Upper-class intellectuals who were Calvinist (people are sinful, God is omniscient) versus the average poor French Catholics. There was a bloody massacre on *St. Bartholomew's Day* between Catholics and Huguenots.

What is the impact of valuable cash crops on global commerce?

These crops, mainly *sugar and tobacco* were crown primarily on *plantations* with *coerced labor* and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.ti

Himalayas

These mountains separate India from China and are the tallest in the world.

Cossacks

They were found across Siberia and were *bands of independent warriors* which consisted of peasants who escaped serfdom together with criminals. One of them is *Yermak,* a warrior from the 16th century.

What is the Ottoman ghazi?

They were led by Osman, the Ottoman sultan, who were originally *semi-nomadic Turks* to become Muslim *religious warriors.* They captured Anatolia voluntarily and later became a heavy cavalry.

Maya

This American civilization is most famous for its many pyramids, and its relative mathematical and scientific accomplishment of the time.

Egypt

This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing.

What is Imperialism?

This is the domination by one country over the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region. Examples include the *Spanish control* of Latin America from the 1500s to the 1800s, *Portuguese Control* of the Indian Ocean and Brazil, the *Qing dynasty in China* with expansion to Central Asia, the *Ottoman Empire,* and the *Japanese control* of certain lands later on.

Siberia and the Steppes

This is where the Russian empire expanded towards the east. They were scattered into endless forests and the tundra. There were *220,000* citizens in the 17th century, spoke *> 100 languages* and were hunters and gatherers. Russians used this place as an opportunity for *soft gold* of fur-bearing animals and in-demand pelts.

Russia

This kingdom expanded its territory thousands of miles Eastward during the 19th century and also sought to take advantage of a weakened Ottoman Empire.

Pope Gregory I

This pope strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance and encouraged confession for the remission of sins which made people more dependent on the church for salvation.

The Code Napoleon

This was the French law put in place by Napoleon. It promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.

Abdicate

To relinquish or give up Ruling power.

steppes

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.

True

True/False: A thesis can be more than one sentence long.

1861

Tsar Alexander II (r.1855-1881) emancipated the serfs in this year. (Hint:18_1)

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947).

Ma'at

Universal truth / order / harmony. Explanation for everything, and even the Egyptian gods are bound by it.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian Socialsim is an ideal society that is based on socialist ideals like Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

World War II

War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory.

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

Marathas

Warriors that were part of a group cast in India that were found mostly in the state Maharashtra.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Punic Wars

Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean.

Ghana

West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's

Spain and Portugal

While many new empires were on the rise during the nineteenth century, these the European kingdoms of _________ and _______ lost most of their colonies during this period.

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

public education

With increased birthrates, urbanization, the outlawing of child labor, the increase of voting rights, and the influence of socialism, families were changed by the children spending much of their time in free community-sponsored ______ ______.

What was the impact of the telescope on the world; what was its origins?

With the creation of the telescope, *Johannes Hevelius (Polish)* constructed long telescopes in which he observed *sunspots,* charted the *surface of the moon,* and discovered *several comets.* It was created by *Galileo Galilei,* discovered the many *moons of jupiter* which challenged the size of the universe.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Comfort girls

Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Transnational business

a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities,and business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its home.

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.

Paleolithic Era

called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.

Viable

capable of working or surviving successfully.

Vedas

compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests

Video Games

intensified global conflict in the 20th century influence this popular form of globalized entertainment

Aryans

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.

Scientific Revolution

period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas.

Socrates

philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.

Daoism

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Anti-Semitism

policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews

Westernization

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Modernism

practices typical of contemporary life or thought

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Warring States Period

the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty.

Roman Law

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people

Tenuous

weak, flimsy, shaky, precarious.

Charlemagne

(768-814 CE) Crowned king in 800 CE by the pope; can be compared to Harsha; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.

Upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

family wage

As industrialization gradually became more intense in certain areas men displaced women in factories and were paid more partly because men were seen as requiring a _____ _____.

cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa.

Pax Romana

A time in history when the Roman Empire was at peace and promoted safe trade.

mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

Mandate of Heaven

During the Shang Dynasty it was believed that the ruler was the "Son of Heaven." They had the authority to rule granted by the gods, but if the gods were displeased they would show it through natural disasters.

Male

During the nineteenth century due to the physical nature of the labor and other reasons, most migrants tended to be ___.

Urbanization

During the nineteenth century, migrants were relocating towards cities. This process is called _______.

Song Dynasty

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

romanticism

Major Western artistic style of 1700s and 1800s.Against Neoclassicism, spontaneous, mysterious/ exotic, untamed/ powerful nature, embraces folklore and national traditions, glorification of heroes

realism

Major Western artistic style of the 19th century. Against Romanticism, precise imitation w/o alteration, personal experiences, peasants/ everyday people

Impressionism

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s. Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

impressionism

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

Monsoon

Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.

Indo-Europeans

Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.

Marxism

Marxism is the theory that Karl marx and Frederich Engels created that centers on the communism and its inevitability.

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering.

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.

bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Meiji Japan

Meiji Japan was an era that lasted from 1868-1912 when Japan began it's rapid pricess of westernization, industrialization, and expansion in foreign affairs.

Chartist Movement

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali had the supremacy of Egypt by 1811 which began a modernization process based on Western models but didn't work out to greatly and changed Egypt. Muhammad Ali died in 1848 but still left a legacy behind.

Americas

People in this region developed complex urban societies and empires without the benefit of large pack animals or Iron technology.

Serfs

People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.

Cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.

Janapadas

Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

John Keynes

Published a book that discussed the causes of recessions. He argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession even if it had to run a deficit in order to jump start the economy. Although FDR was reluctant he did buy into the idea.

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Scottish; formulated laws that accounted the *operation of the economy* and believed that it would generate inevitably *favorable results* for society.

Tanzimat Reforms

began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes

Eunuchs

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Wudi

emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control

Iron Law of Wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Repartimiento system

required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation

Trans Saharan trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Egypt

society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead

Mahabharata

the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

urbanization

the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work.

Empress Wu

the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

Deposed

to remove from office or position, esp. high office: The people _______ the dictator.

Abdicate

to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner

Portuguese Empire

took lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and found gold in Africa (the Cape of Good hope) and India for spice trade

Qing

The Chinese government is ruled by this ethnically Manchurian dynasty during this period. They attempted to hold on to pre-industrial ways and resisted foreign involvement in their country (without success).

Axum

The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

Tenochtitlan

The captial city of the Aztecs.

Menes

The king who unifed Egypt.

Mali

The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.

Ghana

The kingdom in West Africa that prospered because of trans-Saharan trade especially in gold; this kingdom was around at the time of Muslim control in North Africa.

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.

Fertile Crescent

The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Patricians

The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome

Shudras

The landless peasants and serfs of the caste system.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.

zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

Fossil Fuels

The name used for carbon fuels such as coal and petroleum.

Chinese and Islamic Precedents

These were the basis of Europeans' seafaring technology which allowed them to cross the Atlantic with growing ease.

Wooden forts

These were the form of protection to the towns in Russian Empire. To create them, knowledge in engineering must be accumulated.

Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Baltic

These were the groups of people whose lands the Russians took from the West.

Tax breaks, tribute exemptions, cash prize

These were the incentives for conversion to *Christianity* within the Russian Empire.

Mulattoes

These were the people who were of *Portuguese and African* descent.

British, French, Dutch

These were the three Europeans countries that eventually established their colonies in the *early 17th century* in the Americas.

Geography, fixed winds, navigation

These were three of the many reasons that *Europe had an advantage* in forming their American empires.

Yasak and Oath of Allegiance

These were two of the demands of the Russian Empire from Siberians and citizens of the steppes. They were required to submit to the *grand tsar* through a pledge and a form of *tribute* paid in cash, furs or sable.

Indian Ocean

This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.

Buddhism

This artistic ritual is related to what religion?

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

The Industrial Revolution

Was a fundamental change in way goods were produced, from human labor to machines.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Phoenicians

Very skilled mariners, and had very extensive trade all over the Mediterranean. They were especially known for their purple cloth.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Viennese doctor; applied scientific techniques to the *operation of the human mind* which caused doubt on Enlightenment views of human rationality.

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants

Kaozheng

a school and approach to study and research in China from about 1600 to 1850. It was most prominent during the rule of Qianlong and Jiaqing Emperors of the Qing dynasty

enclosure acts

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

Revolutions of 1848

a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, soon spread to the rest of Europe.

Rape of Nanjing

a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Tanakh

a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon.

Dar al-Islam

a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.

Communism

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Great Wall

a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

333 CE

Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople (Hint: _33 CE)

1905

Date: Russo-Japanese War (Hint: 1__5)

1857

Date: Sepoy Mutiny or failed Indian revolution against British East India Company colonial rule (Hint: 1__7)

1967

Date: Six-day war in Israel; Chinese Cultural Revolution (Hint: 1__7)

1502

Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas (Hint: 1__2)

1898

Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Hint: 1__8)

1325 CE

Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin (Hint: __25 CE)

1954

Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu (Hint: 1__4)

1914-1918

Date: WWI (from start to finish) (Hint: "19__-19__")

1917

Date: Year of successful Russian Revolution(s)

1956

Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal (Hint: 1__6)

1948

Date: declaration of of Israeli statehood

1945

Date: end of WWII

1991

Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq (Hint: 1__1)

1994

Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa (Hint: 1__4)

1947

Date: independence & partition of India

1683

Date: unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna (Hint: 1_83)

BCE

Dates that countdown backwards to the year zero.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Mulatto

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.

The Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

Pax Romana

The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)

Scientific Revolution

the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Chavin

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

Positivism

the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)

Dharma

the fulfillment of one's social and religious duties in Hinduism

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

Andes Mountains

the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.

Zhou dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

nonaligned

During the Cold War, countries who did not want to support either side sometimes declared themselves to be.

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Great Purge

(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.

Han Dynasty

(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.

Qin Dynasty

(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.

Sargon of Akkad

(2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia.

Umayyad Caliphate

(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

Battle of Hastings

(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.

Battle of Manzikert

(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Harvey

(1578-1657) An Englishman who used dissection to examine the circulation of blood throughout the body and how the heart worked as a pump. He insisted the heart and its valves were a piece of machinery that obeyed mechanical laws.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to his new city of St. Petersburg.

Louis XVI

(1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded.

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Shang Dynasty

(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.

Capitalism

(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

Leeuwenhoek

1670's ; father of modern microbiology; first to observe living cells

Battle of Chaldiran

16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis).

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.

Working Class

19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before industrialization, poorer people had more varied ideas about social ranks.

Working Class

19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before the factory system poorer people though of themselves in more diverse terms.

Working Class

19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the working class. Before the factory system poorer people though of themselves in more diverse terms.

Crimean War

19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

Qin

1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty

Phillip II

336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.

Karma

A Hindu and Buddhist concept that by doing good to others, good will happen to you (and vise versa)

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.

Zionism

A Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the migration of Jews to Palestine and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Bread and Circuses

A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.

Kulak

A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952).

Armistice

A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Machination

A clever plot or scheme.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade *throughout Asia (East Indies).* Richer and *more powerful than England's* company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British.

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.

Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

Congress of Vienna

A conference of ambassagors of European states from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "surival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

Great Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

Indentured servitude

A form of semi-coerced labor. When a person signs a contract they a forced to labor really long hours and sometimes not being paid just for survival needs.

Nationalism

A form of typically ethnic and linguistic identity related to a certain territory and government. It's often expressed as patriotic feelings and principles.

Enconmienda

A labor system set up by the Spanish government where Spanish colonists could work the native Americans on their land while compensating them and agreeing to educate some of them and teach them about Christianity. The system was meant to curb exploitation but actually made the exploitation of Native Americans worse.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

Steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

A major Mesopotamian empire between 934-608 BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They were an iron-age resurgence of a previous bronze age empire.

enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Ghost Dance

A movement that was a manifestation of Native Americans' fear, anger, and hop stating the onslaught of white invaders, U.S army brutalization, and the U.S legislative. It was also a term Plain Indians applied to the new rituals, Paiutes.

Abolitionism

A movement to end slavery.

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Vedic Age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.

Italian Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Existentialism

A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Mandate of Heaven

A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the the right to rule from divine authority.

Liberal

A political view that advocates for rule of law, representative government, and egalitarianism.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Enlightenment

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

Chavin

A pre-Incan South American civilization developed in Peru; famous for their style of architecture and drainage systems to protect from floods.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Satrapy

A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire.

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Rebellions of 1848

A series of rebellions throughout Europe in 1848; they were crushed by the conservative powers.

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

urbanization

A shift in population toward cities--corresponds to the rise of industrialization and was also a consequence of industrialization.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Recession

A slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During one of these periods all of the following things decline: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation. Meanwhile bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.

city state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Bourgeoisie

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.

Apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Homo Sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Songhay Empire

A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.

nation state

A state who's territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

Authoritarian

A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.

Jati

A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.

coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

globalization

A trend toward greater integration and interdependence of different peoples in the world.

Neolithic Revolution

A turning point in the stone age when humans began farming.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

Proxy war

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

Jamaica Letter

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

Qanat

A water management system that originated in Perisa thousands of years ago. It provided water to people even in hilly, desert, hot, and arid areas (like Iran).

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Abbasids

Abbasids or Umayyads? Were more open and integrating of non Arab peoples, and were more open to the non-Arab masses converting to Islam.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Zionism

A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel. https://o.quizlet.com/RIizdTFriUzka4h5eYASSA_m.jpg

Enlightened despotism

Absolute rule justifies not on grounds of heredity or divine right. Secular in outlook and justification, as in Frederick the Great's self-description as "the first servant of the state." Used to rationalize and organize the state from the top down during the Age of the Enlightenment. Other example is Joseph II of Austria

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Assimilation

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

Philippines

After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their independence.

Huns

All three of the classical empires (Romans, Han, and Gupta) faced the threat of invasion by this central Asian pastoral nomadic group.

Delian League

Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age."

Indian Revolt of 1857

Also called the Indian's first War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, Indian Mutiny, or the Sepoy Mutiny and began in 1857 as a mutiny of sepoys of the British East Indian Company army.

compound bow

Also introduced to the Mesopotamian city states by pastoralists, this ranged weapon was stronger than any of its counter parts.

Tutankhamen

Also known as "King Tut," was the son of Akhenaten. His tomb (KV62) was found in 1922, and is the only one we have found not completely looted.

Middle class

Also known as "bourgeoisie." During the industrial revolution this social class was wealthy and increasingly influential. They often owned and profited from their property, but didn't have traditional titles of nobility like the aristocracy did. Instead they relied on skills, training, entrepreneurship.

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

Also known as Counter-reformation, created from *1530s-1540s.* These were created in response to Protestantism. This involved the Jesuits and the *Council of Trent,* where Catholic Bishops and Cardinals agreed on doctrines such as that the *Bible is final,* faith *and* good works are needed for salvation, and *indulgences* were valid.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Genghis Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Mahayana Buddhism

Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.

European innovations and maritime innovations

Among the new innovations created by the Europeans were improvements to the *astrolabe,* the creation of *new maps,* certain innovations in *ship designs* such as the *caravels* which were used by the Portuguese to sail to Africa, and a better understanding of the *wind and current patterns.*

Effects of European disease on natives

Amongst the deadly diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas were *smallpox, influenza, measles, malaria, diphtheria, etc.* This transferred *vermin* including mosquitoes and rats.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

Pericles

An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy.

Umayyad Dynasty

An Islamic Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China in the East. Fell apart in 750 CE due to internal tensions.

Hittites

An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron.

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Armenia

An area in Eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.

Goths

An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Estates General

An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.

Sedition

An attempt to stir up or support revolution.

Shang

An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Akhenaten

Changed his name from Amenhotep to Akhenaten, which translates literally to "servant of Aten." Akhenaten tried to force Egypt to only worship Aten. The capital city of Egypt worshiped Amun, so Akenhaten moved the capitol down the Nile. When he died his religion died too.

Moksha

Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.

Patriarchal

Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________

Neolithic Era

Began gradually starting around 10,000 BCE, the Neolithic Era had specialized and precise tools, but most importantly is the Agricultural Revolution. Crops and livestock were raised with the intention of harvest and consumption.

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Paleolithic Era

Between 14,000 and 8,000 BCE the world began to warm up. Plants and animals began to flourish in the warmer climate, and human population to increased. Some Nomadic groups found enough resources in one area to live in permanent settlements.

Mesopotamia

Birthplace of the Sumerian civilization among many others.

Egalitarian

Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.

United States and Russia

Both the ______ _____ and _____ emulated European imperialism by expanding their borders and conquering new territories.

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Forbidden City

Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.

Trading Post Empires

Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Trade

By 1750 there were states on the rise (like European empires) and declining states (like the Ottomans and Mughals). This occurred because of change in global ____ patterns

caudillos

By the 1830s, Latin America was mostly ruled by these military dictators from the creole class (American-born European-descendant).

caudillos

By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

Li

Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.

Shi Huangdi

Called himself the First Emperor. He united China and buried himself with hundreds of terracotta soldiers.

Ottoman Empire

Called the "Sick Man of Europe" due to their slow imperial decline and inability to adapt to the new political and economic developments of the nineteenth century.

Ottoman Empire

Called the "Sick Man of Europe" due to their slow imperial decline and inability to adapt to the new political and economic developments of this period.

working class

Called the "proletariat" by Marxists. They are the individuals who sell their labor power for wages and who do not own the means of production. Marx argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society.

Noble Eightfold Path

Calls for individuals to lead balanced and moderate lives, rejecting both the devotion to luxury and the regimes of extreme asceticism. (Buddhist Belief).

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Gender roles in the Early Modern Era

Certain places such as *Southeast Asia* had European men depending on *Asian women* to *conduct trade.*

Alexander the Great

Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have modeled his conquest of India (forming the Mauryan Empire) off of the conquests of what other leader?

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century

self-strengthening movement

China's failed effort to modernize in the 1800s.

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.

Confucianism

Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors.

Yellow

Chinese civilization began as small kingdoms and dynasties on this river, named after the color of the loess-type soil.

Ming

Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644. Economy flourished and the government even explored the Indian Ocean through many expeditions led by Zheng He. Ultimately they were taken over by the Manchurians from the North in 1644.

Qin

Chinese dynasty in 200s BCE. Lasted 15 years. Unified Chinese kingdoms, built the Great Wall and its emperor was the legalistic Shi Huangdi.

Ming

Chinese dynasty that followed the overthrow of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. It was mostly a time of vibrant economic productivity. It is regarded as the last great Chinese dynasty (1368-1644). In 1644 they fall to Manchurian (Qing Dynasty) from the North who who rule China until the Nationalist revolution in 1911.

Confucianism

Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Sun Yatsen

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.

Daoism

Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.

Daoism

Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

universal

Christianity and Buddhism, though fundamentally very different both are offshoots of older exclusive ethnic-based religions. Each spread throughout the reminents of a great classical empire of the time. Because anyone could join these new religions, they could be described as _______.

Middle East

Christianity first developed in Palestine on the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, which is in what general region of the world? http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3655/3333898964_b06a06dda7.jpg

1517

Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses (Hint: 1__7)

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

roads

Classical Rome and China both had new foreign religions that spread widely in their empires due to the fact that both had built networks of these.

Slavery

Classical empires saw a rise in _____. This form of labor was a major part of the production of food and other goods (Corvée for example). Although some civilizations relied greatly on this (like Rome) while in others such as China it was an extremely small percentage of the population.

Chivalry

Code of honor and ethics taken by knights.

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Labor

Coerced _______ migration continued in the nineteenth century even after atlatic slavery ended, such as with indentured servidude.

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.

Twelve Tables

Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic following demands by plebeians.

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athens and Sparta

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

English civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

1258 CE

Date: Mongols sack Baghdad (Hint: __58 CE)

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Perisa--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture.

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.

monoculture

Cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, whale blubber, minerals etc. Industrialization led to an increased demand for foreign raw resources. This is a term for countries relying solely on the exportation of mainly one raw resource.

Audiencias

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

Hammurabi Law Code

Created by Babylonian ruler Hammurabi, it is a collection of 300 royal law codes and penalties. *eye for an eye

Cyrus

Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name

Plausible

Credible, believable, having an appearance of truth.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927).

1066 CE

Date: Norman Conquest of England (Hint: __66 CE)

6th century BCE

Date: Origin of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism (Hint ___ century BCE)

1453 CE

Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople (Hint: __53 CE)

1941

Date: Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII

1533

Date: Pizarro Toppled the Incas (Hint: 1__3)

221 BCE

Date: Qin Unified China (Hint: _21 BCE)

632 CE

Date: Rise of Islam (Hint: __2 CE)

1756

Date: 7 years war between France and Britain begins (Hint: 1__6)

2001

Date: 9/11 Attacks

323 BCE

Date: Alexander the Great dies (Hint: "_23 BCE")

1776

Date: American Revolution/Smith writes Wealth of Nations (Hint: 1__6)

1571

Date: Battle of Lepanto (Hint: 1__1)

32 CE

Date: Beginnings of Christianity (Hint: _2 CE)

1885

Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa (Hint: 1__5)

1347 CE

Date: Black Death hits Europe (Hint: ___7 CE)

1899

Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa (Hint: 1__9)

1949

Date: Chinese Communist Revolution

1911

Date: Chinese Revolution against traditional Chinese Imperial system. (Hint: 1__1)

1492

Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain (Hint: 1__2)

1853

Date: Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade (Hint: 1__3)

1815

Date: Congress of Vienna (Hint: 1__5)

1521

Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs (Hint: 1__1)

1962

Date: Cuban Missile Crisis

1959

Date: Cuban Revolution (Hint: 1__9)

1810s

Date: Decade when Independence in mainland Latin America began (Hint: 1__0s)

1588

Date: Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British (Hint: 1__8)

1488

Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope (Hint: 1__8)

1054 CE

Date: East-West Great Schism in Christian Church (Hint: __54 CE)

1863

Date: Emancipation Proclamation in US (Hint: 1__3)

220 CE

Date: End of Han Dynasty (Hint: _20 CE)

180 CE

Date: End of Pax Romana (Hint: _80 CE)

1095 CE

Date: First Crusade (Hint: ___5 CE)

1871

Date: German Unification (Hint: 1__1)

5th century BCE

Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers (Hint "___ century BCE")

1848

Date: Many European Revolutions / Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto (Hint: 1__8)

creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.

League of Nations

Diplomatic organization created after World War I. Proposed by Wilson but the US did not join. The organization is widely regarded as a huge failure.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.

Silver

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

Julius Caesar

During a civil war the Roman Senate allowed him to become a dictator but he refused to give it up and the senate eventually killed him. But his name came to mean "emperor".

Japan

During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.

Vedas

Early Eastern sacred knowledge. by braham priests

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.

Hebrews

Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Tell

Earthen mound covering ancient structures.

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

Guilds

Economic groups that functioned as jati by controling prices, output, workers, and competition for a specific product.

Mercantilism

Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Capitalism

Economic system with private and corporate ownership of property and competitive markets. However, since its origins in the 18th and 19th century it was also often correlated to large-scale collusion between governments and private industries such as through establishing royal charters, copyrights and patents, corporate law, and eventually even subsidies of taxpayer money to private industries.

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

Mohammad Ali

Egyptian ruler from 1805-1848, oversaw many changes to Egypt during that time period. One of these changes involved building up the military by looking to the French and Napoleon. He also opened up educational institutions as well as made Egypt one of the leading cotton exporters.

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Suez Canal

Egyptians with funding from France and later Britain created this major transportation project completed in 1869.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

Emperor Menelik

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Babylonian Empire

Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.

Centralized

Empires and states developed increasingly _________ governments to administer and organize their subjects (600 BCE to 600 CE, in China, Persia, Rome etc.)

rebellions

Empires and states wanted centralization and more efficient tax systems. Because of this there were strains on peasant producers which sometimes led to ___.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642=1727)

England; founded the modern laws of *motion and mechanics,* remained unchallenged until the 20th century. At his core was the *concept of universal gravitation.*

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

James cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

John Locke (1632-1704)

English; offered principles for constructing a *constitutional government.*

Divine right

Enlightenment ideas such as the social contract, natural rights, and the general will were a challenge to this traditional basis of rule by monarchs.

Gilgamesh Epic

Epic based on the real "King Gilgamesh" of Uruk. It is the world's oldest of written story. Consists of a number of different versions because it was re-written by several different Mesopotamian cultures. The oldest reference comes from 6 Sumarian poems relating of a series of legendary events not reliably related to the real Gilgamesh.

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Ethnic enclaves

Ethnic Enclaves helped transplant their culture into new environment and facilitated the development of migrant support network.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

Universal Time Line

Every event has it's own unique place in a chronological time line.

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Ram Mohan Roy

Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim.

Radical

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

Manchurians

Federation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire.

Daimyo

Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.

loess

Fine yellowish light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because of the tiny needle-like shape of its particles, it can be easily shaped and used for underground structures (but vulnerable to earthquake)

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Liu Bang

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Babur

First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.

European motivation and goals for exploration

Firstly, they wanted to *bypass Muslims* in terms of trade, then they desired *luxury goods* such as *spices and silks,* wanted more land, compete with other *European states* for power, and mostly fortune. The Spanish's motives can be simplified into three Gs: *God, Glory and Gold.* France and the Netherlands' main motives were the *fur trade and expansion* through the *Northwest Passage.* England's motivation for expansion is *religious freedom* for individual groups and *economic opportunity.*

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

Glorious Revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

Glorious revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.

Seven Years War

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

Minoan Civilizatian

Found on the Cretian island (1750 - 1450 BCE). Massive palace at Knossos has 6 levels, toilets, pools, and a maze like structure (leading to the name referring to the greek myth). Art leads to beleif that it was an egaltarian society.

Shah Ismail

Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire.

Osman

Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. nationalism,Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

French; discussed the notion of an *unlimited universe* in which humankind occupied a mere speck of dust in an *unimaginable vastness.*

René Descartes

French; philosopher who resolved to seek no other knowledge than that which he might find within himself. He thought of *human reason* without the *aid of ancient authorities or divine revelations.*

Voltaire (1694-1778)

French; reflected the outlook of the Scientific Revolution, believed in *deism,* wherein they believed in a Deity which was compared to a *clockmaker.* Others became *pantheists,* believed that God and nature were identical.

Communication

From 1900 to the present, science has lead to an influx of technological development. _________ between regions became easy through utilization of the telephone, television, radio, and internet.

Abbasid Dynasty

From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.

Assyrian Empire

From 900 - 600 BCE the Assyrian Empire ruled Babylon, Egypt, and assimilated 10 of the 12 Hebrew tribes. Had iron weapons, calvary, and arrows.

czar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indians, Africans

From most powerful to least powerful, this was the social order in the Spanish Americas during the early modern period. (Spanish-born Spaniards, American-born Spaniards, Mixed-race, Natives, and Slaves)

industrialization

From the 1500s to the 1700s, trans-oceanic empires expanded for mercantilist policies and to enrich land-owning nobles. Now during the 1800s trans-oceanic empires are expanding due to this economic motivation.

industrialization

From the 1500s to the 1700s, trans-oceanic empires expanded for mercantilist policies and to enrich land-owning nobles. Now during the 1800s, trans-oceanic empires were expanding due to this economic motivation.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. In 1949 the Guomingdang was defeated by the CCP and transplanted to Taiwan.

Conquistador

Generic term for a Spanish conqueror of the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Schlieffen Plan

German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.

Impact of the Printing Press

German Gutenberg was invented in *1440,* and revolutionized *book-making* and the spread of ideas. The Printing Press were mostly centered around *Germany.*

Kepler

German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Albert Einstein

German physicist, father of modern quantum physics.

Habsburg

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Johannes Kepler

German; In the early *17th century,* showed that the planets followed *elliptical orbits.*

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

German; defined the Enlightenment as a *"man's emergence from his inability to use his own understanding without anybody else's guidance."*

Roman Republic

Government ruled by a senate, spoke Latin, and borrowed heavily from Greek culture. They militarily expanded their territory for centuries but the senate eventually was overthrown by an imperial system.

Totalitarianism

Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.

canals

Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.

Viceroy

Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.

Persian Empire

Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.

Nomadic

Prior to agriculture, this type of group traveled looking for food and shelter.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Polis

Greek word for "city-state"

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Hittites

Groups like the _______ in Anatolia gained control over iron weapons and were able to subjugate their less powerful neighbors.

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

Who is Hernando Cortes?

He (Spanish) conquered the *Aztec empire* in Mexico in *1519.* He is one of the main explorers in the early modern era.

Alexander the Great

He and his father defeated and united the weakened Greek city-states and he defeated the Persian Empire in 330 BCE thus spreading Greek culture and influence throughout Western Asia.

Hammurabi

He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Caesar Augustus

He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.

Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)

He followed Sirhindi's thinking and reversed Akbar's *policy of accommodation,* forbidding the sati, music and dance in court and suppressed gambling, drinking, narcotics, etc. The *jizya tax* was reimposed.

Akbar (1556-1605)

He is Mughal Empire's *most famous emperor* who accommodated the Hindus. After conquering the Hindu Rajputs of NW India, he *married* some of the *princesses* but *did not* force them to convert to Islam. He softened Hindu women's restrictions by encouraging the *remarriage* of widows, *discouraging child marriages* and the *sati (widow's death by pyre).* He imposed *toleration,* restrained the *ulama* and removed the *jizya* (special tax on Non-Muslims). He constructed a *House of Worship* as well.

Who is Francisco Pizarro?

He is a Spanish man who is *a cousin of Cortes* and the one who *conquered the Inca Empire* in Peru in *1533.*

Tamerlane

He is very much like Ghengis Khan; a military leader who conquered the lands of Persia; his empire was decentralized with tribal leaders.

Akbar

He led the *Mughal Empire* and brought peace and order to India. He encouraged *religious tolerance* with both Hindus and Muslims that he created a cross-cultural temple. He administered a *syncretic* religion known as *Din-i-Ilahi* or *"Divine Faith"* which combined Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. He *repealed the taxes* (jizya) on non-Muslims.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Jean Bodin

He was a *16th century* French philosopher who praised the *religious tolerance* of the Ottoman sultan. The French sometimes allied with the Ottomans to fight *Habsburg Austria.*

Who is Henry VIII?

He was a King of England who desired a male *heir,* he was responsible for *England's Protestant Rule* after asking for annulment to Queen Catherine of Aragon. Queen Elizabeth I was a child of this king who made the *Anglican Church* become the most dominant church in England up to the present.

Who is Ferdinand Magellan?

He was a Portuguese man who sailed for Spain who was the first person to be credit for *circumnavigating* the world. He died in the *Philippines.*

Hernan Cortes

He was a Spanish conquistador who attacked the *Aztecs* and Tenochtitlan.

Who is Suleiman I?

He was a leader of the *Ottoman Empire* who organized the law, strengthened the military, used the *devshirme system* of converting young boys to become army members (janissaries).

Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624)

He was a philosopher who opposed Akbar's policies. He opposed *saints,* animal sacrifice and Hindu festivals. He believed that women were *stupid.*

Peter the Great (1689-1725)

He was a tsar of the Russian Empire who included vast administrative changes, the modernization of military forces, a new educational system (foreigners) for the noblemen's sons and creation of manufacturing enterprises. He forced European clothing and the shaving of beards. He changed the capital to *St. Petersburg* as a "window on the West."

Who is Martin Luther and what was his impact on the Protestant Reformation?

He was originally a priest and a *professor of moral theology* who sought truth. He was convinced that *salvation* was through *faith alone* and wanted to *ban the sale of indulgences,* aimed to remit eternal judgment. He created the *95 Theses* and sent a letter to the *Archbishop of Mainz* on October 31, 1517. He did not believe in priesthood. His ideas were supported by *Northern German princes* who sought independence from Charles V.

Who is Mehmed II, the Conqueror?

He was the Ottoman sultan responsible for the *capture of Constantinople* in 1453 and renamed it to *Istanbul.* He transformed from a warrior sultan to an emperor of *"two lands"* (Europe, Asia) and *"two seas"* (Black Sea, Mediterranean).

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.

Thirty Year's War

Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

Reincarnation

Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.

Confucius

His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).

Ptolemy

His ideas on science influenced Muslim and European scholars from Roman times until the Scientific Revolution. He was a Greco-Roman writer famous as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.

Analyzing Evidence

Historical Thinking Skill: Explain the authors point of view, who it is going to, relevance, format, and historical content to explain the primary source. *S.O.A.P: Speaker, Occasion, Audience, purpose. Evaluate usefulness, reliability, or limitations of a primary source

Causation

Historical Thinking Skill: Explain the effects of a historical event, development or process. Evaluate the relative significance of different causes/effects on historical events of processes.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Period 4

Historical Period: 1450-1750 Global Interactions

Period 5

Historical Period: 1750-1900 Industrialization and Global Integration

Period 6

Historical Period: 1900-Present Accelerating Global Change and Realignments

Period 2

Historical Period: 600 BCE-600 CE Organization and Reorganization

Period 3

Historical Period: 600-1450 Regional and Interregional Interactions

Period 1

Historical Period: 8000-600 BCE Technological and Environmental Transformations

Interpretation

Historical Thinking Skill: Analyze the argument, explain how it was supported through evidence, and evaluate the effectiveness. Analyze the diverse historical interpretations.

Argumentation

Historical Thinking Skill: Articulate a defensible claim in the form of a clear and compelling thesis that relative importance of multiple factors and sees a diverse number of perspectives. Use specific historical evidence, and support the argument with the application of a specific historical thinking skill. Evaluate the evidence and explain its relevance to a claim or thesis, giving a clear link to the evidence and the argument. Relate the historical evidence in a cohesive way to develop an argument.

Periodization

Historical Thinking Skill: Explain ways historical events and processes can be organized into discrete, different, and definable historical periods. Evaluate whether a particular event or date could or could not be a turning point between different, definable historical periods, used in particular historical evidence.

Continuity and Change Over Time

Historical Thinking Skill: Identify the patterns of CCOT and explain the significance. Explain how patterns of CCOT relate to larger historical processes or themes.

Contextualization

Historical Thinking Skill: Situates historical events, developments, or processes within the broader context in which they occurred to draw conclusions for their significance

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

All

How many documents should you use in the DBQ?

Migration

Hunting-gathering bands did this in order to find food and shelter. It defines nomadic existence and explains the spread of humanity throughout the earth in prehistoric times.

Yu the Great

Hypothetically lived 2200 BCE. According to legend he is responsible for leading the construction of drainage ditches to help aleviate or lessen the floods of the Yellow River.

Constantinople

In 1453 the capital and main outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

blankets

In 1763, British soldiers fighting native Americans in the Pontiac War, are famously accused of giving _______ infected with small pox to the natives. This has been suggested as an early example of germ warfare.

Liberia

In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became and independent nation.

China's Self-Strengthening Movement

In 1861-1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty that went behind a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Yin and yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Civil Service Exam

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Indo-Europeans

In about the 1500s BCE these people were migrating tribes from present-day southeast Russia. Some traveled to Europe, some to Persia, and some to India. Thus, today many people in Europe, Perisa, and India share some lingustic, cultural, and biological roots.

4

In an AP World DBQ, the minimum number times you must analyze the documents via "sourcing," such as point of view, context of document, or purpose of documents.

synthesis

In both the DBQ and LEQ, you need to extend your argument by explaining connections to other historical events, periods, places, themes, or academic fields of study. It's often best to put this explanation in your conclusion.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861.

Cherokee

In response to the rapid expansion by the United States, this native tribal group formed a national government, sought to modernize their society, but were forcibly relocated in the 1830s.

Africa

In the 16th century, warfare between states/groups in _______ for the purposes of capturing new slaves to be taken to the Atlantic market increased dramatically.

Exclusion

In the 1880s the United States passed the The Chinese _______ Act, which banned Chinese immigration.

Gold Standard

In the 1900's the Gold Standard was signed by McKinley. Which said that all paper money should and would be backed up by gold. This means that the government had to keep gold in special places whenever someone decided that they wanted to trade in their money. this eventually eliminated silver coins.

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Join-stock companies

Influenced by mercantilism, this was a new method used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. The British preferred to rely on these; wealthy individuals *operated under a royal charter.*

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

Peninsulares

In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.

Mercantilism

In this economic system, the European government served their countries' economic interests by *encouraging exports* and accumulating *bullion,* which was believed as the source of national prosperity.

Christopher Columbus

Incorrectly calculated the circumference of the globe, and gained Spanish support to travel west to Asia based on this. Believed he had reached islands off the coast of Asia, when he had actually reached the Caribbean.

Caste system

India's traditional social hierarchy.

Gupta Dynasty

Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Global migration

Industrial transportation technologies as well as growing population and changes to the labor market caused an increase in ____ ____, especially toward industrial cities.

socialism

Industrialization led to groups that opposed what they saw as exploitation of workers and instead promoted an alternative vision of society where everyone would be equal. What is this belief called?

imperialism

Industrialization was not only associated with increased trade for foreign resources, but by the mid 1800s it also caused and increase in ______. Industrialized countries would exploit weaker countries for their resources.

Salon

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Protestant Reformation

Initially spread in *1520s-1530s,* this was caused by *resentment* of the pope's authority, the practice of *usury* (churches giving loans with high interest rates), corruption, and the *opposition to indulgences.* This was caused by Ecclesiastical Corruption, where priests violated *abstention and celibacy* and avoided *monastic education.* John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocated for reform.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Gunpowder

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.

caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Sharia

Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

King Henry VIII of England

King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism

Galileo

Italy; he developed an improved *telescope,* established the understandings of the cosmos.

United States

Japan's Meiji restoration was influenced by the imperialist actions of this country, who arrived and essentially forced them to negotiate a trade agreement.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim journey to Mecca.

Belgium

King Leopold II of this country acquired the massive territory of the Congo as his own private possession, which became one of the most brutal episodes of African colonial history and has left violent legacy in places like Congo and Rwanda today.

English bill of rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace of Versailles.

Greeks

Known for their culture (such as art, architecture and philosophy). Made up of city-states. Didn't have a large empire or military.

Encomienda

Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.

Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants

Indian Ocean

Large amounts of rade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450)

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

Dhows

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

civilian

Large-scale aerial attacks with large numbers of both military and _______ fatalities occurred in several mid 20th century conflicts.

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Great Temple of Amon at Karmak

Largest religious structure ever built, spanning 250 acres, in the honor of the god Amon. Built on orders of Ramses the Great.

The Mahdi

Last imam in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as an apocolyptic messiah at the end of time.

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294). Ruled the Mongol Empire from China and was the founder of the Yuan Empire in China after defeating what was left of the Song Dynasty.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945).

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

Ashoka

Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.

Trajan

Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin.

Hundred Days Reforms

Led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao . Established Imperial University of Beijing and an all new education system. They innitialted many new Chiefs for offices. They also made a government budget. It ended without much success by Cixi.

Mestizo

Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Tigris and Euphrates

Mesopotamia is the land between what two rivers?

Persian Empire

Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.

Jose Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Oath of the Tennis Court

National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made. Starts the first phase of the revolution.

Nazism

National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Pearl Harbor

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Maya

Never an empire but an extensive and culturally advanced Mesoamerican society with many cities in the Yucatan.

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE.

Production

New energy sources utilized from 1900 to the present, such as oil and nuclear power, increased the _______ of goods and services.

Zulu

New states emerged on the edge of expanding empires. As the British expanded their South African colony, the ____ Kingdom came into being, led by a man named Shaka.

The Crystal Palace

Nineteenth-century building by Joseph Paxton. Could be considered an early example of the relationship between new technology and architecture.

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Muhammad Ali

Not a modern nationalist, but this Egpytian figure is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.

Social

One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on ______ structure/systems. Includes development of family groups, gender roles and relations, ethnic and racial constructions and economic class.

Economics

One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on ______ structure/systems. Includes systems or trade and exchange, economic theories, agricultural and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, socialism, and related economic ideologies.

Environment

One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on human interaction with this. Also includes things such as large-scale demographics and disease, human migration, and patterns of settlement.

Culture

One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on this. Includes diffusion and the development of ideas, religions and other belief systems and philosophies, science and technology, art, language, and architecture.

Politics

One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on this. Includes state-building, expansion, war, types of government and political structures, Empires, nationalism, revolts and revolutions, international organizations.

Social Contract

One of the most famous ideas of the Enlightenment era of the 18th century. It's the believe in an agreement among members of the society to cooperate for social benefits. It was meant to replaced the idea of Divine Right of Kings.

Mughal Empire

One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.

Aswan High Dam

One of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt. A key project under Gama Abdel Nasser.

Rigveda

One of the worlds oldest religious texts. It is a book composed by Vedic Brahman priests that contains hymns and Sanskrit poetry.

Iron puddling

One step in one of the most important processes of making the first appreciable volumes of high-grade bar iron (malleable wrought iron) during the Industrial Revolution.

Iconoclast

One who attacks and seeks to disapprove or overthrow traditions or popular beliefs, ideas, or institutions. Also reference to someone who is contrary.

Quinto

One-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas.

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Julius Caesar

Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.

Isfahan

Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.

Daoism

Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Nicklaus Copernicus

Polish; was famous for the book *On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres* which was published on 1453. He argued that at the middle of all things was the *sun.*

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

Guomindang

Political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Afica.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.

Foot Binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Preindustrial

Pre industrialization is the first stage of demographic transition.

Guilds

Pre-industiral associations of businessmen and producers two work for their collective interest.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Who is Prince Henry the Navigator?

Prince Henry created the *Navigation School in Sagres, Portugal.* Henry outfitted the ships himself or granted *licenses* to private captains.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Ramses II (The Great)

Ramses ruled for 67 years, he had multiple wives and 150 kids. He is responsible for the construction of the largest religious structure ever built as well as the giant statues of he and his favorite wife.

India

Rapid industrialization hurt the economies of places that were still agriculturally based. For example, textiles in _____ , a British colony.

South Africa

Rare metals are needed for industry such as seen with the increased mining activity in the British colony of ______ ______.

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel

Ecclesiastical

Relating to a church or religious organization.

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran.

Protestantism

Religions born of protests to the practices of Catholicism

Sikhism

Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires.

Mandate of Heaven

The Chinese belief that the emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" and therefore has the right to rule.

Sadler report

Report in 1832 where Michael Sadler took parliamentary investigation of previous children workers who worked in mines and factories as children. The report covers the interview with Matthew Crabtree who was a former child textile factory worker. Crabtree talks about the long work hours, little pay, and bad living conditions

CE

Represents dates after the year zero. Stands for Common Era.

Ming Taizu

Restored the civil service exams and tried to make them fair to poor students.

Agricultural Revolution

Resulted not only in a more reliable food source, but also in a shifting of dependancy and power to males over females, the claiming and defending of land, and the establishment of the first political and religious institutions.

Zapata

Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution who originated from the lower classes and was especially appealing to the peasants because he wanted to take land from the haciendas and return it to them.

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

Constantine

Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital

Justinian's Code

Roman law that was modified by revising old and not needed laws. Named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.

Transportation

Scientific developments in ________ since 1900 have led to the elimination of the problem of geographic distance through innovations such as automobiles, jets, and subways.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Byzantine Emperor

The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.

Wine

Romans were very fond of this beverage and it was a major part of the Mediterranean economy and was assiminated by the places they conquered as they Romanized the Mediteranean region.

Sha Abbas

Ruled the Safavid Empire at its cultural and military height.

Joesph Stalin

Ruled the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. Ruled with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.

King Louis XIV of France

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves.

Pericles

Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

rituals

Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize their rule. In China emperors' public performance of Confucian _____ was an example of this.

Qing Dynasty

Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.

Siberia

Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.

Romanovs

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.

Perestroika

Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Adam Smith

Seen as the Father of Capitalism. Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Hundred Years' War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453.

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Doña Marina

She was an Aztec woman who was first known as *Malinal,* was born around *1505.* She was fluent in *Mayan and Nahuatl* and became a translator. She was a mistress of Cortes. She was known as the *mother of Mexico's mestizo culture.*

Catherine the Great

She was an Empress of Russia who established *religious tolerance for Muslims* in the late 18th century and created a *state agency* to oversee Muslim affairs.

Mary Wollstonecraft

She was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights.

Safavid Empire

Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

HSBC

Short name for the powerful 19th century transnational corporation named The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. It was established and based in Hong Kong since the 1865, when Hong Kong was one of the British colonies.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with many deaths.

Revisionism

Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Prejudice

Socieites who received immigrants from other countires did not always embrace them, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial _____

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.

transnational

Some businesses in this period became _________ in that their ownership and organization were not confined to a particular country, such as with the United Fruit Company.

What were the syncretic religions and what ncere their origins?

Some of the syncretic religions were the *Vodun* (belief in spirits) in the *Caribbean,* the *Cults of Saints* in S. America (which included the *Our Lady of Guadalupe*, and *Sikhism* in South Asia which focused on *good acts* rather than rituals and no caste system.

Western Wall

Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.

Timur

Sometimes known as Tamerlane, this was the Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His empire included Persia (Iran) and many surrounding lands. He is the great great grandfather of Babur. who later founds the Mughal Empire in India.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Four Asian Tigers

South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

Hacienda

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Jizya

Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.

Empire

Starting in approximately 2500 BC, the Akkadians invaded the Sumerians and created what is probably the first ______, which is when societies are in some way taken over and dominated by a central authority.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

railroads

Steamships and _______ were the major transportation developments of the 19th century.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Tools

Stone age peope made new _____ in order to adapt to different environments as groups migrated.

Humanism

Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.

MIng Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Zhou

Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.

scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Cuneiform

Sumarian writing. The first ever written language, deriving from the Latin word meaning wedge shaped because of the shape of the letters.

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Calvinism (1509-1564).

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true.

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

Ottoman sultan

The *ruler* of the Ottoman Empire who became a *Turkic warrior prince,* a Muslim *caliph* and a *conqueror.* They were the *"strong sword of Islam"* and were the *chief defenders* of the faith.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

1500s

The 16th century includes what years?

1600s

The 17th century includes what years?

1700s

The 18th century includes what years?

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Steamship

The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails.

1800s

The 19th century includes what years?

100s

The 2nd century BCE includes what years?

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a a political upheaval that ended up taking places between 1765 and 1783 during these time the rebels in the 13th colonies denied thee British Monarchy and overthrew the authority of Great British to gain its Independence from them which soon formed the United States of America.

Joint-stock companies

The British, instead of using imperial bureaucracy like Spanish America, used this system wherein wealthy individuals shared ownership of a company and were operated under a royal charter.

immigrants

The Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy were both examples of the regulation of ________ based on ethnicity and were caused by growing racial and nationalist attitudes during the 19th century.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Indonesia

The Dutch had a presence in in this place, which they called the East Indies from 1595. But during the 19th century their control of this set of islands expanded and became their biggest colony.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s).

Theory of Progress

The European Enlightenment idea that stated that society was always progressing.

Scramble for Africa

The European's flurry of colonializations in Africa.

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

1830

The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in the French colony this was the only successful revolt that took place in Saint-Domingue which ended slavery there. The revolt began in with rebellious black slaves in 1791 and ended 1803 with the defeat of the French.

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Kshatriya

The Hindu warrior caste.

British East India Company

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Bolsheviks

The Marxist revolutionaries who eventually gain control of Russia in 1917.

Minoans

The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society.

Jihad

The Muslim word for "struggle" especially when trying to follow the will of Allah.

Holocaust

The Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler.

Opium Wars

The Opium War was a conflict in China during the Mid-19th century between the Qing Dynasty and the Western countries. The first war was fought between Britain and China. The second war was known as the Arrow War/ Anglo- French war also in China and was fought by Britain and France against China. The first war had to do with China trying to gain supremacy over trade and the second was China trying to quell the Taiping Rebellion.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

Mediterranean

The Phonecian traders brought the first alphabet from the Middle East to the Greeks because both were seafaring traders in this sea.

What were the long-term effects of the Reformation?

The Protestant churches *flourished,* several religious wars (Thirty Years War) happened, religion further divided Europe, secularism and the growth of the printing press encouraged the *questioning of beliefs* and Church power declined.

Qing China

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) that took over after the Ming Dynasty. Believed in the mandate of heaven. Two big rulers during this time was Kangxi and Qianlong. The last dynasty in this region was ended by war, rebellions, and natural disasters.

What were the innovations in visual and performing arts during this era?

The Renaissance in Europe The Miniatures in Persia Wood Block Printing in Japan and the Codices in Latin America

Southern Grasslands of Moscow

The Russian Empire, which was first centered in Moscow, first expanded into these lands. They were nomadic and pastoral and had *feudal clans.*

Muscovy

The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

Tsar

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

1867

The Serbians gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.

Cortes

The Spanish conqueror of Mexico.

pyramids

The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Americans all built different types of this kind of structure because they all had a heavily centralized governments with emperors who were seen as closely tied to religion or were even seen as gods.

Fertile Crescent

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile.

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

United Fruit Company

The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States.

Tanzimat

The _____ Movement was a series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that brought the culture education, religion and society more in order with Europe and the United States and western ways.

Middle Class

The _____ ______ also called the bourgeoisie, became the most powerful social class within industrialized societies. They were the wealthy but non-aristocratic class of property owners and the biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. Meanwhile the Marxists saw them as exploiters of the working class.

Middle Class

The _____ ______ also called the bourgeoisie, was essentially a new and extremely powerful social class within industrialized societies. They were the wealthy but non-aristocratic class of property owners and the biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. But the Marxists saw them as exploiters of the working class.

Potato Famine

The _____ ______ caused Irish citizens to migrate because of starvation.

Safavid

The _________ Empire that ruled Persia (Iran) between 1502-1736.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

Hinduism

The architecture of this 12th century temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia shows the influence of what religious culture?

Dharma

The basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects.

Sufi

The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Indus

The civilization from this river's valley (3500 BC to 2500 BC) had two thriving cities which were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Hadith

The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.

Flu Pandemic of 1918

The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.

Millenarianism

The doctrine of or belief in a future thousand-year age of blessedness, beginning with or culminating in the Second Coming of Christ. It is central to the teaching of groups such as Plymouth Brethren, Adventists, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.

Silla Dynasty

The dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776).

Mercantilism

The economic theory that the world has a limited amount of wealth so the more wealth a nation has, the more powerful it is.

Seleucid Empire

The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Imperialism

The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states.

Arthashastra

The famous ancient Indian book on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Written by Kautilya.

Archeology

The field of study that tells us about wow humans lived in the Paleolithic Era.

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Salvador Allende

The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Torah

The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this

Umma

The term for all Muslims as a community.

Sumer

The first historical civilization. (Located in Mesopotamia / The Fertile Crescent)

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Chavin

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's right convention held in New York in 1848 to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.

Limited Liability Corporations

The form of business where ownership is in which the owners are liable only up to a certain amount of their individual investment.

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

Zoroaster

The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion, Zoroastrianism.

Siddhartha

The founder of the religion Buddhism who believed that all life was suffering. Also known as the Buddha.

Varna

The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.

Aborigine

The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.

Martin Luther

The german monk who is widely regarded as the leader of the Protestnat Reformation. He was excommunicated by the Catholic church due to his opposition to certain practices and he began his own sect of Christianity in the 16th century.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Akbar

The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.

Hittites

The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented.

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age

Bible

The holy book of Christians.

Quran

The holy book of Muslims.

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).

White Man's burden

The idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

Aboriginals

The indigenous people of Australia; arrived 40,000 years ago; mistreated by European settlers.

WTO

The initials of the international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph.

Montezuma II

The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.

Influenza

The last global pandemic in history that killed millions was that of _______ in 1918.

Muhammad

The last prophet believed by Muslims who talked to the Archangel Gabriel and whose life teachings is compiled in the Hadith.

Toussaint L'Overture

The main leader of the Haitian independence movement.

SAQ: Who were the main explorers in the early modern era?

The main mariners were Christopher Columbus who sailed to the *Americas* as funded by Isabella and Philip, *Zheng He* who sailed along the *Indian Ocean,* Prince Henry and his *navigation school,* Ferdinand Magellan and his *achievement* and Vasco da Gama who sailed around *India.* Bartholomeu Dias went to the *Cape of Good Hope* in 1487-1499. Gil Eanes sailed beyond *Cape Bojador* on W. Africa.

telegraph

The major 19th century communication development.

Apostle Paul

The man who was instrumental in its spreading Christianity beyond its early Jewish roots, particularly to the Greeks.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small

Columbian Exchange

The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Suleiman the magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as The Lawgiver. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Jacobins

The most radical political faction (party) of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

Jacobins

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

Teotihuacan

The most significant pre-Columbian Mesoamerican city.

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

British Raj

The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.

Hellenistic Empire

The name of Alexander the Great's Empire

Achaemenid Empire

The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.

Sumerians

The name of the first culture in the world to develop cities.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.

Siberia

The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

Middle Passage

The part of the Atlantic slave trade that involved the voyage Africans across the Atlantic Ocean.

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Nubians

The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Bantu

The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

Warring States Period

The period in Chinese history (403-221 BCE) in which many different states emerged and were fighting for control of China. Ended with the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty.

pax romana

The period of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas.

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

Second Industrial Revolution

The phase of industrialization starting in the 1860s with increased steel, chemistry, and eventually electricity, and oil. Bessemer process; link between science and industrial development. Corresponds with the new wave of imperialism that happened at the same time.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca required to take by Muslims

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US

Glasnost

The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.

Camillo di Cavour

The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.

Urban II

The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE

Colonialism

The practice of having and running colonies.

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Ancestor Veneration

The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.

Brahmins

The priest varna of the caste system.

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

Chartism

The principles of a body of 19th century English reformers and mass protests who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people.

Desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture.

assimilation

The process by which people are gradually absorbed and integrated into another culture.

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Globalization

The process of the world becoming more economically interconnected and interdependent. The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.

Collectivization

The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing--from private hands to large, collective, government operations.

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

mantra

The repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism.

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs in India against the Brisith; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Nile River

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

ulama

The theologians and legal experts of Islam. Best known as the arbiters of sharia law.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

Shia

The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims.

African diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

The Great Schism

The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

African labor system

The slavers chose the Africans as they were mostly *immune to European diseases,* as they have been in contact with them for centuries. They mostly didn't have any one to help resist with *as they were usually outsiders from Central Africa,* most of which were already *experienced farmers* who have enough ability to cultivate the fields of sugar (and later cotton). In Brazil, male slaves can become free. In the Spanish West Indies, slaves could *buy their freedom.* In the French West Indies, *laws regarding slaves were ignored,* and in the Dutch West Indies, slaves were treated *harshly.* In British territories, slaves were *chattel,* just property.

Century

The smallest unit of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.

Colombian Exchange

The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Estates General

The traditional group of representatives from the three Estates of French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Louis XVI assembled this group to deal with the financial crisis in France at the time, but the 3rd estate demanded more rights and representation.

Italy

The spread of nationalism led to the creation of this European nation thanks to figures like Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Germany

The spread of nationalism led to the unification of this central European nation, following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871

Nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

Meiji Restoration

The state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort in the late 19th century that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Historiography

The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.

Monophysites

The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.

Fertile Crescent

The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began.

Neolithic Revolution

The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.

Agriculture

The switch to ______ created a more reliable and stable food supply.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Factory System

The system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which soon replaced goods made by hand .The factory system evolved in England in the 18t century as part of the Industrial Revolution.

Jizya

The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam.

Militarism

The tendency to regard military greatness as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.

Brahman

The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.

Columbian exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. Amongst the goods from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia were: *squash, orators, tomatoes, corn, peanuts, etc.* The goods from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas were: *citrus fruits, sugar cane, coffee (Arabs), cattle, sheep, pigs and horses and diseases.*

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications

Devshirme

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.

US Civil War

The violent conflict between Union and confederate forces over states rights and slavery.

Tobacco, chocolate

These were American stimulants that were used around the world. One of them was known as the *gentleman's companion.*

Corn, potatoes and cassava

These were the American food crops that easily spread into the Eastern Hemisphere.

Puritans

These were the British settlers who brought English culture to Massachusetts.

Quakers

These were the British settlers who brought English culture to Pennsylvania.

Horses, pigs, cattle, goats and sheep

These were the Old World animals that were introduced to the New World. This also made possible a *ranching economy* and cowboy culture.

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Kshatriyas

The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.

Samurai

The warrior elite of medieval Japan.

Patricians

The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.

Nur Jahan

The wife of Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) who was regarded as the *power behind the throne* of her alcoholic husband.

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Green Revolution

The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.

1991

The year of the collapse of the Soviet Union.

1453

The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed. Hint: __53

Cattle Killing

Thee Xhosa _____ ________ Movement occurred in 1856 when a girl name Nongqawuse received a message from a spirit saying that "thee dead will rise and the living cattle must be slaughtered. this became an important potent prophecy and an extraordinary story in human

monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.

Jesuits

These were *Ignatius of Loyola's followers,* "Society of Jesus." Their main purposes were to *found schools* throughout Europe to educate priests, to establish *missionaries* to convert non-Catholics and to *stop Protestantism* from spreading. The Inquisition, as approved by *Pope Paul III,* approved the Jesuits. This Roman Inquisition rooted out violating individuals.

France

This European nation lost colonies in the Americas but expanded its presence in Indochina and Africa in the 19th century.

Maya

They settled in the Yucatan Peninsula, not far from the Olmecs. A very cultural and intellectual people who used astronomy to create and very accurate calendar.

Zunghars

They were a Western Mongolian group from the *late 17th century.*

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.

Henry The Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Who were the other Spanish explorers in this era?

They were: America Vespucci, Juan Ponce de León who claimed *Florida,* Hernan de Soto who went to *Florida and Southeastern United States,* and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado who found the *seven cities of gold.*

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Impact of religion on Mughal Empire

This Empire was found in *India,* was an *absolute* monarchy centered on Delhi and was established by *Muslim Turks.* Though they were both *Hindu and Islam,* the *Sunni Muslims* still ruled. They created lavish courts, built the *Taj Mahal* (originally Islamic), increased trade, promoted Islamic architecture such as the use of *domes and the arch* and brought *porcelain, paper and gunpowder* from China. When Great Britain took over India, this empire collapsed.

1530s

This was when the first *Portuguese plantations* became established in Brazil.

Atlantic Slave Trade

This began mainly due to the *death* of non-immune original *"New World"* slaves which were the *Native Americans.* Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. Most enslaved Africans were from *West Africa* (75%), while most of these slaves reached the *West Indies* (60%). This encouraged *African warfare,* as tribes went to war with others to obtain slaves to trade for *guns (!).* It disrupted African culture as it created *violence,* and brought *prejudice* against Africans.

Mediterranean Sea

This body of Water separates Europe and Africa

Atlantic Ocean

This body of water contributed to Britain, the United States, France, and eventually Germany becoming industrialized

Black Sea

This body of water is North of present-day Turkey. http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3529/3278977531_f628aa09e2.jpg

The Red Sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

Persian Gulf

This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia

Carthage

This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.

Florence

This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s,

Athens

This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god.

Adolf Hitler

This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany; he believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.

Malaria

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected.

Qing dynasty (1644-1912)

This dynasty penetrated into *Inner Asia,* was led by *Manchus* from Manchuria, and doubled the size of the country. They *forbid intermarriages,* but they focused on the *elites* and Confucian teachings.

Islamic Mughal Empire (1526-1707)

This empire brought Hindus and Muslims together in *India.* It was created by *Central Asian warriors* who were Muslim but Turkic in culture. They descended from *Chinggis Khan* and Timur. In the 16th century, their brutal conquests gave India a *rare period of political unity* (1526-1707). Muslims were the ruling class but they only comprised of 20 percent of the population.

Turkish Ottoman Empire

This empire in the *Middle East* reestablished the earlier political unity of *heartland* Islam. They brought Muslim rule to *Southeast Europe* and Turkish rule into *Arabs* of North Africa and the Middle East. This was created by *Turkic warrior groups* who raided agricultural civilizations. It began in *1300* from NW Anatolia and became the *Islamic world's most significant empire* as it became the *heir* to the Byzantines and the Muslims.

Safavid Empire

This empire was established in *Persia/Iran* in 1501.

What is the Persian Safavid Empire?

This empire was found *east* of the Ottoman Empire, found in *modern-day Iran* and lasted from *1501 to 1722,* only for about two centuries. It was founded by Turkic *Ismail,* believing and following *Shi'a* (blood succession) version of Islam. They declined due to the raising *incompetence* of their leaders and the *misuse of money.* The *Afghans* seized them in 1722.

Impact of religion in Ottoman Empire

This empire was yet again founded by *Turks.* It started in *Anatolia* (present-day Turkey) and controlled the *Balkan peninsula* and parts of Europe. They acquired the Middle East, North Africa, and other regions. It was created after the Christian Crusades as *Osman Gazi* declared *indpendence in 1299.* He reigned until *1326.* He used *diplomacy and warfare* to increase territory. They had a *strong navy* in the Mediterranean and conquered Constantinople in 1453. They borrowed Persian, Byzantine and Arab influences.

Roman Republic

This establishment consisted of the Senate with two consuls who were elected by an assembly dominated by hereditary aristocrats known as patricians.

Industrialization

This gradually changed the way that things were produced, starting in the mid 18th century, but escalating greatly by the mid 19th century.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

This happened in the *Holy Roman Empire,* where political units were subdivided by different religions. This started as a conflict between *Protestants and Catholics* and fueled the *French-Habsburg Austrian* rivalry. This led to a war between France and Spain.

Ramayana

This is a Hindu epic, that, because of the Mughal Empire's influx of Persian settlers and artists, was translated into Persian.

Partition of India

This led to the movement of millions of people in South Asia after India got its independence from Britian.

What was the Line of Demarcation and the Treaty of Tordesillas?

This line was created to divide the world between *Spain and Portugal powers,* the Western Hemisphere being Spain's and the Eastern Hemisphere being Portugal's. The Treaty of Tordesillas moved this line a little bit to the west.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Warsaw Pact

Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

Pancho Villa

This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920.

fossil fuels

This new source of energy powered steam engines and internal combustion engines and greatly increased the energy available to industrial societies.

factory system

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Latin America

This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.

Galileo Galilei

This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

horseback riding

This skill allowed ancient people in Mesopotamia to move faster and have better armies, another trait introduced by pastoralists.

Scholasticism

This sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. Often associated with St. Thomas Aquinas.

Hacienda system

This system took shape in the *17th century,* where owners of large *estates* directly employed *native workers* who were paid low wages, paid high taxes, and had little control.

Sugar and cotton trade

This trade casted a long lasting link between Africa, Europe and the Americas. This made possible the *African slave trade.*

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

This treaty aimed to divide the Americas between *Spain and Portugal*

Treaty of Nerchinsk

This treaty from *1689* sought to create a *boundary* between *Russia and China.*

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia.

Little Ice Age

This was a natural phenomenon that started around the 1590s. It was a period of *unusually cool temperatures* that spanned much of the early modern era. Its causes might be much less solar irradiation, volcanic eruptions, or the depletion of human population.

Court of Colonial Affairs

This was an institution created by the Qing dynasty to separate the rule of Central Asian Chinese territories. The Chinese used *local nobles* to govern as inexpensively as possible. The local nobles wore *peacock feathers* and a Manchu hairstyle.

Scientific Revolution

This was an intellectual movement that started around the mid-16th century and early 18th centuries. This was a *nurturing of understanding of the cosmos* that were quite at odds with Christian teaching. Knowledge was acquired through *rational inquiry.* It altered ideas about *humankind's place* within the cosmos and challenged the *authority of the Church.* It also legitimized *racial and gender inequalities,* it became the *chief marker* of global modernity.

What is the Ottoman Law?

This was created as an answer towards the diversity (Arabs, Greeks, Slavs, etc.) of the Ottoman Empire. *Millets* were *separate communities* of non-Muslims who controlled their own affairs.

Edict of Nantes

This was created in *1598* and allowed *freedom of worship* for the *Huguenots.* This established *87 years* of religious toleration.

Zimmerman telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

This was the *first permanent* English settlement in Americas.

Influx of Russian settlers

This was the most profound transforming feature of the Russian Empire. In 1720 Siberia, only *30 percent* were Natives. In the 19th century, it dropped to having only *14 percent* Natives.

Realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

King vs. Parliament

This was the power struggle in English government during the *17th century.* One challenged the authority of the other. Because of this conflict, they paid *little attention* to the colonies.

Lack of domesticated animals

This was the primary cause of why Native Americans had *no immunity* towards Old World diseases. These diseases include: *smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and later on, the yellow fever.*

Peter the Great

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

1453

This was when the Turkish Ottomans conquered *Constantinople.* It changed from Constantinople to *Istanbul,* their new capital. Byzantium was gone.

Nationalize

To bring under the ownership or control of a nation, such as industries and land.

Tax farming

To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money like Tribute systems and _____ _____. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Chinese Examination system

To maintain centralized control, rulers recruited and use bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals. For example the Chinese used this system.

Abrogate

To officially canceled, abolish or revoke.

Tokugawa Japan

Tokugawa Japan was the final period of traditional Japan during the time period of 1603-1867, founded by Tokugawa Leyasu, Shoguns.

Chiang Kaishek

Took control of the Guomindang. Led troops on the Northern Expedition to end warlord era and unify China.

Hadith

Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Persian Wars

Two failed attempts by the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE to conquer the Greeks in the 400s BCE

Polarize

Two separate into groups that have extremely opposing viewpoints.

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Aristotle

Unlike his teacher Plato, he believe that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.

Red Turban rebellion

Uprising which lead to the overthrow of the yuan dynasty.

The Great Game

Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.

Vasco da Gama

Using the new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope, he brought spices back to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand dollars.

Balkans

Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.

Toussaint Louverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Young Turk movement

Was comprised of various reform groups that shared the same thoughts for reforming the Ottoman Empire

cottage industry

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.

Westernization

When a place adopts European or American ideas, technology, and culture. Usually also implies modernization.

Mita

When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America as a form of taxation. The Inca had previously used a similar practice.

circa

When noting dates the letter "c." before a date represents what? (example: Jesus was born c. 5 BCE). It means approximately.

Secular

When something such as a government or cultural product is not based on religion it is said to be this.

Present-day Brazil

Where did the Portuguese focus their empire-building on in the Americas?

Caribbean and the Mainland

Where did the Spanish focus their empire-building on in the Americas?

Aztec and Inca Empires

Which two empires during the early 16th century were believed to be the most wealthy, urbanized and densely populated regions of the Western Hemisphere?

Irrigation

With the invention of this tecnique, lands were able to be farmed that previously could not have been

Nirvana

Within several Indian religious this is the peace of mind that comes from ending the cycle of rebirth. For some it is from overcoming suffering while for others it comes from joining with Brahman.

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins.

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

Population

____ increased as a result of the Agricultural Revolution because more people could be fed reliably.

Genetically Modified

_____ _____ Crops have been altered to grow and interact a certain way with new environments. These crops utilized during the Green Revolution.

Cherokee Nation

_____ _______ was established in the 20th century due to the relocation of people of old Cherokee decedents who left and went to the Southeast due to pressure increase by the Indians and also some being forced to move to the what was called the Trial of tears.

Ethnic

_____ conflicts were common within places after they win their independence, especially if they have diverse populations and differing national identities.

Pastoral

______ societies were characterized by the domestication of animals but they usually did not settle down and farm or build towns.

Pharaohs

_______ were the rulers of Egypt, believed by their people to be descended of the sun god.

Monumental

________ architecture is an art used by governments display political power.

Iron weapons

_________ were the strongest and most advanced weapon material of the ancient times, introduced by pastoral people.

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Nazism

a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Mycenaeans

a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms

Oceania

a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)

Guerrilla

a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.

Mayans

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

Christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

Isolationism

a policy of non-involvement in foreign affairs

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Radicalism

a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned

Corporatism

a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Yurt

a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia such as Mongols, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.

Jainism

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

Buddhism

a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.

Humanism

a worldview and a moral philosophy that considers humans to be of primary importance. It is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. A major component of the Italian Renaissance.

Roman roads

allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers

Dar al islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Containment

an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, such as the US Cold War policy toward the USSR.

European Union

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.

English East India Company

an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Mongol Empire

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

Humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Diaspora

any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Spanish-American War

conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.

Centralism

denotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader

Hieroglyphics

designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented

Pastoralism

developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia because these places supported large mobile herds and nomadic lifestyle but not farming or cities.

Bhakti

devotional worship directed to one supreme deity, usually Vishnu (especially in his incarnations as Rama and Krishna) or Shiva, by whose grace salvation may be attained by all regardless of sex, caste, or class.

Bubonic plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Tang Dynasty

dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

Great Leap Forward

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

Virulent

extremely harmful or deadly, full of malice or evil intention.

Teotihuacan

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Protectionism

government policy of insulating domestic industries from the world market through import tariffs and taxes.

Aryans

immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

Great Schism

in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.

James Watt

invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Khomeini

leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Hegemony

leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.

Phoenicians

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform

Nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.

Berlin Airlift

supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Zoroastrianism

system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun

terrorism

targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Qin Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Concordat

the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.

Isolationism

the policy of separating one's country from the economic and political interactions with the rest of the world. nations

Entrepreneurship

the process of bringing together the three factors of production - natural resources, labor and capital - the person who does this is an entrepreneur.

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Islam

the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Confucianism

the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Buddhism

the teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

385

the year the Roman Empire Split. (Hint _85)

Empiricism

theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.

Abbasid Caliphate

third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.

Assyrian Empire

this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE

Warring States Period

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

governments

war bonds are an example of ____ trying to mobilize their populations for war

Crimean War

war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

Congress of Vienna

was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Che Guevara

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.

Gandhi

while many places were using violence to promote political change, this man famously did not.

Samuel Smiles

wrote an influential book Self Help in the 19th century, extolling the opportunity for success with hard work and persistence. Represents ideal middle class industrial values.