APCS SEMESTER 1 FINAL REVIEW

Which of the following BEST describes the differences between sequential and event-driven programming? (1)In sequential programming commands run in the order they are written. In event-driven programming some commands run in response to user interactions or other events. (2)In sequential programming each command is run many times in sequence. In event-driven programming all commands are run a single time as an event. (3)In sequential programming commands run one at a time. In event-driven programming all commands run at the same time. (4)In sequential programming commands run faster than in event-driven programming.

(1)In sequential programming commands run in the order they are written. In event-driven programming some commands run in response to user interactions or other events.

Which of the following is the correct way to write a comment in a javaScript program? "comment" //comment [comment] (comment) #comment

//comment

An artist makes an RGB image in which each pixel color is encoded with 12-bits --- 4 bits each for red, green and blue. Which of the following correctly shows the binary value for Blue as a 12-bit representation? None of these 111100001111 000000001111 000011110000

000000001111

Convert the decimal (base-10) number 20 to binary (base-2). 10010 00101 11000 10100

10100

Convert 11 (base ten) to binary. 1001 1101 1011 1111

1011

Encoding each color channel with 4 bits per channel allows for many gradations of colors in a composition. For example, bright red would be represented as 111100000000. With four bits per color, how many gradations of red are possible (not including 000000000000, which is black). 3 7 15 None of these

15

Your computer uses 4 bits to represent decimal numbers (0, 1, 2, 3 and so on) in binary. What is the SMALLEST number for which an overflow error will occur, if you only have 4 bits? 7 15 8 16

16

Why is hexadecimal commonly used in representing digital information? There are [ Select ] ["2", "16", "15", "2", "10"] symbols in hexadecimal, so you can count to 15 using one symbol in hexadecimal. This is the same as counting using [ Select ] ["8", "10", "2", "4"] bits in binary. That means that each [ Select ] ["bobble", "nibble", "bit", "nugget", "byte"] in binary, translates conveniently into one symbol in hexadecimal, or 2 hexadecimal symbols can be used to represent 1 byte in binary.

16 15 4 nibble

How many total numbers can be represented with an 8-bit binary (base-2) system? 255 256 127 128

256

Which of the following best describes the result of using 32-bit integers instead of 16-bit integers? 2^32 times as many values can be represented. 16^2 times as many values can be represented. 2^16 times as many values can be represented. 32^2 times as many values can be represented.

2^16 times as many values can be represented.

What is the largest binary number you can write given you have five bits? Convert this to decimal (base ten). 31 15 7 63

31

With 9 bits per pixel, how many total unique colors can be depicted? 9 512 256 None of these 18

512

What is the compression rate for the following data (rounded to the nearest percent)? Compression: 16bytes Dictionary: 111 bytes total: 127 bytes Original text size: 332 bytes

62%

Convert the Binary number into hexadecimal: 01101101

6D

How many bits are necessary to convert 64 from decimal (base ten) to binary (base two)? 7 6 None of these 8

7

Two students are sending messages to one another using a 4-bit protocol. They decide to modify their protocol to 7-bit messages. How many move values can be represented in a 7-bit message than a 4-bit message? 8 times as many 16 times as many 4 times as many 2 times as many

8 times as many

Given three shapes, circles, squares, and triangles, how many unique two place value patterns can be created? 4 8 27 9

9

Which of the following binary (base-2) numbers is LARGEST? A. 11000000 B. 01111111 C. 00000001 D. 10111111 B D C A

A

Definition of Packet

A chunk of information that gets sent on the internet

Which of the following best describes how computing devices represent information? A computer represents only numerical data as bits which is either a 0 or a 1. A computer represents only alphanumeric data as bits which is either a 0 or a 1. A computer represents data as bits which is either a 0 or a 1 A computer represents information as bits which contain 8 bytes.

A computer represents data as bits which is either a 0 or a 1

Definition of IPv4

A packet of data that uses 32-bit addresses

Which of the following statements about routing on the Internet is TRUE ? Information travelling between two computers over the Internet will always take the same path. There is one router which receives and redirects all the traffic of the Internet. A packet travelling between two computers on the Internet may be rerouted many times along the way. Your router receives all the traffic of the Internet and delivers to your computer only the messages intended for you.

A packet travelling between two computers on the Internet may be rerouted many times along the way.

Definition of protocol

A well-known set of rules and standards used to communicate

Which of the following are characteristics of TCP? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Prioritizes speed over accuracy Used for email and web-browsing Low reliability Acknowledged the receipt of packets Prioritizes accuracy over speed Asks for dropped packets to be resent Used for gaming and video conferenceing Numbers packets

Acknowledged the receipt of packets Prioritizes accuracy over speed Asks for dropped packets to be resent Used for email and web-browsing Numbers packets

When a new device is connected to the Internet, which of the following best explains what happens? An Internet Protocol (IP) address is assigned to the device. A Web site is assigned to the device. A packet number is assigned to the device. A device driver is assigned to the device.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is assigned to the device.

Definition of Digital Divide

An uneven distribution in communications technologies between any number of distinct groups, which can be defined based on social, geographical, or geopolitical criteria, or otherwise

Which of the following is NOT a reason to include comments in programs? (1)Comments help document how code was written for other programmers to use (2)Comments help programmers debug issues in their own code (3)Comments enable programmers to track their work throughout the development process (4)Comments help the computer decide whether certain components of a program are important.

Comments help the computer decide whether certain components of a program are important.

Which of the following statements about Intellectual Property is TRUE? Creative Commons enables content creators to freely distribute their otherwise copyrighted work. Information created on a computer is not owned by anyone since only analog information is protected under copyright law. You do not need to cite work created by someone else if both the original work and your use of it are in digital form. Creative Commons has severely hindered broad and open access to digital information

Creative Commons enables content creators to freely distribute their otherwise copyrighted work.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a design specification? Listing detailed questions that will be asked of users during interviews Tracking errors that arise through user testing Describing the requirements for how a program will work or users will interact with it Documenting comments that will need to be added to a program

Describing the requirements for how a program will work or users will interact with it

Why are domain names useful? Choose the BEST answer. Domain names make the work of search engines like Google possible Domain names are easier for humans to remember than the IP addresses of sites Domain names make the internet more organized Domain names must be applicable to their site content.

Domain names are easier for humans to remember than the IP addresses of sites

Convert 228 to hexadecimal. D4 C4 B8 D8 E4

E4

TRUE or FALSE: TCP guarantees that no packets are ever dropped during their trip through the network.

FALSE

TRUE or FASLE: The user of an app can see things that print to the console log.

False

Which of the following are true about TCP/IP packets? SELECT TWO. Messages are broken into packet to improve the reliability of the internet. Packets are numbered so if they arrive out of order they can be correctly reassembled. Once a packet is assigned a path, it can never be rerouted. A packet is never dropped on the internet.

Messages are broken into packet to improve the reliability of the internet. Packets are numbered so if they arrive out of order they can be correctly reassembled.

What feature of DNS and IP allow internet scalability? Government control Hierarchy Multiple servers Redundancy

Hierarchy

How does a computer resolve a domain name into an IP address? It creates an IP address for the domain, and shares it with the closest DNS. It uses a Border Gateway Protocol to get the address from a nearby computer. It requests your cookies and finds the address on the cookie. It asks a DNS server for the cooresponding IP address

It asks a DNS server for the cooresponding IP address

What ASCII character is represented by the binary (base 2) number 1001011 ?

K

Runs of values are encoded as the symbol followed by the length of the run. This compression is (Before)aaabbcaaaabbb (After) a3b2c1a4b3

Lossless

Which statements about lossless compression are FALSE? SELECT TWO. Lossless compression is used when I want to ensure I can retrieve my original data. Lossless compression is typically used when I just want to send a file quickly and cheaply Lossless compression is fully reversible, meaning the original file can be recreated bit for bit. Lossless compression is used only for audio files.

Lossless compression is typically used when I just want to send a file quickly and cheaply Lossless compression is used only for audio files.

Values are quantized to the smallest multiple of 10 they occupy. This compression is: (Before) 0.123, 1.2345, 21.2165, 21.999, 12.123 (After) 0,0,20,20,10

Lossy

Which statements about lossy compression are FALSE? SELECT TWO. Lossy compression is NOT fully reversible, the original file is not capable of being recreated from the lossy compression file. Lossy compression is reversible. Lossy compression usually has a worse compression rate than lossless compression Lossy compression throws away unimportant details that a human being will likely be unable to detect.

Lossy compression is reversible. Lossy compression usually has a worse compression rate than lossless compression

Ryan is designing an app that needs to quickly send low quality photos between users. Most smartphones take much higher quality photos than Ryan needs for his app. Which answer best describes the type of compression Ryan should choose and why? Lossy compression since it typically results in smaller data sizes. Lossy compression since it ensures perfect reconstruction of the photo. Lossless compression since it typically results in smaller data sizes Lossless compression since it ensures perfect reconstruction of the photo.

Lossy compression since it typically results in smaller data sizes.

Which of the following BEST describes how protocols on the Internet (HTTP, IP, TCP) make use of abstraction to accomplish their respective purposes? High level protocols can take on the role of low level protocols in the event of failure in the system. High level protocols take into account specific implementation details of lower level protocols to ensure they are compatible. Low level protocols can provide functionality to high level protocols without revealing the details of how this is done. Low levels protocols are in binary while high level protocols are in hexadecimal.

Low level protocols can provide functionality to high level protocols without revealing the details of how this is done.

Which of the following statements about Metadata are TRUE? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Metadata might refer to how many pixels will be in the width of a photo. Metadata is the same as megadata Metadata refers to data about data Metadata could be 6 and 9 but not 7 because 7 8 9

Metadata might refer to how many pixels will be in the width of a photo. Metadata refers to data about data

Which of the following statements explain examples of programming documentation? Creating documents to share code with a programming partner Writing comments in your code that explain what the code does A record of changes to a line of code or program Documents which verify the code is working A written description of how a code command works

NOT SURE ABOUT ANSWER... NEED HELP ASAP(rocky)

Which of the following describes the need for programming language instead of natural (every-day) language when writing instructions for computers? (1)Natural language can be too ambiguous (2)Programming language can be too ambiguous (3)Phrase/words in natural languages only have 1 agreed upon meaning (4)Phrases/words in programming languages only have 1 agreed upon meaning (5)There many different natural languages but only 1 programming language

Natural language can be too ambiguous AND Phrases/words in programming languages only have 1 agreed upon meaning

What are the RGB values of the hex color #AE81D9

R = 174 G = 129 B = 217

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about sampling? Sampling is good for your health Sampling is a step used in converting an analog signal to a digital signal Increases in sampling will blur the image more. None of these Sampling of sound is not possible

Sampling is a step used in converting an analog signal to a digital signal

Two computers are built by different manufacturers. One is running a Web server and the other is running a Web browser. Which of the following best describes the ability of the two computers to communicate with each other across the Internet? The computers can communicate directly only if the messages consist of text; other formats cannot be interpreted across computers. The computers cannot communicate because different manufacturers use different communication protocols. The computers can communicate, but additional hardware is needed to convert data packets from one computer's protocol to the other computer's protocol. The computers can communicate directly because Internet communication uses standard protocols.

The computers can communicate directly because Internet communication uses standard protocols.

Definition of Internet Censorship

The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative.

Assume your friend just sent you 64 bits of pixel data (just the 0s and 1s for black and white pixels) that were encoded after sampling an image. Which TWO statements are TRUE? The correct width and height must be input into the pixelation widget to produce the image. The digital image would be a close representation of the analog image. The digital image would display great details. The fact that only 64 bits were used to represent the image indicates relatively large sample squares were used. The digital image may vary from the analog image significantly.

The correct width and height must be input into the pixelation widget to produce the image. The fact that only 64 bits were used to represent the image indicates relatively large sample squares were used. The digital image may vary from the analog image significantly.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about data compression? The decision on what type of compression to use is usually dependent on time and cost. Regardless of the compression type, I can always retrieve my original data., Sending a compressed version of a file is always more expensive than if you sent the original file. Sending a compressed version of a file always takes more time to send than if you sent the original file.

The decision on what type of compression to use is usually dependent on time and cost.

The colors of the pixels in a digital image are often represented by red, green, and blue values between 0 and 255 (an RGB triplet). A photographer is manipulating a digital image to improve it because all of the RGB values in the image are less than 100, making it very dark. She does this by adding 40 to the R, G, and B values of each pixel, then overwriting the original image. What will be the effect of this transformation? The image will not change The image will appear darker The image will appear brighter The image will be completely white

The image will appear brighter

When visiting a museum Lian takes a photo of a painting with a smartphone which stores the photo as an image file. Which of the following best describes the differences between the painting itself and the photo of the painting stored on the smartphone? Both the painting and the photo are analog The photo is a digital representation of the analog painting The phone can represent the photo in either digital or analog formats depending on the sampling technique that is used Sampling can be used to determine whether the analog image is an accurate representation of the painting

The photo is a digital representation of the analog painting

Definition of net neutrality

The principle that all internet providers must treat all communications equally.

Which of the following best describes the protocols used on the Internet? The protocols of the Internet are secret to maintain the privacy and security of people using them The protocols of the Internet are open and used by all devices connected to the network The protocols of the Internet are designed by government agencies to ensure they remain free to use Each device connected to the Internet will use a protocol designed by the company that manufactured it

The protocols of the Internet are open and used by all devices connected to the network

Which of the following can be represented by a single binary digit? Select TWO ANSWERS. The remainder when dividing a whole number by 2 The position of the minute hand of a clock The answer to a TRUE/FALSE questions The volume on an iPhone

The remainder when dividing a whole number by 2 The answer to a TRUE/FALSE questions

Definition of Internet Protocol (IP)

The required structure of a packet to be sent on the internet

Which of the following statement about Creative Commons licenses is TRUE? These licenses is used by people who are too creative to wait for a standard copyright These licenses are used by the National Football League These licenses are identical to Copyrights. These licenses allows for the sharing and reusing of work

These licenses allows for the sharing and reusing of work

Why was IPv4 replaced with a newer version of Internet Protocol called IPv6? With only 32 bit IP addresses, the older version could not support the large number of devices connecting to the internet. While not available everywhere, the new version enables devices to access the Internet faster and easier to use. The new version features advanced techniques to redirect network traffic, making the Internet faster and easier to use. So internet providers could charge more.

With only 32 bit IP addresses, the older version could not support the large number of devices connecting to the internet.

Example of ouput?

a different screen is displayed

An example of user interface?

a drop down menu of choices

Which line of code in this program is MOST likely to result in an error? console.log("hello") console.log(hello) console.log("100") console.log(100)

console.log(hello)

Which of the following statements about Intellectual Property are TRUE? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. enables people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. is protected by copyright laws. refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. are often part of technology lawsuits

enables people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. is protected by copyright laws. refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. are often part of technology lawsuits

If I use a dictionary to compress a text file and I send the compressed file and the dictionary to my friend, this is an example of lossy compression? false true

false

Two devices are connected to the Internet and communicating with one another. A squirrel chews through one of the wires in the network that is currently being used by the devices to communicate. The network immediately begins using a different path through the network and communication continues as normal. This situation BEST exemplifies which principle? network pathing protocol fault-tolerance scalability

fault-tolerance

What is an example of an Input?

image is clicked

Which of the following statements are true of the standards of the internet? Select TWO answers. internet standards ensure that hardware and software created by different companies will be able to communicate with each other online. Internet standards are specific procedures and rules that are created in order to benefit the Internet Community Internet standards cannot be altered or removed once they are created. Internet Standards are written by one company with little to no outside feedback.

internet standards ensure that hardware and software created by different companies will be able to communicate with each other online. Internet standards are specific procedures and rules that are created in order to benefit the Internet Community

In which of the following stages of the development process is a team MOST likely to interview a potential user of an app? investigating and reflecting designing testing prototyping

investigating and reflecting

Which of the following can be represented by a single binary digit? SELECT TWO. light switch days of the week pencil up or a pencil down speedometer in my car

light switch pencil up or down

The image to the right shows an encoding for a color pixel image. The first three bytes of the data (circled in red) are used to encode the width and height and bits per pixel of the image. What is the best term for this type of data?

metadata

If I take a picture and decide I can replace all the blue sky with a single shade of blue, this is an example of lossy compression. true false

true