AP World History Units 5-6 Exam

Japanese Imperialism

- 1640-1853: Japan was isolated from rest of Asia, and became imperialized by Western powers - Early 1800s, Japan refused trade efforts by Western powers (Britian, France, Russia, U.S.) - Angered, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Harbor (1853), demanding Japanese trade with U.S. - Japanese officials realized they were overmatched by U.S. 4 naval ships. Signed Treaty of Kanagawa, opening 2 ports in Japan for American merchants. - Other Western powers began trading with Japan and created unequal treaties - Angry by unequal treaties, Japanese feared they would become as powerless as China - Tokugawa family steps down and is replaced by emperor Meiji who decided best way to end Western influence was to modernize. - By 1890s, Japan saw itself as a modern nation that needed raw materials. As a result, Japan began to imperialize in Asia - Successful wars against China and Russia established them as powerful - Gained control of Taiwan and Korea, many Micronesian Islands Under Meiji Restoration, Japanese leaders eagerly supported industrialization and began building factories (modernizing) - Japan built a modern military - Reforms led to modern banking systems and increased emperor worship - Modernization turned Japan into the must industrialize and militarized nation in Asia - Reforms gave Japan power, and Japanese nationalism led to the end of the unequal treaties

Meiji Restoration

- 1868 Political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate, in which a young set of leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. - Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that involved elimination of Shogunate and power being handed to Japanese Emperor - Paved way for Japan to become a major international power - Restoration= country's new rulers claimed that they were restoring power to young emperor (15-year-old boy) (throne named Meiji, Enlightened rule) - Government committed to decisive break with past acquired without massive violence/destruction - Goal= Save Japan from foreign domination by thorough transformation of Japanese society, drawing on all the modern West had to offer Japanese Modernization Efforts: - National unity: New regime ended semi-independent domains of daimyo, replacing them with governors; Old Confucian-based social order was largely dismantled, and almost all Japanese became legally equal as commoners and subjects of the emperor; Central state collects taxes and raises army of all social class - Widespread and eager fascination with the West: Knowledge about West was enthusiastically sought out by official mission to Europe and the United States; Western writings were translated into Japanese - After fascination receded, Japan selectively borrrowed/combines foreign and Japanese elements: Constitution of 1889 drew heavily on German experience and introduced an elected parliament, political parties, and democratic ideas (However, constitution was a gift from sacred emperor and descended from the sun gods); Modern education system was laced with Confucian-based moral instruction - Reformers in Japan argues that oppression of women was an obstacle to country's modernization: But to authorities of Meiji Japan, serious transformation of gender roles was more of a threat than an opportunity - State-guided Industrialization Program: Government itself established a number of enterprises, later selling many of them to private investors; Acted to crease modern infrastructure; Japan became a major exporter of textiles; All of Japan's industrialization was accomplished through its own resources without the massive foreign debt that afflicted Egypt and the Ottoman Empire

Berlin Conference

- 1884-1885 - Made legal the Scramble for Africa - Leaders from various European states gathered in Germany to discuss the colonization of Africa (No African rulers were invited to attend these meetings that sealed Africa's fate) - Marked the climax European competition for territory in Africa (Scramble for Africa) - Berlin Conference DIDN'T initiate European colonization of Africa, but it did legitimize and formate the process - 14 participating countries - At the end of this process, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control - Process involved endless but peaceful negotiations among competing Great Powers and extensive and bloody military action

What did the Young Turks advocate?

- Advocated for militantly secular public life, were committed to thorough modernization along European lines, and increasingly throughout about Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state - Military and civilian elites - Opened modern school for women; allowed women to wear Western clothing; restricted polygamy; permitted women to obtain divorces - Established single Law of Family Rights for all (regardless of religion)

How did gender impact migration trends?

- As growing number of men sought employment in cities, mines, and farms, wives were left to manage the domestic economy - Women had to supply food to men in cities to compensate for low urban wages - Men migrated to cities and focused on working for wages, women focused on village life and subsistence agriculture. - Women of impoverished rural families became virtually independent heads of households.

What are Karl Marx and Frederich Engel's central arguments in The Communist Manifesto (1848)?

- Capitalism is not great for workers and caused a reduction in classes and proletariat - Workers will take over factories and destroy machines' - Calls for a violent Revolution - State takes all land and distributes it (state owns everything). Good for those with very little - No child labor or inheritance - Conclusion that industrial capitalism was an inherently unstable system, doomed to collapse in a revolutionary upheaval that would give birth to classless socialist society - "Scientific Socialism:" Marx regarded himself as a scientist discovering the laws of social development - Capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced with socialism and ultimately communism - 2 social classes: Upper class: Bourgeoisie; Lower Class: Proletariat

Lin Zexu

- Chinese emperor during the first opium war (1839-1842) - Charged with stamping out Opium trade in southern China, ordered blockade of European trading areas and confiscation of Opium, and sent into exile following the Opium War - Seized opium when British would not corporate (Threw it in ocean) - Wrote letter to Queen Victoria, pleading to stop British Opium trade

How were the Spanish-American Revolutions different from the other Atlantic revolutions?

- Colonies couldn't unite because of geographical obstacles, regional identities, and diversity - Revolution thrust upon them: 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain/Portugal, deposed Spanish king/Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil - Type of society is generated (more stratified and patriarchal) - Women gained little (Suffrage: 1953) - Lasted more than 2 times as long (17 years), due to divisions: race, class, region - Hostility among (between) Latin Americans: Creoles crushed lower-class rebellion led by Hidalgo and Morales in Mexico - Lasted much longer because Latin American societies were so divided by class, race, and religion: Latin America became relatively underdeveloped, impoverished, and undemocratic

What were the results of the Haitian Revolution?

- Defined all Haitians as "black" and legally equal, regardless of color or class - Disallowed citizenship for whites - Economy suffered as plantation system was destroyed - Whites fled → Private and state lands were redistributed to formerly enslaved folks and free blacks - Instilled fear and distrust of enslaved folks in slaveowners Short Term Results: - Haiti became first independent non-European state to be carved out of European empire - Created psychological blow to Europe by calling themselves Haitians ("black") - Guerilla warfare became common in area and Europeans began resorting to killing anyone of African descent insight - Spawned unrest throughout nation Long Term Results: - Lowest members of society (slaves) became free, equal, independent citizens - Large plantations replaced by small scale, marginal self-sufficient producers - Napoleon lost interest in West and the Haitian Revolution was one of the reasons he sold Louisiana to U.S. and many Haitians moved there - Haiti agreed to play 65 million Frances in damages giving no means to become prosperous

What ideas influenced the French Revolution?

- Enlightenment ideas - Influenced (inspired) by the American Revolution - Liberalism: Political ideology that emphasized the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. - Nationalism: Pride in one's country. - Socialism: political and economic theory of social organization that advocated that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. - Communism: A political system in which the government owns all property and dominated all aspects of life in a country.

What were the results of the American Revolution?

- Gave American colonies independence from Great Britain - Political change (monarchy → republic) - Property requirements for voting lowered, allowing some poor white farmers to vote - Poor white men were elected to Congress - Rise of nationalism (pride in one's country) BUT... - Preservation of inequalities (racial, social, political) - No social transformation (those at top of social pyramid remained there after the revolution) - Political authority remained with elites (white, wealthy men)

What factors prevented the unity of the Latin American colonies?

- Geographical obstacles hindered communication - Language barriers - Regional identities - Diversity

What prompted the development of communism?

- Grew out of the socialism movement in Europe - As Industrial Revolution advanced, capitalism was blamed for the misery of the working class - Labour Party emphasized classical Marxism as it advocated a reformist movement program and a peaceful democratic transition to socialism (Called themselves "communists") - Working-class was searching for a way (government system) that would benefit them

What were the goals of the Ottoman Empire's Tanzimat reforms?

- Modernization, centralization, increasing revenue, and forestalling fragmentation and conquest - Attempted to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its traditional integrity - Reform military by modernizing and taking inspiration from European armies - Ottoman leadership sought to provide economic, social, and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly recentralized state (modernization) - Changes in legal status of empire's diverse communities gave non-Muslims equal rights under law - Didn't directly address gender issues, but did stimulate modest educational openings for women - Western-style things implemented - Factories, modern mining, telegraphs, public schools, new transport things, postal service

How did opium affect the trade imbalance between Britain and China?

- Opium's importation from India reversed the trade imbalance between China and British in British favor - Massive outflow of silver used to pay for Opium reversed China's century-long ability to attract much of the world's silver supply - Unequal treaties granted British traders unfair advantages when trading - Trade restrictions were imposed on China after the Opium wars

What were the causes of the Haitian Revolution?

- Political and social problems in France - Concepts of liberty, equality, and fraternity from French Revolution transmitted to St. Domingue - Majority of slaves in colonies were born in Africa and were accustomed to living as free individuals - Anti-slavery messages were being circulated around the island - Obvious need for freedom from their oppressors - Volatility between social classes - Rumor in 1791 that Louis XVI had declared an end to slavery (won't actually happen until 1794 under National Convention) - Enslaved folks burned 1000 plantations and killed 100+ whites

What did the Young Ottomans advocate?

- Sought to transform the Ottoman society by preserving the Empire and modernizing it along the European tradition of adopting a constitutional government - Favored European-style parliamentary and constitutional regime that could curtail absolute power of Sultan - Argued Muslim societies needed to embrace Western technical/scientific knowledge, while rejecting its materialism - Islam could accommodate full modernity without sacrificing its essentially religious character - Lower-level officials - Wanted the implementation of European style governments and technologies - Abd al-Hamid II accepted their constitution for a little bit

What were the causes of the American Revolution?

- Struggle for independence from oppressive British rule. Resist Britain's attempts to impose taxes and trade control on colonies - Effort to preserve existing liberties of colonies - American Revolution grew from sudden/unexpected effort by British government to tighten control over colonies and extract more revenue from them - Overpopulation → young men seek new opportunities - Growing commerce → farmers and artisans looked for ways to defend social equality and communal spirit - Debt from French and Indian war motivated British to impose tariffs and taxes on colonies without consent

What ideas informed the Women's Suffrage Movement?

- Women's subordinate to men - Patriarchy, racism, lynching - Political disenfranchisement (lacked voting rights) - Lack of legal rights and protections - Enlightenment ideas → liberty, equality, inborn rights - French Revolution → Recreation of society (offered idea of an alternative future for women)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

- Wrote Declaration of Sentiments (1848) - Started the Women's Suffrage Movement - Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States - Organized first women's rights conference in Seneca Falls, New York

Emperor Meiji

- Young emperor, 15-year-old boy, who received the restored power during the Meiji Restoration - Meiji: "Enlightened Rule" - Encouraged the dramatic transformation of Japan from a feudal closed society into one of the great powers of the modern world

What were the results of global migration?

1815-1939: 20% of Europe's population (50-55 million people) left the country Americas felt the burnt of a huge movement of people: - Latin America received 20% of Europeans - Immigrant experience in U.S. was distinctive: Larger and more diverse (32 million Europeans); Offered affordable land and industrial jobs to many - Surge of immigration contributed to: Westward expansion of U.S.; Establishment of a European-derived culture in North America; Displacement of Native Americans

Generally, when did women in the West (Europe + Americas) get the right to vote?

1918: British women over the age of 30 1920: White American women 1965: Women of color in America

Which countries were the first to colonize Africa?

1st: Dutch (known as Boers) Britain, France, Spain, Portugal

What were the Tokugawa Era's political and social structures?

250 years before Perry's arrival, Japan was ruled by a shogun (military ruler) from the Tokugawa family who lived in Kyoto - Acted in name of revered but powerless emperor - Chief task of Tokugawa shogunate= prevent return pf civil war among daimyo (rival feudal lords) - Successful shoguns gave Japan more than 2 centuries (250 years) of internal peace Political structure: Internal peace, political stability, economic growth - Centralized feudalism: Feudal lords that own their own domains within a centralized state with a shogun at its head Social structure: Mobility between classes (warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants) was forbidden - Daimyo were at top of social structure

Scientific Racism

A 19th-century theory that attempted to use the authority of science to justify racism, and to support the classification of humans into distinct biological races.

Social Darwinism (Evolutionary Biology Applied to Society)

A pseudoscientific theory that justified racism in the 19th century in the name of "survival of the fittest." This theory stated that human races are subject to the same laws of natural selection, and suggested that European dominance was an excuse to exploit, displace, and destroy "unfit" races.

Charles Darwin

An English natural scientist whose theory of evolution by natural selection (Social Darwinism) was used in the 19th century.

What were the causes of the Boxer Uprising?

Boxer Uprising: - Led by militia organizations: Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (aka "Boxers") - Anti-foreigners movement/nationalist - Led to even greater Chinese nationalism "Self-strengthening:" Policies that sought to reinvigorate traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West - Out of fear of becoming a colony - Program for China's modernization - Inhibited by fears of conservative leaders that urban/industrial/commercial development would erode power of landlord class Causes: - The general failure of "self-strengthening": Policies sought to strengthen local authorities, not the people or state - Economic issues and disputes between the Chinese and foreign missionaries in the wake of the Opium Wars - Ongoing presence of foreign military to intimidate and attempt to control the local population of China - Series of Chinese rebellions against missionaries and foreign forces - China had been forced to sign "unequal treaties" with foreign powers

Why was Britain the mother of industrialization?

Britain was most highly commercialized of Europe's larger countries - British political life: Religious tolerance; Laws that helped create a unified internal market - Europe's Scientific Revolution took distinctive form in Great Britain: Science concerned with observation, experiment, precise measurements. Led to invention and improvement of steam engine - Blooming population (from Enclosure movement): Available laborers. Enclosure movement: Landlords had "enclosed" much agricultural land, series of agricultural innovations increased agricultural output (freed up labor), and allowed employers to run their manufacturing enterprises how they saw fit (Ensured ready supply of industrial workers) - Natural resources and geographical advantages: Large deposits of coal to fuel new machines; large deposits of iron ore to create machines; building navigable rivers/coastlines (harbors); island-protection against invasion/war - Geographical position in Atlantic Ocean gave it access to raw materials from around the globe, as well as sea access to markets for its manufactured goods - Developed banking system eager to lend money - Political stability/expansiveness: Important raw materials from colonies free of charge; sell products to colonies (closed markets) - Transportation available for easy shipping (railroads and rivers)

Industrialization in Britain

Britain: - Industrialization began in Britain - British Aristocracy declined as a class - Middle Class benefitted the most - Laboring Class suffered the most - Overcrowded cities with insufficient sanitation, periodic epidemics, and inadequate and polluted water - Little contact between rich and poor - Industrial factories had very poor working conditions (long hours, low wages, child labor) - Socialist ideas became very popular

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power Sent a letter from Lin Zexu asking to stop Opium trade

How did colonial subjects react to European colonization?

Cooperation: - Many individuals willingly cooperated with colonial authorities for their own advantage - Shortage and expense of European administrators and difficulty of communicating across cultural boundaries made it necessary for colonial rulers to rely on local intermediaries.: Some (men) found it possible to retain much of their earlier status, gain privileges, and gain wealth by exercising authority at the local level - Men found employment, status, and security in European-led armed forces - Colonial government and private missionary organizations had interest in promoting a measure of European education: Small Western-educated class arose; Europeans increasingly depended on Western-educated class as colonial government and business enterprises became more sophisticated; Western-educated class sometimes also had some power when they were depended on to serve by the colonial state) Opposition, rebellion, resistance: - Periodic rebellions erupted in colonial regimes everywhere Indian Rebellion (1857-1858) - Hindus and Muslims offended by the colony's military forces of cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs - Viewed innovation as plot to convert them to Christianity - Local rulers lost power, landlords deprived, peasants overtaxed and exploited, unemployed weavers replaced by machines, outraged religious leaders - These lead to a rebellion due to dissatisfaction caused by exploitation and mistreatment of the European colonists - Rebellion greatly widened racial divide in colonial India - Fear of provoking another rebellion made British more conservative and cautious about trying to change Indian society - Rebellion convinced British government to assume direct control over India - Ethiopia resists Italians (successful in winning war due to advanced technology/ machine guns)

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

Enlightenment ideas - Jean Jaques Rousseau: The Social Contract; Consent of the Governed; Direct Democracy - Voltaire: Best form of government= constitutional monarchy (because it restricted powers of monarchs as guided by the constitution); Freedom of Speech; Freedom Of or From Religion - Ideas of liberty and equality to overthrow King Louis XVI - John Locke: life, liberty, and property - Questioned authority or role of government - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Limit power of Catholic Church Peasants not willing to support feudal system - French monarchy was unable to change for societal issues - Taxes collected from lower classes → social inequality Ineffective tax system that taxed the poor and political inequality - Almost half of state revenue was from 3rd (poorest) estate, which made up 97% of the population - Estate System: You are born into a certain estate 1- Clergy (1% of population, 10% land, 2% income tax) 2-Nobility (2% of pop, 30% land, no income tax) 3- Everyone else (97% of pop, pay 50% income tax) Inflation within the economy: - Inflation of bread (a staple for peasants) - Financial crisis and famine

How did European colonization (15th & 16th centuries) differ from European imperialism (18th & 19th centuries)?

European colonization (15th & 16th centuries): God, glory, gold - Didn't penetrate into interior of Africa/Asia - Didn't have a major influence on conquered people European imperialism (18th & 19th centuries): Economic exploitation - Demanded control of conquered people's lives - Used colonized lands and people to benefit ($) home countries - Wanted colonial people to adopt European culture

Scramble for Africa

European competition for territory in Africa - Invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by 7 Western European powers during a short period known as New Imperialism - Was caused by the discovery of gold and diamonds in the region, which motivated British expansion

What were the arguments for and against the abolition of slavery?

For abolition of slavery: - Enlightenment thought was critical of slavery (Violation of Natural Rights) - Religious and moral voices: Quakers and Protestants thought slavery was a "crime in the sight of God" - Economically not essential: Most prosperous societies like England and Northern U.S. relied on free labor. Out of date, unnecessary in Industrial Era - Enslaved folks took action: Haitian Revolution 3; Rebellions in West Indies; Great Jamacia Revolt - Revolution of Haiti serves as an example of what could happen if slavery persisted - Moral virtue and economic success were joined Against abolition of slavery: - Social Darwinism - Free labor - High production rates with little/no cost

In what way(s) was the French Revolution different from other Atlantic revolutions?

French Revolution was more radical and experienced complete change in society - "First becomes last" - Abolished feudalism - Democratic revolution - Expansion of rights - Basically abolished the Catholic Church - Attempted to enhance the rights and power of poor people and women - National assembly → legislative assembly → national convention → directory - Began with absolute monarchy and ended with monarch without royal blood - French revolution was driven by sharp conflicts within society - Extreme public violence - French Revolution sought to wholly change society while American Revolution wanted to remain and preserve the older form of society

Karl Marx

German philosopher/theorist who (in Industrial Revolution) sought to pioneer a new form of government based on the needs of the proletariat (worker) - Father of utopian socialism - Cowrote the Communist Manifesto Marxism: social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which focuses on the struggle between capitalists and the working class: - Believed that the conflict would lead to the working class rebelling, overthrowing the capitalist class, and taking control over the economy through revolution. - Stresses the importance of class struggle

Labor unions

Groups of workers who want to improve working conditions and achieve better wages (had to pay dues to participate). They would also offer protection and rights to workers who worked in unfair and unsafe conditions - Goals of Labor Unions: 8-hour workday, abolition of child labor, safety codes in workplace, minimum wage, overtime pay, benefits of workers - Strikes were held to obtain such conditions - Collective bargaining - Most companies/employers were against unions - Helped to reform capitalism (and prevent socialism)

What were European imperialism's social, political, and economic impacts on colonial subjects?

Imperialism demanded control of conquered people's lives (socially, economically, and politically) Wanted colonial people to adopt European culture SOCIAL: - Genuine concern/duty to spread Christianity and Western culture emerged. - New kind of racism, which used "science" to support it (craniology) - Led to misapplication of Charles Darwin's thinking to understand human societies → "survival of the fittest" - Social Darwinism was justified with the help of "Scientific" racism: Led to displacement and destruction of "unfit" people/savages - Paternalism: European's "duty" to "civilize" "backward" people POLITICAL: - Europe had a mass appeal of nationalism and increased militarism (building up arming and navies and acquiring lands for military advantage) - Rivalries between European nations - Belief that more land meant more power became goal of European imperial countries → caused them to try to take over more land: "Great Power" status was a goal of all imperial countries ECONOMIC: - Industrial Revolution created needs for natural resources (rubber, oil, steam, palm oil) for machines, new markets for consumers to sell factory goods, and places to invest profits (excess capital, outlet for growing population) - Economic concession allowed Europe to use a country's natural resources as a result of European imperialism - Economic Concession: Agreement granting rights for the exploitation of natural resources belonging to a country

What were the results of the Opium Wars?

In sum, restrictions imposed in unequal treaties curbed China's industrialization - Chinese businessmen worked for foreign countries rather than investing or building their own industries Treaty of Nanjing: - China opened 5 additional coastal ports to Westerners for trade - Britain was given Hong Kong - Europeans were granted extraterritoriality (Immunity to prosecution under laws of a country to national of another country) Treaty of Tientsin (2nd Opium War): - 10 more ports were opened to foreign traders - Foreigners allowed to travel freely and buy land in China - Foreigners allowed to preach Christianity under protection of Chinese authorities - Foreigners allowed to navigate along and patrol some of China's major rivers - Chinese forbidden from referring to British as "barbarians" in official documents

After slavery was abolished in the Atlantic world, what kinds of labor emerged?

Industrial Factories (industrial labor) - Workers were overworked and underpaid - Child labor (work 10-18 hours per day) - No sanitary codes or safety laws to protect women - Immigrants faced discrimination and exploitation by employees Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State - Congo Free State - Cultivation System in Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) Highly dependent labor systems emerged after the abolition of slavery - Sharecropping in southern states of U.S. (people still economically enslaved as they usually owed so much money to plantation owners, leaving them little profit for themselves) Specialization: Workers repeat a single step in the production process again and again Cash-crop Agriculture Wage Labor: Migration for Work Independent farming possible for some former slaves

What were the motives for European imperialism?

Industrialization led to imperialism as European counties sought markets for their goods, capital ($) investment, laborers, and expansion of territory to symbolize their power. ECONOMIC: The Industrial Revolution - Industrialization gave rise to new economic needs (raw materials and agricultural products). Europeans found solutions abroad - Economic Concession: Agreement granting rights for the exploitation of natural resources belonging to a country - New markets for trade and Cheap labor POLITICAL: - To protect European investments and build an empire - Recognition as a world power ("Great Power" status was goal of all imperial countries) - Mass appeal of Nationalism (National pride: To have biggest empire) - Rivalries between European nations (Competition with rivals: to get there first) - Increased militarism → building up armies/navies ad acquiring lands for military advantage (Belief that more land= more power) MILITARY: - National Security: To protect mother country + colonies - Military Strategic Position: Allowed a country to control waterways and land areas RELIGIOUS: - Missionary Impulse: European Christians felt superior to all other religions; felt it was their duty to spread Christianity to Asia and Africa - Missionaries encourage imperialism since provided more areas to Christianize more people SOCIAL: - New kind of racism→ used "science" to support prejudice (Craniology) - Development of Social Darwinism Perversion/misapplication of Darwin's evolutionary thinking to humans - "Survival of the Fittest" —> Displacement and destruction of "unfit" people/savages - European's "duty" to "civilize" "backward" peoples

How did industrialization drive imperialism?

Industrialization led to imperialism as European countries sought... - Markets for their goods (Industrial capitalism produced more manufactured goods than its own people could buy; it created a surplus of product) - Capital ($) investment: European countries/investors determines it was more profitable to invest money abroad → Leading to more money for parent country - Laborers: Coercion, cash-crop agriculture, wage labor (required migration) - Expansion of territory to symbolize their power (Nationalism) In order to maximize profits, industrialized nations went out to find nations that they could exploit natural resources and cheap labor from

Louis XVI

Irresponsible monarch of France who ignored advice from his advisors, indulge his wife's whims, and ran from France's economic crisis (rather than addressing it head-on) - Executed during radical phase of French Revolution - Under his rule, France was so in debt that the banks refused to lend it any more money - Tried to solve France's debt problem by imposing a tax on the 2nd Estate. - Nobles were outraged and insisted on calling the estates general (parliament) together to vote on his new tax.

Compare Japan and Qing China's reactions to the West.

JAPAN: - Didn't succumb to Western domination but rather joined imperialists by creating its own East Asian empire - Modernized: Selectively borrowed from West; Restored national unity relatively peacefully with few rebellions (social classes abandoned); Industrialized and expanded its foreign influence QING CHINA: - "Self-Strengthening:" Policies that sought to reinvigorate traditional China, while borrowing cautiously from the West: Was inhibited by fears of conservative leaders that urban/industrial/commercial development would erode power of landlord class; Out of fear of becoming a colony; Ultimately failed and led to the Boxer Uprising

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchu people, and was overthrown by revolutionaries. Saving of the Qing Dynasty: - Division with the Taiping leadership provided opening for Qing dynasty loyalists to rally - Provincial military leaders mobilized their own armies, which crushed rebel forces - Conservatism postponed resolution of China's peasant problem delayed real change for Chinese women and deferred efforts at modernization - Civil war weakened China's economy Problems in Qing Dynasty: - Since 1644, Qing Dynasty had been ruled by FOREIGN Manchu race from north who brought stability and continued isolation from West - But, in late 1700s, problems emerged: Civil Service Exam became corrupt (incompetent bureaucrats); Population tripled; Little spending on agricultural products and industrialization (extreme poverty) Collapse of the Qing Dynasty (caused by internal crisis, which led to rebellions) - Population growth that agricultural production couldn't keep up with: Industrialization in agriculture would have helped, but China cut itself off from West - Expansion West and South didn't bring in as much revenue as European colonies - Economic decline leads to social decline - Ingredients for rebellion: high unemployment, impoverishment, misery, starvation - Government didn't expand quickly enough to do its jobs effectively: Tax collection, social control, public security

Industrialization in Latin America

Latin America: - Independence wars diminished population, animals, and jobs - Focused on exporting raw materials and importing factory goods - Many people lived in rural areas - In the second half of the 1800s, Latin America entered a period of greater stability as a measure of political consolidation took hold, and it became more closely integrated into the world economy (Led to rapid growth of Latin American exports to the industrializing countries) - Export boom did NOT jump-start an Industrial Revolution - Latin American experiences economic growth instead of an industrial revolution (Largely finances by capital from abroad and was dependent on European/North American prosperity and decisions)

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of committee of public safety (executive under National Convention) - Led most radical phases of French Revolution - Gave "Republic of Virtue" speech which equates democracy with virtue (high morals) and justified the use of terror in defending democracy - Led Terror of 1793-1794 which killed more than 40,000 people (most were poor or working-class) - Execution ended the Reign of Terror

What were the results of the French Revolution?

NAPOLEON'S RULE - Establishment of a democratic government - Equal taxation - Stable economy - Honest, competent officials - Equal opportunity in government - Public education - Religious tolerance - Government controlled Church lands - Government recognition of Church influence - Capitalism was introduced - Economy grew

What were the causes of the Opium Wars?

Opium: Provided by Arab traders, treated stomach-related problems Why was Opium a problem? - Smugglers who buy it aren't paying tax on it because it is being bought illegally (China isn't making money off of it) - Significant outflow of silver to pay for opium (economy problems): Reversed China's century-long ability to attract much of world's silver supply - Millions of Chinese become addicts: Unemployment, crime, decreased production, ineffective officials/soldiers Causes of Opium Wars: - Commissioner Lin Zeux led campaign to suppress Opium - British offended, sent large naval expedition to China, determined to end restrictive conditions under which they traded with China - Britain used Opium grown in India to cover its trade imbalance with China - Manchu continued to treat Europeans as barbarians - Advances by Europeans in science/industry made them serious rivals to empire - British lacked commodities to exchange for Chinese goods - Importation of India to China reversed trade balance in British favor - Chinese government asks Queen Victoria to stop selling Opium - Lin Zexu confiscated 3 million pounds of Opium and destroys it (sea) Second Opium War: - British forced victorious again - Treat of Tienetist

Colonialism

Practice of acquiring full/partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Control by one power over a dependent area or people

What were the push and pull factors for migration in the era 1750-1900?

Push Factors: - Poverty - Rapidly growing population - Displacement of peasant farming/artisan manufacturing Pull Factors: - Enormous demand for labor - Readily availability of land - Relatively cheap transportation of railroads and steamships

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France during French Revolution, Louis XVI's wife, "Madame Deficit" - Bought herself expensive items (jewelry and gowns) and threw extravagant parties - Was a gambler

Industrialization in Russia

Russia: - Change initiated by state in effort to catch up with the powerful and innovative Europe - Focused on railroads and heavy industry (fueled by foreign investment) - Most people lived in cities Social Outcomes of Industrial Revolution: - Growing middle class (businessmen) took shape - Factory workers developed radcial class consciousness (Grievances erupted in form of large-scale strikes) - Small number of educated Russians became involved in Marxist socialism. Created an illegal Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. Forced tsar's regime to make substantial reforms (granted constitution, permitted election of national assembly)

What did the Atlantic Revolutions have in common?

Shared a common set of ideas: - Criticism of Divine Right of Kinds, aristocratic privilege, and the authority of Church - Pro republicanism, liberty, popular sovereignty, human rationality, and inalienable rights - Popular Sovereignty: Authority to govern derived from the people rather than God or established tradition - Ideas derived from European Enlightenment - Radical notion that human political/social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action Immense global impact - Ideas that animated Atlantic revolutions inspired many other countries - Nationalism shaped much of the 19th-20th century Closely connected to one another - Thomas Jefferson: American Revolution leader and ambassador of France Democratic Revolutions: - Expand voting rights - Abolish slavery - Expand women's rights - Developed constitutions - Elimination of monarchs

Compare industrialization in Britain, the U.S., Latin America, and Russia.

Spread of Industrialization similarities: - Vast increases in production and unprecedented urbanization - Class structures changes - Middle-class women withdrew from paid labor - Working women had lower wages - Working-class frustration gave rise to trade unions/socialist movements

Japan's Industrialization

State-guided Industrialization: - Government itself established a number of enterprises, later selling many of them to private investors - Acted to create modern infrastructure - Japan became a major exporter of textiles - All of Japan's industrialization was accomplished through its own resources without the massive foreign debt that afflicted Egypt and the Ottoman Empire Social Results of Japan's Industrial Revolution: - Many peasant families slid into poverty because they were taxed heavily - Majority of Japan's textile workers were young women from poor families: Low pay, terrible working conditions 250 years of peace under Tokugawa rule - Economic growth, commercialization, urban development → more people lived in Japanese cities than anywhere else in the world - 1750: Japan had become world's most urbanized country - Avoided war that could have occurred when foreign countries demanded trade access (only one port previously available), agreed to unequal treaties - Brief civil war after this → new leaders took advantage of situation New leaders after Meiji Restoration make revolutionary changes - Samurai and daimyo lose status, government officials replace them: Central state now collects taxes (not local authorities) - Confucian values deemed less important - Public schools

What were the causes of the Taiping Rebellion?

Taiping Rebellion: A series of peasant rebellions Taiping Rebellion is unique because... - Subscribe to a unique form of Christianity: Hong Xiuquan claims he's Jesus' brother; Not Daoism, Confucianism, or Buddhism - Wanted revolutionary change, not return of ideal/prior Chinese society - Beliefs about women and roles: (weren't carried out, hypocritical): Women should fight as soldiers, Ordered feet of women in liberated regions to be unbound, Women could sit for Civil Service Exams, Mutual attraction= basis for marriage Taiping Rebellion goals: - Abolish private property - Radical redistribution of land - Equality of men and women - End of footbinding, prostitution, and opium-smoking - Sexually segregated military camps of men and women - Expulsion of all Qing dynasty "foreigners" - Transformation of China into an industrial nation with railroads, healthcare, and universal education Results of Taiping Rebellion: - Traditionalism stops progress uprising made - War weakened economy - 20-30 million lives lost CAUSES OF TAIPING REBELLION: - Symptomatic of larger problems existent within China: Lack of strong, central control - Increased population 1865-1853: Not accompanied by industrial revolution (Food production could not keep up) - Unemployment, increased peasant taxes, disrupted trade routes, bandit gangs forming protests - Taiping Rebellion eventually failed due to divisions, inability to link with other rebel groups throughout China, and Western military support for pro-Qing forces - Taiping Rebellion played a significant role in ending China's isolationist outlook

Imperialism

The practice of extending a country's power and influence through military force or diplomacy. - The idea driving colonialism - First wave imperialism: God, glory, gold - Second Wave imperialism: Economic exploitation

How did the U.S. government respond to the demands of laborers?

U.S. reponds to Labor Unions: - Viewed them as illegal organizations that conspire to disrupt commerce or harm employers

Industrialization in the U.S.

U.S.: - Change came from society as free farmers, workers, and businessmen sought new opportunities and operated in a political system that gave them various degrees of expression - Diverse working population - Focused on mass production → invented assembly line. Poor working conditions/low pay (Produced 36% of world's manufactured goods) - Industrialization began in textile factories - U.S. government plates an important role - Pioneered techniques of mass production. To produce Mass Market: Used interchangeable parts, assembly lines, and "scientific management" - Serious social divisions mounted. Contrast from preindustrial's relative social equality. Conditions generated labor protests, formation of unions, and strikes - To major political party emerged in U.S. to represent interests of working-class - Ideas of socialism didn't appeal to American workers: Relative conservation of major American union organizations; Massive immigration (Europe) created diverse industrial labor force; U.S.'s remarkable economic growth generated higher standard of living for American workers

Cecil Rhodes

Wealthy British mine owner who lived in South Africa and profited greatly by exploiting South Africa's natural resources - Prime minister of Cape Colony - Argued that English were the "superior" race and have the obligation to improve humanity by colonizing other races.

Did Social Darwinism play a more causal role in African colonization as opposed to Asian colonization?

Yes, because in African colonization, Social Darwinism was used to justify colonization by the belief that the Europeans had the right and "duty" to "civilize" these unfit races. Social Darwinism in Africa: - Europeans believe they were better (more evolutionarily advanced) than these "unfit" races - Europeans used Social Darwinism in an attitude of racial superiority - Perversion/misapplication of Darwin's evolutionary thinking to humans - "Survival of the Fittest" → displacement and destruction of "unfit" people/savages - European's "duty" to "civilize" "backward" peoples - Paternalism - "Science" was used to justify this type of racism (craniology) Social Darwinism in Asia: Idea that if the Chinese wanted to strengthen their nation, they would have to accept the brutal truth of natural selection (survival of the fittest) - Wasn't necessarily used to justify racism