APA Chapter 8

How to insert an epigraph

•Place before the first line of text and indent 0.5 in. from the left margin •Does not need quotation marks •Epigraphs that are not from a scholarly source require a credit line instead of a reference list entry •Include a parenthetical citation and a reference list entry for an epigraph from a scholarly source

primary vs secondary source

•Primary source reports original content •Secondary source refers to content first reported in another source

•When the author of a work is overtly designated as "Anonymous," ____ takes the place of the author name in the in-text citation

"Anonymous"

Use an _______ between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included

ampersand (&) •(Jöreskog & Sörbom, 2007)

•Quotations of 40 words or more are called ___

block quotations

Highlight the work(s) most directly relevant to your point by

placing those citations first, then add a phrase, such as "see also" before the remaining citations

Every work cited in the text must appear in the _______

reference section and vice versa

Include copyright attribution for ?

reprinted or adapted tables, figures, images, long quotations, and commercially copyrighted test items

•A quotation less than 40 words is considered a

short quotation

•If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers, insert the word "_____" italicized and in brackets, immediately after the error in the quotation

sic

References to translated, reprinted, republished, or reissued works contain

two dates in the in-text citation •(Piaget, 1966/2000)

•For works that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, how do you cite?

use "in press"

For works. with no date, how do you cite?

use "n.d." in the in-text citation

what is patch writing? is it plagiarism

when a few words have been changed but content is largely the same; yes.

Arrange two or more works by the same authors by

year of publication •Zhou (n.d., 2000, 2016, in press)

define plagiarism

•"the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it denies authors or creators of content the credit they are due."

What to Cite

•Cite primary sources when possible and secondary sources sparingly •Works of individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work •Facts and Figures that are not common knowledge •Direct quotes •Paraphrases •Reprint of adaptation of a table or figure •Reprint of a long quotation or commercially copyrighted test item

How do you handle quotations from research participants?

•Do not include in the reference list or treat them as personal communications •State in the text that the quotations are from participants •Research participant interviews •Do not require a citation in APA Style because you do not cite your own work in the paper in which it is being first reported •Abide by the ethical agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity between you and your participants

Format of a block quotation

•Do not use quotation marks and start on a new line •Indent entire block 0.5 in. from the left margin and indent any additional paragraphs within the quote an extra 0.5 in. •Double-spaced with no extra spaces before or after

Unethical writing practices other than plagiarism

•Fabricated citations and references •Contract cheating

•When including a direct quotation from another work embedded in another quote, how do you utilize the quotation marks?

•For short quotations, use single quotation marks within double quotation marks •For block quotations, use double quotation marks around quoted material

consequences of self plagiraism

•Gives the impression that findings are more replicable than they are, there is more information on a topic than there really is, and that conclusions are more strongly supported

Citing a secondary source

•In the text, identify the primary source and then write "as cited in" the secondary source that you used •Include year of publication of the primary source in the text •(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) •If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation •Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)

When you have multiple in-text citations with all of the same author names, what do you do?

•Include a lowercase letter after the year •(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a) •Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)

changes to a quotation that DO need an explanation

•Omitting words •Use an ellipses to shorten a sentence or tie two sentences together •Use square brackets, to enclose material you have inserted in a quotation • Adding emphasis using italics •[emphasis added]

How to cite a personal communication

•Personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following formats: •Narrative citation: E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019) Parenthetical citation: (T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

what to include for an in text citation of a direct quote?

•Provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format •"p" for a single page and "pp" for multiple pages •Use an en dash for a range of pages and a comma when the pages are not continuous •Do not use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation unless the original source uses one

what is paraphrasing?

•Restating someone else's idea in your own words

changes to a quotation that do NOT need an explanation

•The first letter of the first word •Some punctuation marks at the end of the quotation •Switching single to double quotation marks and vice versa •Footnote or endnote number callouts can be omitted

how to avoid plagiarism

•Use direct quotes, paraphrase, refer to data, reprint or adapt tables/figures, reprint lengthy test passages and commercially copyrighted test items

2 parts of the Author-Date Citation System

•an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry

where does an in text citation appear, and what does it ID?

•appear within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication

consequences of plagiarism

•failing an assignment for class, academic probation, expulsion, rejection from publication, and possible censure at work

What does a reference list entry do?

•provides the author, date, title, and source of the work cited in the paper and enables readers to identify and retrieve the work

•Date element of a reference list entry may include the ______ •The corresponding in-text citation includes only the ______

•the month, season, and/or day in addition to the year •only the year

For a work with three or more authors, or groups, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in how many citations?

All

for a work with one or two authors, include the author's name(s) in how many of the citations?

All

How do you include a general mention of a periodical in the text?

Italicize and capitalize •I searched the Journal of Abnormal Psychology for studies to include in the meta-analysis

How do you include a general mention of a website in the text?

Provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses •We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).

example of duplicate publication

Publishing a doctoral dissertation or master's thesis in whole or in part in one or more journal articles

place citation in ______ order and separate them with ___

alphabetical; semicolon

What is an epigraph?

a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document

When the in-text citations of multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same form, what do you do?

list the names until there is a different one and then add et all if there is more than one more after.