AP World History Period 4

13. Describe the challenges to state consolidation and expansion. 4.3.III.

*Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.* (such as Piracy in the Caribbean AND The Thirty Years War)

2. Describe how European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge. 4.1.II.

*European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools.* (such as astrolabe or revised maps), innovations in ship designs. (such as caravels) and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns, all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Exmaples: *The Astrolabe*- With its origins tracing back to Ancient Greece, the astrolabe could determine the latitude and longitude of one's location, determine where and when the sun would rise, be able to tell the time and date, in addition to many other uses. With the rise of the Islamic Empire the astrolabe made its way to Asia, India, and eventually Europe. The astrolabe, and its instructions, spread through Europe thanks to Gerbert of Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II), who made contact with Muslim traders in Spain in the late 10th century. *The Caravel*- What started as a ship used by Iberian fisherman in the 13th century, the caravel would become the preferred ship for European expeditions to the New World and around Africa to India and Asia. The caravel transformed sea travel and trade in numerous ways. One way was the use of a triangular sail, called lateen-rigging. This allowed ships to sail into the wind, as well as with the wind. In addition to the sails, the caravels were highly maneuverable. This allowed sailors to get close to shore, and be able to stay away from dangerous shoals. Thirdly, the caravel had an ideal balance in terms of its weight. It was light enough to travel quickly, yet had enough tonnage to be able to carry large amounts of fresh water for longer voyages. The Nina and the Pinta, two of Columbus' three ships on his 1492 voyage were caravels. Vasco de Gama also used the caravel on his journeys to Africa and India.

12. Describe the expansion of large empires in both hemispheres. 4.3.II.

*Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.* Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa. Land empires expanded dramatically in size (such as the Expansion of the Ottoman Empire) European states established new maritime empires in the Americas (such as the British). Summary: *Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.* A. Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa. B. Land empires expanded dramatically in size. Required examples of land empires: • Manchus • Mughals • Ottomans • Russians C. European states established new maritime empires in the Americas. Required examples of maritime empires: • Portuguese • Spanish • Dutch • French

11. Describe how rulers legitimized and consolidated their power. 4.3.I.

*Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.* Rulers used the arts to display political power and to legitimize their rule. (such as the Hall of Mirrors in Palace of Versailles to manifest the wealth of French Kings). Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule (such as the Mandate of Heaven in China). States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state (such as the Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims (special tax)). Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources (Chinese examination system). Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion. Summary: Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. A. Rulers used the arts to display political power and to legitimize their rule. B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule. C. States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state. D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. E. Ruler used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.

6. Describe the spread and reform of existing religions including new syncretic religions. 4.1.VI.

*The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.* As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices. The split between the Sunni and Shi'a traditions of Islam intensified, and Sufi practices became more widespread. The practice of Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation. Martin Luther attempted to reform the church with the "95 Thesis" which attacked the Church's corrupt practice of selling "indulgences" to absolve sin. His protests began a split in the church that produced Protestant churches. Buddhism spread within Asia. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed such as Sikhism in South Asia. Summary: The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. A. As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices. The split between the Sunni and Shi'a traditions of Islam intensified, and Sufi practices became more widespread. B. The practice of Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation. C. Buddhism spread within Asia. D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed

5. Describe the new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres in the Columbian Exchange. 4.1.V. $

*The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange.* European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases— including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitoes and rats. American foods (potatoes, maize, manioc) became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops (sugar, tobacco) were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs) were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought byAfrican slaves (okra, rice). Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion. *(Disease, Plants, People, Animals)* Summary: The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. A. European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases— including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitoes and rats. B. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. E. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.

9. Describe the changes in agriculture and labor. 4.2.II.

*Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products*. Peasant labor intensified in many regions (such as cotton textile production in India). Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor (chattel slavery). I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions. B. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. C. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas. D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor.

7. Describe innovations in the visual and performing arts and the expansion of literacy. 4.1.VII. $

As merchants' profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular/general audiences, increased. A. Innovations in visual and perform arts were seen all over the world. Example: European Renaissance art, Middle East and South Asia miniature paintings, Japanese wood block prints, B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms and woks of literature in Afro—Eurasia. Example: Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata.

10. Describe restructured ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies. 4.2.III.

As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites (such as the Manchus in China). The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders (such as the taimyo in Japan). Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. The massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications (such as the Creole). Summary: II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies. A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites. B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. C. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. D. The massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications.

1. Describe how the new global circulation of goods affected existing regional trade networks. 4.1.I. $

In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there *was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.* The voyage of Columbus inaugurated a network of global trade that connected both hemispheres. Silver from the New World was minted into the peso de ocho, a widely accepted currency that connected major trade systems. In the Pacific, the Spanish colony of Manila connected the New World with Asia markets; much of the New World's silver ended up in China. Despite this new level of global connectivity, this era saw major disruptions and changes in trade networks. Attempts by Portugal and Spain to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean led to the down fall of the Swahili cities and the fall of Malacca. In Africa, the incorporation of West Africa into the Atlantic system drew the focus of trade from Trans-Saharan to the west. The fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottomans and Vasco DaGama's maritime route to the Indian Ocean lessened Europe's dependence upon Silk Road trade. The Atlantic System would emerge as the premier trade system in this era. Summary: I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia

3. Describe the new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance. 4.1.III.

Summary: Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. A. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige. B. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. C. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. D. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia. E. In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

8. Describe the changes that came as a result of the Little Ice Age. 4.2.I

The Little Ice age brought about a period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters throughout much of the early modern era. The conditions the little Ice age had prompted to change included an increase in the prices of beaver furs. This in turn had environmental impacts as this translated into strong economic incentives for European traders to tap the the immense wealth of fur bearing animals found in North America.

4. Describe the new global circulation of goods. 4.1.IV.

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants. European merchants' role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. An example would be the British East India Company. Summary: IV. *The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.* A. European merchants' role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. B. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.