APES 7.2- Photochemical Smog WYRNTK

What are direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines?

CO2, NOx, and VOCs

The burning of coal produced smog so thick that many people died of respiratory illnesses.

London, England

High levels of photochemical smog are due to: I. nitrogen dioxide II. sulfur dioxide III. VOCs a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I and III only e. I, II, and III

d. I and III only

Which of the following best explains the pattern in NO concentration? a. NO is a secondary pollutant with a long residence time in the atmosphere b. NO ford not play a significant role in smog formation c. NO is formed in the lower atmosphere in the morning by the rising sun d. NO is produced by rush-hour traffic and is quickly oxidized in the atmosphere e. NO is quickly absorbed by plants and converted to sugars

d. NO is produced by rush-hour traffic and is quickly oxidized in the atmosphere

The graph below shows the correlation between pollutants and human deaths during the London smog disaster of 1952. What conclusions is BEST supported by the data? a. acid rain fell from December 4 to December 10 b. smoke caused more deaths than sulfur dioxide (SO2) c. sulfur dioxide (SO2) remains in the air longer than smoke d. air pollution peaked between December 7 and 8

d. air pollution peaked between December 7 and 8

Which government action was most likely the result of the London smog disaster of 1952? a. establishment of youth curfews after dark b. creation of a privately funded health care system c. conversion from underground mining for coal to strip mining for coal d. provision of grants for homeowners to convert to gas or oil-fueled furnaces e. banning of cigarette smoking in public places

d. provision of grants for homeowners to convert to gas or oil-fueled furnaces

The following chemical reactions describe the process of the formation of? C + O2 --> O2 2C + O2--> 2CO S + O2 --> SO2 2SO2 + O2 --> 2SO3 SO3 + H2O --> H2SO4

industrial smog

Although ozone in the stratosphere has been decreasing in recent years, ozone near Earth's surface is one the increase. This ozone near the surface is undesirable because it:

is a strong oxidant and a respiratory irritant

N2 + O2 --> 2NO 2NO + O2 --> 2NO2 NO2 --> NO + O O + O2 --> O3 The above reactions describe the chemical process that forms?

photochemical smog

Which criteria pollutant contributes to the creation of industrial smog?

sulfur dioxide

Ozone which contributes to the formation of smog is found in the:

troposphere

What is the layer of the atmosphere in which photochemical smog forms?

troposphere

Brown urban smog is not emitted directly from specific sources, but formed in the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides and:

volatile organic compounds

Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is:

warm, dry, and sunny

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when:

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

Which of the following is most likely to occur during the development of photochemical smog on a typical hot, sunny day in a big city? a. nitrogen oxide reaches its peak concentration around 6 P.M. b. ozone reaches it peak concentration around 8 A.M. c. nitrogen dioxide reaches its peak concentration around 3 P.M. d. ozone reaches its lowest concentration around 11 A.M. e. nitric oxide reaches its lowest concentration around 12 Noon

e. nitric oxide reaches its lowest concentration around 12 Noon

Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ___ .

is formed in the presence of sunlight

Ground-level ozone in most United States cities results primarily from?

motor-vehicle exhaust

What is a common component of photochemical smog and is a reddish-brown gas with a pungent odor?

nitrogen dioxide, NO2

The smog that frequently exists in major metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, California is known as brown smog and consists primarily of what compound?

ozone

Which criteria pollutant helps to create smog in the troposphere but protects life from UV radiation when in the stratosphere?

ozone

Which of the following cities has the greatest amount of gray-air smog? a. New York, New York b. Beijing, China c. Los Angles, California d. Chicago, Illinois e. London, England

b. Beijing, China

Of the following cities, which regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions? a. New York City, New York b. Los Angeles, California c. Portland, Oregon d. Atlanta, Georgia e. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

b. Los Angeles, California

The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ___ .

burning fossil fuels

In addition to soot, what product of the burning coal contributed MOST to the extreme pollution of London's air? a. Uranium (U) b. Methane (CH4) c. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) d. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e. Ozone (O3)

c. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

If technology that reduces the hydrocarbon concentration had been utilized, which of the following would have been the most likely result? a. the concentration of NO would have been higher b. the concentration of CO2 would have been lower c. the concentration of O3 would have been higher d. the concentration of O3 would have been lower e. the concentration of aldehydes would have been higher

d. the concentration of O3 would have been lower

You are enjoying a sunny day in Los Angeles, California. In late afternoon your respiratory tract becomes irritated. Of the following substances, the one LEAST likely to be causing your problem is? a. PANs b. carbon monoxide c. aldehydes d. ozone e. carbon dioxide

e. carbon dioxide