AP World History Chapter 25 vocabulary Latin America

Benito Juarez

1806-1872 Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872 Indian lawyer from a background of poverty, became Mexico's president and served five terms breaking the patterns of military leadership and creole rule. He had a liberal revolt called "La Reforma", which resulted in a new constitution for Mexico in 1854. He also limited the power of both the Catholic Church and the Mexican army.

Monroe Doctrine

1823-stated clearly that any attempt by a European power to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy enunciated by Pres. James Monroe in his annual message to Congress. Declaring that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain distinct spheres, Monroe made four basic points: (1) the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States.

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. At the end of the 18th Century escaped slaves, called Maroons, revolted against their white masters, killing them and burning their houses. Examples of the recent American and French revolutions led former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture to join the revolts in 1791 and then to lead a general rebellion against slavery. His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played various forces of French, Spanish, and British against each other. In 1801 after taking control of the territory what would become the independent country of Haiti, L'Ouverture produced a Constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. He also declared himself governor for life and declared complete independence of Haiti from France. He enacted land reform: plantations were divided up among former slaves and free blacks.

Manifest Destiny

Belief of the government of the United States that is was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican -American War.

Ghost Dance

By the end of the nineteenth century, due to a series of forced removals and brutal massacres at the hands of white settlers and the US Army, the native population of North America had dwindled to a mere fraction of what it had once been. Because forced assimilation had nearly destroyed Native American culture, some tribal leaders attempted to reassert their sovereignty and invent new spiritual traditions. The most significant of these was the Ghost Dance, pioneered by Wovoka, a shaman of the Northern Paiute tribe. the Ghost Dance ceremony would reunite the spirits of the dead with those of the living, and the power of these spirits could be harnessed in battle with white settlers and the US Army. Wovoka's most influential prophecy was that the white man would be forever banished from the land, and that the buffalo, which had been hunted to near-extinction by white settlers, would return and bring with it a lasting revival of the Native American way of life. ​1 ​​ a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

centralists vs. federalists

Centralists- Latin American politicians who wanted strong, centralized national government with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. Federalists-Latin American politicians who wanted policies; especially fiscal and commercial regulation , tax and commercial policies to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who describe themselves as liberals.

Cherokee Nation

In response to the rapid expansion by the United States, this native tribal group formed a national government, sought to modernize their society, but were forcibly relocated in the 1830s.

caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela in 1783, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and was instrumental in the independence of these areas. The Liberator His forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Columbia, He hoped it would become a federation similar to the United States, one based on Enlightenment ideals. He described himself as a liberal who believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery. His goals and concerns for Latin America are outlined in his "Jamaica Letter" (1815). He served from 1819 to 1830 as president of Gran Columbia, a vast area of northern South America made up of present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil. Due to its size and pressure from separatists, Gran Colombia split into the three successor countries Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador in 1830. South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. The main leader of the Haitian independence movement. Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution. He emancipated the slaves and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by black former slaves as a French protectorate. after taking control of the territory that would become Haiti, he produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. He enacted land reform: plantations were divided up among former slaves and free blacks. He was well - read in Enlightenment thought and a capable general. He worked with the French but then was betrayed by them. France promised to grant Haitian independence if L'Ouverture would abdicate, but then Napolean had L'Ouverture captured and arrested. He was executed in France in 1803. He had succeeded in establishing the abolition of slavery in Haiti and set Haiti on the road to complete independence from France.

creoles

Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares. Born of European parents, they were well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions in North America and France.

La Reforma

a liberal revolt which resulted in a new constitution for Mexico in 1854. in Mexico refers to the mid-19th century in Mexico, when a liberal and social revolution began to remove the dictator and give Mexicans their first real bill of rights, making Mexico a nation state. The recognized beginning of La Reforma was when the official call for the dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's removal from power was issued in 1854. The dictator was overthrown in 1855, and Benito Juarez, the leader of the revolt, and the liberals began to make changes to the government. In 1858 the Reform War took place after the conservatives attempted to put an end to the liberal changes. The liberals eventually won, putting an end to the war in 1861.

United Provinces of Rio de la Plata

earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Spanish: a union of provinces in the Río de la Plata region of South America, emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810-1818. It comprised most of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata dependencies and had Buenos Aires as its capital. It is best known in Spanish-language literature as Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the River of Silver"), this being the most common (occasionally the official) name in use for the country until the enactment of the 1826 Constitution. The Argentine National Anthem refers to the state as "the United Provinces of the South". The Constitution of Argentina recognizes Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata as one of the official names of the country, referred to as "Argentine Nation" (Nación Argentina) in modern legislation.

Jose de San Martin

emerged as a military commander willing to speak and act for independence; led independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de Plata by 1816; led independence movement in Chile and Peru Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). Led troops from his native Argentina over the Andes Mountains to set up independent republics in Chile and Bolivia. He was hailed as the liberator of Argentina and the "Protector of Peru"

Mexican - American War

fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the US A dispute over the border between Mexico and the US. Mexico lost and was forced to cede vast territories fro Texas to California to the United States in return for $15 million. Mexico also accepted an earlier US annexation of Texas, with the Rio Grande as its southern border.

Dom Pedro I

he was the son of King John VI of Portugal. When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Pedro accompanied the royal family in its flight to Brazil. He remained there as regent when King John returned to Portugal in 1821. Pedro surrounded himself with ministers who counseled independence. When the Portuguese Cortês (Parliament), preferring colonial status for Brazil, demanded that Pedro return to Lisbon to "complete his political education," he issued a declaration of Brazilian independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Within three months he was crowned emperor. Brazil's first Portuguese emperor; declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822

Bolivars "Jamaica Letter"

was a document written by Simón Bolívar in Jamaica in 1815. It was a response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its collapse.

Gran Colombia

was founded in 1819 when Simon Bolivar fought for the independence of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador from the Spanish. He joined all three countries to make Gran Columbia. The state of Gran Colombia was an experiment in an American Revolution-style federation by Bolivar, to free the people of northern South America from Spanish rule. Based in Bogotá, Gran Colombia's central government consisted of a presidency, a bicameral congress, and a high court formal name Republic of Colombia, short-lived republic (1819-30), formerly the Viceroyalty of New Granada, including roughly the modern nations of Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. In the context of their war for independence from Spain, revolutionary forces in northern South America, led by Simón Bolívar, in 1819 laid the basis for a regular government at a congress in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela). Their republic was definitely organized at the Congress of Cúcuta in 1821. Before then the government had been military and highly centralized with direct executive power exercised by regional vice presidents while President Bolívar was campaigning. It was reorganized as a centralized representative republic with its capital at Bogotá; Bolívar became president and Francisco de Paula Santander vice president. The constitution also called for a bicameral legislature elected from the three regions of the republic.