AP World History Ch.11

How was Rome founded (Legend)?

6th Century BCE, the cities aristocrat deposed the king switching it to a Empire from a Monarchy.

Who was most responsible for leading the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism?

Paul of Taurus-a Jew from Anatolia.

From 66 to 70 CE, the Romans fought a bloody war with who?

Rebel Jews in the Jewish war.

Which religions were popular during the Roman Empire?

Religions of salvation.

What were the effects of the Punic Wars?

Romans won and became the dominant power brokers in the western Mediterranean.

Why did imperial expansion present issues to the Republic of Rome?

Rome became embroiled in disputes in the eastern Mediterranean conflict arose as ambitious local land lords ignored the weakening hellenistic rulers and threatened regional stability.

Jesus of Nazareth's followers called him "Christ". What does that mean?

"The anointed one"- The savior who would bring individuals into the kingdom of God.

What were key differences in Christianity in comparison to other religions we have studied thus far?

-Christianity taught the spiritual equality of the sexes and welcomed the contributions of men and women. -Accorded honor and dignity to individuals who did not enjoy high standing in Roman society and it endowed them with a sense of spiritual freedom.

What early concepts from roman concepts from Roman written law have influenced our own law code to this day?

-Defendants were innocent until proven guilty + had the right to challenge accusations. -Judges could set aside laws that were unfair. -12 tablets as basic law for cities.

How did Roman rule and expansion bring changes to people throughout the Mediterranean?

-Good roads + the pax-romana encouraged trade. -Romans funded new cities to serve as links between regions to create a larger Mediterranean economy.

Who was Mithras, and what was his significance?

-Mithras was a god identified with sun and light. -Mithraism.

Who was Tiberius Gracchus? What was his role and what did he attempt to do?

A Chief prominent of social reform in the Roman Republic, worked to limit the amount of conquered land that only individuals could hold.

Who was Gaius Marius? What was his role and what did he do?

A general who with social reformers advocated redistribution of land. Marched on Rome and hunted down political enemies (87 BCE).

How would you characterize the government established by Augustus Caesar.

A monarchy disguised as a republic.

Who was Paul of Tauris?

A prisoner who was tried in the city of Rome. His experience reflects the cosmopolitan character of the Roman Empire.

Who were the Essenes?

A sect that looked for saviors dot deliver them from subjection.

Who was Lucius Cornelius Sulla and what did he do?

A veteran of several foreign campaigns who allied with the conservative and aristocratic classes. Sulla planned to have Marius's place + in 83 BCE he seized Rome.

What is Periplus Maris Erythraei?

An anonymous Roman subject composed the work which provided a description of the parts of the Red Sea and East African as well as Indian parts that Roman merchants commonly visited.

Who was Spartacus, and what did he do?

An escaped slave that assembled an army of 70'000 rebellious slaves.

When Rome established its first republic, what was their political structure? What was the dominant position, and what kind of power did these positions wield?

At the heart of the city a political + civil center known as the Roman forum, there was republican constitution that ensured executive responsibility's where to be held by two consuls.

What is the significance of the battle at Actium? Who were the winners and losers?

Augustus Caesar 'Octavian' beat Mark Anthony. Augustus Caesar 'Octavian' started on to imperial government.

What was the pax romana, and who started it?

Augustus Caesar brought peace and his reign instated the pax-romana era which facilitated trade and communication.

What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

Carthage's and Romans clashed. Frictions arose due from economic competition.

What policies did Julius Caesar enact after naming himself dictator in 46 BCE?

Centralized military and political functions by bringing them to his control. He confiscated property from conservatories and distributed it to veterans of his army and other supporters.

Which Hellenistic school of thought was the Roman thinker Marcus Tillius Cicero most associated with?

Cicero drew heavily from the staic's moral and ethical teachings.

What did Roman conquest of Gaul, Germany, Britain and Spain do for the Roman Empire?

Cities emerged where administrators and merchants conducted they business.

Why were the social classes tense in early Rome, and who was involved? What was the the solution to these tensions?

Conflicts between Patricians and Plebians as the Patricians had more power and the Plebians threatened to secede from Rome, eventually a compromise was settled to ease tensions.

Who was Tacitus, and what is his significance?

Cornelius tacitus was a prominent aristocrat and the most important historian of the early Roman empire.

Who were the Etruscans?

Dominated Italy between 8th & 5th BCE by building and establishing cities, political and economical alliances.

Who was Vesta?

Goddess of hearth.

How did he early Roman Empire Brie Christianity?

Early Christianity was a diverse faith-gradually believers agreed to recognize certain texts as authoritative scripture and adopted them as fundamental guides for Christian doctrine and practice.

What were Latifundia?

Enormous plantations, run by slaves.

The term Paterfamilias refers to what? What were the role of women in Rome?

Father of the family, women usually supervised domestic affairs in Roman households, they wielded considerable influence within their families.

What effects did Augustus Caesar have on the nature of the Roman empire?

He accumulated power for himself and ultimately took responsibility for all important governmental functions. Created new standing army from military system.

How did the Romans treat conquered people's, and how did it impact them?

Instead of ruling them as vanquished states, they often exempted them from taxation and allowed them to govern their internal affairs. some gained Roman citizenship and some rose to high positions in Roman society.

How extensive was the use of slaves the Roman Empire? What percent of the population were slaves?

Slaves represented one-third of the population. Slaves worked under extremely harsh conditions.

What was Julius Caesar political policy?

Spent enormous amount of money sponsoring public spectacles, which helped him build a reputation.

What was the most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome, and what was it's Belief?

Stolicism-emphasis on an individuals duty to live in accordance with nature and reason. Pursuits oh justice was an individuals highest public duty.

What role did Carthage play in the early expansion of Rome?

Strategic location enabled it to trade actively and build s strong regional bond in the Mediterranean.

During times of civil or million crisis, what did Romans due?

The senate would appoint an official who wielded absolute power for 6 months.

What was the scope and significance of the Roman roads? How did they compare to the Persian royal roads?

Their main roads were 6-8m wide and in the mountains 2-3m wide, connected all.

Jesus used the phrase "the kingdom of God is at hand". How did the Roman is officials respond to this?

They executed Jesus by fixing him to a cross as they thought a rebellion may happen.