AP World History: Reading Quiz (pgs. 50-72)

What event signaled the official end to the Abbasid caliphate? When did this occur? What was another effect?

Mongol invasion in 13th century; 1258; semi-unification of the region (would be more thoroughly cemented with Ottoman takeover in later years)

What was the cultural trend farther to the south of India? Why?

Hinduism + associated social aspects; was deeper ingrained upon conquering

A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script."

chu nom

How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity affect Byzantium?

legitimized the supreme and absolute authority of the emperor; provided a cultural identity for the empire's subjects

Vietnam participated in the . . . as a . . .

tribute system; vassal state

What was one of the most sophisticated and dynamic regions of the world in 1200?

East Asia

The capital of Song dynasty China, Hangzhou, was home to over . . . people

1 million

However, even as the "golden age" saw advancements in many sectors of society, it was . . . for the . . . of Song Dynasty China, who experienced . . . under the . . . of Chinese bureaucracy and social customs

less-so "golden"; women; marked oppression; patriarchal underpinning

The coming of Christianity to Rus was a . .. . development that occurred over . . . and carried . . . for . .. .

top-down many years; long-term implications; Russian history

At first, interactions between different cultural groups in Islamic Spain were . . .

easy and frequent

By . . ., those conquests had proved successful and several Islamic regimes had been established within the country (India) to endure until the . . .

1000; 19th century

At what time did the Byzantine Empire begin to decline?

1200

Islam was never able to claim more than . . . to . .. percent of the population, and Muslims remained . . .

20; 25; a distinctive minority

By 1000, what fraction of the population of Spain had converted to Islam? How did other, non-converts, reflect elements of Islamic culture?

75%; adopted veiling practices, abstinence from pork; and Arabic language, music, and poetry

When was Spain conquered by the Islamic Empire?

8th century

By 1200, the power of the . .. ., an Arab dynasty that had ruled the Islamic world in name if not in practice since 750, had .. . ., as local governors and military commanders . . .. while still vowing formal allegiance to the caliph

Abbasid caliphate; waned dramatically; asserted the autonomy of their respective regions

What was among some of the first Japanese adoptions of Chinese culture?

Buddhism

a vast and powerful civilization with origins that can be traced to 330 A.D. Though the western half of the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in 476 A.D., the eastern half survived for 1,000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning and serving as a military buffer between Europe and Asia. The empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI.

Byzantine Empire

an agency that functioned as a surveillance system within the government in Song dynasty China to confirm both character and competence of public officials and to root out corruption

Censorate

The Byzantine Empire initially encompassed large parts of the eastern Roman empire, including . . .., . . ., . .. , . . .and incorporated several enduring elements of . . .

Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Anatolia; Roman political, social, and economic infrastructure

Tensions between the two branches of Christendom came to a climax in an event known as the . . . , in which each group . . .

Great Schism; excommunicated the other, rejecting the authority of the other group and pronouncing them untrue Christians

Leaders of the newly-emergent Seljuk Empire remained highly influenced by . . ., evident in their claim to the title of . .. as opposed to . . .

Islamic culture; sultan; the Turkish kaghan

Vietnam had a relationship similar in nature to that of . . . with China, borrowing heavily from . . ., such as . . ., . . ., . . ., . . ., while still . . .

Korea's; Chinese cultural traditions; Confucianism; Daoism; the examination system; artistic and literary styles; maintaining a separate cultural and political identity

By 1200, a dynamic and expanding Islamic world had was firmly established along a vast swathe of Afro-Eurasia stretching from . . . in the west to . . . in the east

Morocco and Spain; northern India

As Turkish culture and influence continued to spread within the Islamic world, Turkish-speaking warriors contributed to the rising spread of . . . within India, primarily via . . . and . . ., which . . .

Muslim traditions; conquering; cultural foisting; birthed a number of bloody conflicts within the Indian nation as they attempted to repel unwelcome Turkish invaders and maintain the sanctity of their Hindu customs

a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was Persianized in terms of language, culture, literature and habits.

Ottoman Empire

The most significant region of expansion for Orthodox Christianity was among the . . Slavic peoples of modern-day Ukraine and western Russia.

Rus

What was a pivotal turning point in Rus history pursued by Prince Vladimir? Why was this avenue pursued?

Rus affiliation with Eastern Orthodox Church; as a means to unify the people of Rus while linking the empire with larger networks of communication and exchange

a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945.

Shinto

Which dynasty ruled over China in 1200?

Song

After 1200, Islam continued spreading throughout . . . and . . . and . . ., primarily via . . .

Southern; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; the activities of Muslim traders and missionaries along trade routes

Which group of Muslims were especially adept at encouraging conversion? Why?

Sufis; general detachment from worldly affairs (considered mark of virtue in Indian society)

based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. At its peak it had subjugated almost all of South India's ruling families and the Sultans of the Deccan region thus becoming a notable power. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates.

Viiayanagar empire

Unlike Korea, Vietnam maintained . . ., despite heavy Chinese influence. . . . continued to figure largely into Vietnamese popular religion even as. . . among the elite

a greater role for women in social and economic life; female nature deities; Confucian ideals took root

Even as their political power grew in the Islamic Empire, the Turks themselves were experiencing . . .. as . .. . and . . .

a major turning point in their cultural history; massive numbers of Turkish warriors adopted Islam and other aspects of Islamic culture; were essentially assimilated into the Islamic world

The establishment of the Sultanate of Delhi in 1206 resulted in . . . while at the same time . ..

a reduction in incidences of violence; codifying such practices into law

By the mid-15th century, the Ottoman Turks had carved out . . . that encompassed . . . as well as areas of . . . including the . . . During the 16th century, this influence extended to much of the . .. ., . . ., . . . ., . . . ., and . . .

a substantial area of influence; much of the Anatolian peninsula; southeastern Europe; Christian capital of Constantinople; Middle East; Egypt; coastal North Africa; the lands surrounding the Black Sea; farther into Eastern Europe

That Japan was physically separated from China resulted in . . . as opposed to . . .

a voluntary adoption of Chinese cultural elements; enforced foisting of culture

What was a notable location of cross-cultural interactions in the western reaches of the Islamic world? How did this differentiate from interactions in India?

al-Anduras (Spain); members of different religions interacted with relative ease (initially, at least)

Rus borrowed extensively from its .. . neighbor, including elements such as . . ., . . ., and . . .

architectural styles; the Cyrillic alphabet; the extensive use of religious icons

As in Han Dynasty China, the examination system, while it favored those of an . . . background, who had access to . . ., provided a measure of . . . in an otherwise . . . social structure

aristocratic; better educational means; social mobility; stagnant

The early centuries of the Turkish conquest of India were especially . . . as invaders . . .

bloody; forsook local religious and cultural customs

What values comprised the bushido code?

bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, skill, and death over surrender

What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on the Islamic world following takeover of the region?

brought greater social and political unity to the Islamic Middle East and North Africa

How did Japan's political system compare to China's?

bureaucratic state; court and emperor retained important ceremonial and cultural role

the set of codes of honor and ideals that dictated the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the European concept of chivalry.

bushido

What was the term given the relationship between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the imperial court?

caesaropapism

What impact did the Crusades have in terms of the branches of Christendom?

cemented rupture between Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church

How did Korea move toward greater cultural independence while still being heavily influenced by China?

developed a phonetic alphabet (hangul) for writing the Korean language

Which groups in Indian social structure were especially attracted to the egalitarian aspects of Islam? Why did others convert?

disillusioned Buddhists; low-caste Hindus; untouchables; avoid the tax imposed on non-Muslims

Japanese literary and artistic culture likewise evolved in . . . despite . . .. (2 ex)

distinctive ways; marked Chinese influence; separate writing system; The Tale of Genji

When was the highest point of borrowing in Japanese history?

during 7th-9th centuries CE when a unified Japanese state began to emerge from previously fragmented aristocratic chiefdoms

Underlying these cultural and political achievements was China's . . ., which catapulted the country to international prominence, making it the . . ., most . . ., and, arguably, most . . . country on earth

economic revolution; richest; populous; skilled

How did Confucianism contribute to oppression of women in Song Dynasty China?

emphasized precept of male superiority in social life

How was government staffing determined in Song dynasty China?

examination system

How did Song Dynasty China improve the lives of women? (2)

expansion of property rights gave them the ability to control their dowries and inherit property from their families; newfound educational opportunities

How did Byzantium fall? What was the final incident that signaled its defeat?

fell to incursions by Western European powers, Catholic Crusaders, and Turkish Muslim invaders; Turkish Ottoman Empire took Constantinople in 1453

Foot binding was associated with new images of . . . and . . . that emphasized . . ., . . ., and . . . and served to . . .

female beauty; eroticism; small size; frailty; deference; keep women restricted to the 'inner quarters'

How were women impacted by patriarchy in Song Dynasty China? (2 ex)

foisted out of silk industry due to industrialization (lost income and social prominence associated with this role); foot binding became widespread social custom

How did industrialization further undermine female influence in Song Dynasty China?

foisted out of silk industry; lost lucrative income and status associated with the position

In what ways was Vietnamese culture distinct from Chinese cultural influences? (3)

fondness for cockfighting; a distinctive language; habit of chewing betel nuts

the Chinese custom of applying tight wrappings to the feet of young girls to modify their shape and size. The practice possibly originated among upper class court dancers during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th-century China, then gradually became popular among the elite during the Song dynasty.

foot binding

Japan's women . . . the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture

largely escaped

How did Christian officials treat Muslims after reclaiming Spain?

grew restrictive in their policies pertaining to Muslim citizens, forcing many to relocate and persecuting those who remained. Members of other faiths, such as Jews, were treated similarly.

What was the political structure of Byzantium?

highly centralized--power primarily retained by emperor, who claimed the roles of both "caesar" and pope

As Vietnam expanded to the south, northern officials tried in vain to .. . ., under which women were . . . and husbands . ..

implement more orthodox Confucian gender practices; permitted to select their husbands; permitted to live in their wives' households

When was Spain formally reclaimed by Spanish forces?

in 1492 with the gain of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula

How did Buddhism influence Japanese culture over the first few centuries of the country's development?

influenced art, architecture, medicine, education, and views of the afterlife

Technological innovations during Song dynasty China: (3)

inventions in printing (woodblock and movable type) led to world's first books;

sacred spirits associated with human ancestors and a variety of natural phenomena

kami

What were the social impacts of China's economic revolution? (7)

massive population jump (50-60 million in 9th century to 120 million by 1200); agricultural advances- adoption of Vietnamese Champa rice (fast-ripening and drought resistant = increased production = larger population); urbanization; technological innovation; increase in industrial production; construction of canal system across country; popularization of paper money = rapid commercialization

In the industrial sector, production in the . . . industry, specifically, soared. This growth was fueled by . . .

metallurgy; coal

Byzantium had . ..; it is viewed in many circles as a continuation of . . ., yet it is . . .

no clear starting point; the Roman Empire; uniquely distinct from Roman culture

In the centuries following Turkish conquest of India, where did Muslim communities typically develop? Why?

northern India; Hinduism had been less prominent

The Ottoman Empire would become . . ., having marked impact of . . . At the time of its emergence, only the . . . and the . . . could match its influence and prestige

one of the most significant in all world history; cultural traditions; Ming dynasty in China; Inca Empire

Between 1200 and 1450, the Arab Empire was severely . . ., but Islamic culture and religion . . .

politically fragmented; remained consistently prominent and unchanging throughout its vast expanse

In Japan, the Chinese writing system was .. . . among the elite

popular

Like Song dynasty China and many other civilizations, Byzantium attempted to . . . , which was reflected in many of its architectural and artistic exploits.

preserve the legacy of Greco-Roman classical civilization

Politically, the Song dynasty was a conglomerate of . . . and . . ., forming a complex, multifaceted . . . that endured into . . .

previous precedents; new ideals; bureaucratic state structure; the 20th century

The Ottomans brought . . . to the Islamic would, claiming the . . ., and serving as . . . They also brought the Islamic Middle East greater . . ., . . ., . . ., . . . that had not been matched in magnitude since the early years of Islamic history

renewed unity; right of the caliph; the "strong sword of Islam"; political coherence; military power; economic prosperity; cultural flowering

How did Chinese culture influence Korean political and social life?

restricted Korean women through the introduction of Confucian ideals; Chinese models of family life and female behavior gradually replaced more flexible Korean customs

How was Japan religiously distinct from China?

retained native beliefs and practices, which focused on numerous kami

The emergence of printed books led to the creation of . . . to prepare candidates to take the Civil Service Exam

schools

How did Islamic expansion impact Byzantium?

sharp contraction of influence in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa; remained prominent in trade and influence

Under the Song government system, . . . were overseen by the . . ., an agency that functioned as a surveillance system within the government to . . . .

six minor ministries; Censorate; confirm both character and competence of public officials and root out corruption

Upon arriving in the Islamic Empire in 1000, Turkish pastoralists first served as .. . before . . . to . . ., forming . . .

slave soldiers; taking advantage of the waning power of the caliphate; wrest political control from Islamic officials; what is today known as the Seljuk Turkish Empire of the 11th and 12th centuries

an emerging civilization in Eastern Europe in 1200 that combined elements of Greek, Roman, Christian, Celtic, and Germanic culture to form a dynamic, expansive, and innovative civilization.

the Rus

What was a major turning point in the political and cultural history of the Islamic empire?

the arrival of Turkish-speaking pastoralists in 1000 from the steppes of Central Asia

The creation of a vast network of canals and internal waterways facilitated . . ., allowing for the . . . and revolutionizing the . . . and potential . . . of . . .

the cheap movement of goods; specialization of agriculture; speed; profit; trade

The decentralization of political power in Japan resulted in the formation of . . .

the famous warrior class of Japanese society--the samurai

While under Islamic control, Spain had . .. , and its capital was . ..

the greatest agricultural output of any country in Europe; among the most splendid in the world

How did social life change under the rule of al-Mansur in Spain?

the previously easy relationships between those of different faiths disappeared, replaced by strained tolerance that often descended to violence; A number of restrictive and humiliating social codes were also implemented

What kind of relationship did Korea have with China?

tributary--recognized the superior influence of the country while retaining independent rule and culture

the common Western name for a set of highly regulated, ritualized exchanges that occurred between the imperial court in China's capital and leaders of other Asian societies.

tribute system

The short-lived cultural harmony in Spain soon deteriorated into . . . as non-Muslims were . . . and the Cordoba-based civilization . . .

turmoil; regarded as religious infidels and looked down upon by their Muslim contemporaries; fragmented into several rival city states

Under the rule of al-Mansur, he leader who restored Islamic power in Spain during the late 10th century, the previous policy of tolerance . . .

turned to one of overt persecution as Christians were shamed and churches pillaged and defiled

In Korea, how was political independence maintained?

under a succession of dynasties not unlike the dynastic cycle observable in China in previous centuries

any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire

vassal state