AP World History 6.1-6.5
When did Serbia achieve independence?
1815
When was the first Opium War?
1839
when did the people in India rebel against British rule?
1857
When did the Europeans meet in Berlin to agree on how to colonize Africa?
1884
When did the railroad workers from India travel to Kenya?
1886
Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889;*French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880?
Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians.
The South African War (Boer Wars) (1899-1902) was different from other imperialist struggles for which of the following reasons?
European colonizers fought one another
"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to
European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies
1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." 1.The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?
European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations
PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857; The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland."; The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?
European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations: Explanation: The image shows a French instructor in a school established by French colonial authorities teaching Algerian children the French language and telling them that France is their new homeland. The creation of European school systems in colonial territories and instruction in European languages was part of a "civilizing" mission that often also included imperial authorities encouraging colonial subjects to wear Western clothes and to, sometimes, convert to Christianity.
ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938; The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradicts the claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized?
Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure; Explanation: Europeans often justified their presence in the colonies as a "civilizing" mission pursued for the good of the colonized peoples. The disparity between administrative salaries and the spending on public works shown in the table demonstrates that colonial officials received the majority of revenues generated by the colony of Togo. Programs to benefit the Togolese people received relatively little funding compared to the salaries of European officials.
Muhammad Ali's transformation of Egyptian society in the early 1800s included the use of
French military practices
2.Which statement best provides the context for the racial policies described in the passage that shaped imperialism in India and Africa?
In both places, the English did not encourage highly educated native people to prepare for self-rule.
To protect their trading empire in India, the British East India Company used
Indian troops led by British officers
Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?
It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.
In which of the following ways did Mexican independence differ from independence movements in Spanish South America?
Mexican revolutionaries were originally motivated by the grievances of the poor
The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late nineteenth-century processes?
Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.
1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." 3.The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following?
Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers.
A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?
Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.
"The English in India had always been somewhat more detached from the indigenous environment than the Dutch in Indonesia. After the 1780s, their isolation gradually intensified and became obvious with the decline in status of Eurasian Anglo-Indians... The club became the center of British social life in India and the other Asian colonies during the Victorian era. In clubs, one could feel like a gentleman among other gentleman while being served by a native staff... The large clubs of Calcutta remained closed to Indians until 1946. This type of color bar was especially disturbing because it excluded from social recognition the very people who had carried their self-Anglicizing [becoming more like the British] the furthest and loyally supported British rule...In most regions of Africa... the Europeans saw themselves as foreign rulers separated from the African cultures by an abyss... A process of great symptomatic significance was the rejection of the highly educated West Africans who had worked with the early mission. They had envisioned the colonial takeover as an opportunity for a joint European-African effort to modernize and civilize Africa. Instead they were now, as 'white Negroes,' despised by all."- Jurgen Osterhammel, Colonialism, 1997 NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE ABOUT THIS TEXT 1.Which theory did Europeans use most directly to justify the social patterns described in the passage?
Social Darwinism
1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." 2.The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century?
Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.
"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883; In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following?
The concept of the civilizing mission; Explanation: The statement in the passage that Russian educational institutions are spreading "the light of knowledge and science" among the Crimean Tatars is a direct reference to the concept that imperial powers had a responsibility to civilize their colonial subjects.
"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 NEXT QUESTION REFER TO THIS TEXT 1.Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization" ?
The urban middle class
The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?
They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.
"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the
growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule
"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883; The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century
justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions; Explanation: The accomplishments listed in the second paragraph involved infrastructure development and education, two of the main pillars of what Europeans considered to be their civilizing mission abroad during the nineteenth century.
"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." NEXT QUESTION REFER TO THIS TEXT Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why
social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule
3.The context for the European attitudes noted in the passage was that
some scientists claimed Europeans were a biologically superior race.
Japan's modernization was successful primarily because of
the adoption of Western technology and ideas and the limitation of foreign influence
