AP2 M8&9 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Compare and contrast the right and left lungs.

-different shapes to accommodate other organs in the thoracic region -right lung has 3 lobes, is shorter than the left lung since the liver is underneath -left lung has 2 lobes, longer/narrower; concave region on mediastinal surface (cardiac notch) for space for the heart

During what timeframe does a fetus have enough mature structures to breathe on its own if born prematurely? Describe the other structures that develop during this phase.

At about week 28, enough alveolar precursors have matured so that a baby born prematurely at this time can usually breathe on its own. Other structures that develop about this time are pulmonary capillaries, expanding to create a large surface area for gas exchange. Alveolar ducts and alveolar precursors have also developed

Compare and contrast Dalton's law and Henry's law.

Both Dalton's and Henry's laws describe the behavior of gases. Dalton's law states that any gas in a mixture of gases exerts force as if it were not in a mixture. Henry's law states that gas molecules dissolve in a liquid proportional to their partial pressure.

. Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? C-shaped cartilage smooth muscle fibers cilia all of the above

C-shaped cartilage

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? Chloride is removed from the erythrocyte. Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte. Bicarbonate is removed from the blood.

Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.

Which of the three regions of the Pharynx receives the auditory (eustachian) tubes from the middle ears and houses the pharyngeal tonsil?

Nasopharynx

Which of the three regions of the pharynx occupies the space between the inferior margin of the soft palate and the epiglottis; it also contains the palatine tonsils.

Otopharynx

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? The diaphragm moves downward. The rib cage is compressed. The thoracic cavity volume decreases. The ribs and sternum move upward.

The ribs and sternum move upward.

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? pharynx nasal cavity alveoli bronchi

alveoli

. When do fetal breathing movements begin? around week 20 around week 37 around week 16 after birth

around week 20

. Compare and contrast the conducting and respiratory zones.

conducting zone- organs of the respiratory system not directly involved in gas exchange. Instead, provide air passageway, removes debris, warming/humidifying air, etc. (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, etc.) respiratory zone- all organs/structures directly involved in gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? difficulty expressing fluid difficulty inflating the lungs difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing

difficulty inflating the lungs

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________. early childhood, around 8 years of age birth 37 weeks 16 weeks

early childhood, around 8 years of age

The olfactory pits form from which of the following? mesoderm cartilage ectoderm endoderm

ectoderm

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________. external respiration interpulmonary respiration internal respiration pulmonary ventilation

internal respiration

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases. resistance pressure airway diameter friction

resistance

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above

visceral and parietal pleurae

What is the major mechanism that results in acclimatization?

A major mechanism involved in acclimatization is the increased production of erythrocytes. A drop in tissue levels of oxygen stimulates the kidneys to produce the hormone erythropoietin, which signals the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes. As a result, individuals exposed to a high altitude for long periods of time have a greater number of circulating erythrocytes than do individuals at lower altitudes.

Compare and contrast adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.

Both adult and fetal hemoglobin transport oxygen via iron molecules. However, fetal hemoglobin has about a 20-fold greater affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. This is due to a difference in structure; fetal hemoglobin has two subunits that have a slightly different structure than the subunits of adult hemoglobin.

Describe three ways in which carbon dioxide can be transported.

Carbon dioxide can be transported by three mechanisms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate, or as carbaminohemoglobin. Dissolved in plasma, carbon dioxide molecules simply diffuse into the blood from the tissues. Bicarbonate is created by a chemical reaction that occurs mostly in erythrocytes, joining carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase, producing carbonic acid, which breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbaminohemoglobin is the bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide.

Describe fetal breathing movements and their purpose.

Fetal breathing movements occur due to the contraction of respiratory muscles, causing the fetus to inhale and exhale amniotic fluid. It is thought that these movements are a way to "practice" breathing, which results in toning the muscles in preparation for breathing after birth. In addition, fetal breathing movements may help alveoli to form and mature.

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________. Haldane effect Bohr effect Dalton's law Henry's law

Haldane effect

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? Increase surface area exchange gases maintain surface tension maintain air pressure

Increase surface area

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide? It diffuses into the blood. It diffuses into the alveoli. The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse. It decomposes into carbon and oxygen.

It diffuses into the alveoli.

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth? It reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. It is expelled shortly after birth. It is absorbed shortly after birth. It lubricates the pleurae.

It is absorbed shortly after birth.

Which of the three regions of the pharynx lies mostly posterior to the larynx, extends from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage, where the esophagus begins?

Laryngopharynx

Describe what is meant by the term "lung compliance."

Lung compliance is the ability of lung tissue to stretch under pressure. it's determined by surface tension of alveoli/ability of connective tissue to stretch. determines how much lungs can change in volume, therefore determining air pressure/movement

Describe the three regions of the pharynx and their functions.

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx nasopharynx- connected to the posterior nasal cavity & functions as an airway oropharynx- continuous with the nasal pharynx & connected to the oral cavity at the fauces laryngopharynx- connected to oropharynx/esophagus/tracheaboth oropharynx/laryngopharynx are passageways for air/food/drink

A smoker develops damage to several alveoli that then can no longer function. How does this affect gas exchange?

The alveoli have insufficient ventilation, so the partial pressure of the oxygen in the alveoli decreases. this causes pulmonary capillaries of alveoli to constrict, redirecting blood flow to other alveoli

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? The capillary constricts. The capillary dilates. The partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases. The bronchioles dilate.

The capillary constricts.

Describe the neural factors involved in increasing ventilation during exercise.

The first neural factor is the psychological stimulus of making a conscious decision to exercise. The second neural factor is the stimulus of motor neuron activation by the skeletal muscles, which are involved in exercise. The third neural factor is activation of the proprioceptors located in the muscles, joints, and tendons that stimulate activity in the respiratory centers.

Why are the pleurae not damaged during normal breathing?

The pleural cavity between parietal/visceral layers of the pleura has mesothelial cells secreting pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant. The fluid prevents the layers rubbing together/damage by friction

Describe the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of hemoglobin to oxygen is described by the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve. As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, the number of oxygen molecules bound by hemoglobin increases, thereby increasing the saturation of hemoglobin.

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________. bronchopulmonary segment pulmonary lobule interpulmonary segment respiratory segment

bronchopulmonary segment

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? AMS high blood levels of carbon dioxide low atmospheric pressure erythropoietin

erythropoietin

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? mediastinum fissure root pleura

fissure

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? hemoglobin and carbon dioxide carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide hemoglobin and oxygen carbonic anhydrase and oxygen

hemoglobin and oxygen

. Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure. low; high low; low high; high high; low

high; low

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________. hyperventilation hyperpnea acclimatization apnea

hyperventilation

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. decrease in equalization of increase in zero

increase in

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? nasopharynx laryngopharynx nasal cavity oral cavity

oral cavity

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? pulmonary ventilation production of pulmonary surfactant resistance surface tension

pulmonary ventilation

Outline the steps involved in quiet breathing.

quiet breathing occurs at rest without thought. during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, flattening and lowering towards the abdominal cavity. This allows the thoracic cavity to expand. External intercostal muscles also contract, expanding the rib cage. The rib cage/sternum move outward, expanding the thoracic cavity, and thus the lungs due to the adhesiveness of pleural fluid. Pressure in the lungs drops, so air comes in. During expiration, the diaphragm/intercostal muscles relax, lungs/thoracic tissue recoil, lung volume decreases. This causes pressure to return to normal and air leaves the lungs.

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? residual volume tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume

residual volume

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. pulmonary interlobular respiratory bronchial

respiratory

What is respiratory rate and how is it controlled?

respiratory rate is breaths per minute, controlled by the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. One can purposefully control respiratory rate through contraction of skeletal muscles.

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? low partial pressure of oxygen low atmospheric pressure abnormal neural signals small venous reserve of oxygen

small venous reserve of oxygen

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? temperature pH BPG all of the above

temperature pH BPG all of the above

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? alveoli bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

If a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result?

the epiglottis is a part of the larynx that is important in swallowing food/drink as it prevents food/drink from entering the trachea. Therefore, damage to the epiglottis may impair this function and food/drink might go into the trachea or lungs. This might eventually cause pneumonia

What is the role of alveolar macrophages? to secrete pulmonary surfactant to secrete antimicrobial proteins to remove pathogens and debris to facilitate gas exchange

to remove pathogens and debris

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________. atmospheric pressure pulmonary pressure negative pressure transpulmonary pressure

transpulmonary pressure