AP World Unit 6

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?

European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

European states' establishment of settler colonies

Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world?

Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil

The photo above, showing skin-tone evaluation performed on an Indonesian inmate in a Dutch colonial prison in 1933, most clearly exemplifies which of the following?

Influence of scientific theories on race

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?

It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 YEARColumn A :Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadColumn B :Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadMALEFEMALEMALEFEMALE18543,902675--18647,4452,3421,57760318747,7703,3403,7431,63018796,6392,6123,8612,11618907,2522,7085,1602,71819108,2462,7086,9533,657Source: Data adapted from Sumita Chatterjee "Indian women's lives and labor: the indentureship experience inTrinidad and Guyana, 1845-1917." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896-February 2014. 1251.Accessed at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1251. The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century?

Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.

"Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named. "Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory. "Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc." Excerpt, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871 Which of the following best describes the excerpt above?

A liberal nationalist response to colonialism

A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful?

African accounts of converting to Christianity

Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century?

Europe's development of new military technologies

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 Private Collection / Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?

European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century?

Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy

"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following?

Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ?

Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following?

Labor migrations during the nineteenth century

Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above?

Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?

Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

Map 1 Map 2 During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ?

The United States

A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. Which of the following developments facilitated the family situation portrayed in Brandes' sketch?

The expansion of European colonial empires in Southeast Asia

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image?

The scramble for Africa

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Social Darwinists made which of the following arguments?

Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes.

The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." Taken together, the images best demonstrate that British and French imperialism shared which of the following similarities?

They both saw themselves as spreading the benefits of Enlightenment principles

The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?

They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.

During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?

Weapons

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by

coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by

competition among imperialist powers

In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by

competition among imperialist powers.

Darwin's theories were interpreted by Social Darwinists to indicate that

select human groups would dominate those less fit

Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?

An increased use of slave labor within Africa

Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century?

An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time

"We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!" Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839 In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following?

Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict

British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict.

British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

A historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century would find which of the following sources most useful?

Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century?

China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?

The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia?

The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?

Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century?

British colonization of India

Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

Economic imperialism

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to

European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire?

Japan

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

"The yellow and white races which are to be found on the globe have been endowed by nature with intelligence and fighting capacity. They are fundamentally incapable of giving way to each other. Hence, glowering and poised for a fight, they have engaged in battle in the world of evolution, the great arena where strength and intelligence have clashed since earliest times, the great theater where for so long natural selection and progress have been played out." The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of

Social Darwinism

Map 1 Map 2 The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following?

The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 YEARColumn A :Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadColumn B :Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadMALEFEMALEMALEFEMALE18543,902675--18647,4452,3421,57760318747,7703,3403,7431,63018796,6392,6123,8612,11618907,2522,7085,1602,71819108,2462,7086,9533,657Source: Data adapted from Sumita Chatterjee "Indian women's lives and labor: the indentureship experience inTrinidad and Guyana, 1845-1917." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896-February 2014. 1251.Accessed at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1251. Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?

The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ?

The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following?

The concept of the civilizing mission

The following questions refer to the passage below. "It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Which of the following most directly enabled the implementation of the British policy outlined in the passage?

The strengthening of British colonial control over the interior of India

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the

growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

The following questions refer to the passage below. "It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 The technologies and economic policies described in the passage contributed most significantly to which of the following demographic developments in the nineteenth century?

An increase in urbanization as displaced rural workers sought opportunities in cities

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 YEARColumn A :Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadColumn B :Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in TrinidadMALEFEMALEMALEFEMALE18543,902675--18647,4452,3421,57760318747,7703,3403,7431,63018796,6392,6123,8612,11618907,2522,7085,1602,71819108,2462,7086,9533,657Source: Data adapted from Sumita Chatterjee "Indian women's lives and labor: the indentureship experience inTrinidad and Guyana, 1845-1917." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896-February 2014. 1251.Accessed at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1251. The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period?

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?

Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." Based on Image 1, the painter most likely held which of the following views of China?

China was behind Europe in cultural and scientific development.

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880?

Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians.

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments?

European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of

Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?

Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

"Again, another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Josiah Strong, American Protestant clergyman, essay on Anglo-Saxons, 1891 The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are most supportive of which of the following concepts?

Imperialism

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?

Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The French educational practice shown in Image 2 likely contributed to which of the following problems for French colonial rule?

It helped the French colonies to develop a sense of independent nationalism.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 Private Collection / Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following?

Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?

Social Darwinism

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by

Social Darwinism and international power politics

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 Private Collection / Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century?

Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following?

The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule

The following questions refer to the passage below. "It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Which of the following best explains the motivation behind the policy outlined in the passage?

The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry.

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?

The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following?

The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778-1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878 ?

The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following?

The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

"Executing the directives of the International Monetary Fund, the government of the dictator Gaviria* precipitously opens our borders and internal markets to big foreign capital and production. It privatizes important state enterprises and entities, lays off workers and other employees en masse, guarantees broad benefits to the owner-speculators of finance capital, removes incentives for agricultural production, and puts national producers into bankruptcy. This is the development of savage capitalism, of neo-liberalism in which economic growth opposes social well-being." *César Gaviria Trujillo, president of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 Political declaration of the Eighth Conference of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), rebel group, Colombia, 1993 The conditions described in the passage are best seen as a continuation of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century?

There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph?

To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century

justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to

place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why

social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Rivett-Carnac's point of view is directly relevant in understanding all of the following features of the report EXCEPT

the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle