APES 3 Study
A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? A The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. B The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve C The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve. D The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve.
B
The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? A As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. B Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change. C Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. D Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach.
B
species example for type II survivorship curve
Birds
Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population? A 30 B 50 C 1,500 D 2,500
C
Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? A Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers. B Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. C Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. D Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve.
C
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations? A Disease transmission will decrease as access to water decreases, leading to improved public health. B Conservation measures will increase per capita water consumption, leading to an improved global economy. C Desalinization facilities will be used to process water stored in glaciers and snow packs, leading to new sources of drinking water. D World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.
D
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially. B The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize. C The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot. D The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.
D
Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997? A The large moose population led to a significant increase in the wolf population from 1995 to 1996, leading to increased predation of moose by wolves. B The high density of moose in the population led to a large number of moose emigrating from the island in search of mates and territory. C Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995. D The small number of wolves on the island could not support the large number of moose in 1995.
D
species example for type I survivorship curve
Humans
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
species example for type III survivorship curve
Trees
characteristics of endangered species
extreme habitat or food specialization, large size and slow reproductive rates.
density independent factors
food or nutrient limitation, pollutants in the environment, and climate extremes, including seasonal cycles such as monsoons
Factors that affect life expectancy
gender, genetics, access to health care, hygiene, diet and nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, and crime rates
age structure diagram
graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population
Characteristics of r-selected strategists
high fecundity, small body size, early maturity onset, short generation time, and the ability to disperse offspring widely
Characteristics of K-selected strategists
large body size, long life expectancy, and the production of fewer offspring, and relatively stable populations fluctuating near the carrying capacity of the environment.
density dependent factors
limiting factor that depends on population size
die-off
population crash usually experienced after the overshoot of the carrying capacity
resource depletion
the act of using resources faster than they can be restored or replaced
What is replacement level fertility?
the number of children a couple must produce to "replace" themselves
Overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
What will happen if a populations TRF is at its replacement level fertility?
zero population growth
Factors that affect TFR
-Age at which women have their first child -Educational opportunities for women -Access to family planning -Government acts and policies -Social "norms" -Culture -Religion
Factors that affect infant mortality rates
-Birth defects. -Preterm birth and low birth weight. -Sudden infant death syndrome. -Injuries (e.g., suffocation). -Maternal pregnancy complications.
characteristics of invasive species
-Most are r-selected -Typically have large numbers of offspring -Can quickly colonize new areas as a result of being able to outcompete other species
lowest replacement level fertility
2.1 births per women.
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are A K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve. B r-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. C K-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. D r-strategists with a Type II survivorship curve.
A
In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? A Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life. B Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives. C There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare. D The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased.
A
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? A Stage 1 B Stage 2 C Stage 3 D Stage 4
A
Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist? A Salamanders B Ospreys C Snapping turtles D Beavers
A
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.
A
