AP World History - 3.3 Key Terms

Empiricism

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Peace of Westphalia

The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Holy Synod

The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision."

Anne Boleyn

The second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

Simony

The selling of church offices.

Elect

To choose by voting

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Protestant Reformation

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Inquisition

A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Counter-Reformation

A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Martin Luther

German monk who criticized the Church in the Holy Roman Empire of violating biblical teachings.

Indulgences

Granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Predestined

Inevitable; having one's fate decided beforehand

Shariah

Islamic code of law

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.