APES CHAPTER 11
What are the reasons for the great jellyfish invasion? often found in blooms of thousands
# of blooms rising in recent years overfishing of species that prey on jellyfish excessive land runoff and warmer waters blooms rising due to overfishing
What are some ways to manage fisheries?
1) Fishery regulations: Set low catch limits improve monitoring and enforcement. 2) Economic Approaches: Reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies, certify sustainable fisheries. 3) Protect Areas: Establish no-fishing areas, establish more marine protected areas. 4) Consumer Information: Label sustainably harvested fish, publicize over fished and threatened species.
What is Integrated coastal management?
A community based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably.
How much of the ocean has been explored? What are the 3 general patterns of aquatic biodiversity?
About 5% of the ocean has been explored •The greatest marine biodiversity occurs around coral reefs, in estuaries, and on the deep-ocean floor •Biodiversity is greater near the coasts than in the open sea because of the larger variety of producers and habitats in coastal areas. •Biodiversity is generally greater in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface region because of the larger variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom.
Name some laws that protect marine organisms. How do economic incentives protect threatened animals? Give an example
CITES, the 1979 Global Treaty in Migratory Species, the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, the U.S. Whale Conservation and Protection Act of 1976, and the 1995 International Convention on Biological Diversity. Economic incentives protect threatened animals because they are worth more alive than dead, they attract tourists. Sea turtles bring a lot of tourism
What human activities has degraded or destroyed more than half of the coastal sea beds?
Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries
What are 5 ecological services provided by rivers.
Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries, deposit silt that maintains deltas, purify water, renew and renourish wetlands, provide habitats for wildlife
Give 2 examples of how invasive species threaten marine life.
Disrupt and degrade whole ecosystems Displace or cause the extinction of native species
How does dredge and trawl destroy the ocean floor?
Dredge -threatens sea-bottom habitats -destroying & degrading aquatic habitats Trawl -Destroy benthic habitats -Bottom trawling -Issues: bycatching (collecting non targeted species) -drag a net
How do we estimate fish population size? What are catch-share and co-management systems and how can they help sustain the fish population? How can consumer choices help sustain fish populations? List 5 ways to manage global fisheries more sustainably.
Fish are captured, tagged, then released. They are then captured to see how many of the new ones are tagged. The number captured the second time multiplied by the number of fish tagged divided by the recaptured fish that are tagged Catch Share: systems that have sustained fisheries and jobs for hundreds or thousands of years where each fisher gets a share of the total allowable catch Co management: type of management where coastal communities and the government work together to manage fisheries Consumers can demand sustainable seafood, which will encourage responsible fishing practices. Properly label if the fish should be frozen or not, certify the fish being caught & fish in fish farming areas, & eat plant-eating fish raised through aquaculture.
Define fishery. What are 3 harmful effects of overfishing? Describe how the following fishing techniques work, trawling, purse-seine fishing, long-line fishing, drift net fishing. What is bycatch? What is fishprint?
Fishery is the concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a specific area. Overfishing leads to commercial extinction, reduce biodiversity, and Trawling: Trawler fishing is used to catch fishes and shellfish- especially cod, flounder, shrimp, and scallops- that live on or near the ocean floor. It involves dragging a funnel-shaped net held open at the neck along the ocean bottom. The net is weighted down with chains or metal plate. This equipment scrapes up almost everything that lies on the ocean floor and often destroys bottom habitats. Purse seine: Boat moves in a linear direction with a net trailing behind & circles around to create a circular net -Big problem with dolphins/can kill dolphins Long line: Kills large numbers of sea turtles, dolphins, and sea birds -Use hook and lines Drift net: -Large bycatch/bykill (collection of non-target species) -Nets have holes in them that are only big enough for heads to fit in -When fish tries to escape, their gills get caught in the net Bycatch: collecting non-target species Fish print: an area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, nation, or the world
Give 2 examples of how human population along the coast pollutes the aquatic system. How will climate change threaten aquatic diversity
Humans have doubled the flow of nitrogen, mostly from nitrate fertilizers, into the oceans. The oceans are becoming noisier. This is a serious problems for whales and other marine mammals that depend on sound to communicate, to navigate, to find prey, and to mate. Plastic garbage that contains toxic compounds breaks down into tiny pieces that are ingested by birds and other wildlife, which are in turn eaten by other animals in the food web. Climate change: Partly by causing sea levels to rise. Such a rise in sea level would destroy more coral reefs, swamp some low-lying island, drown many highly productive coastal wetlands, and put many coastal areas such as a large part of the U.S. Gulf Coast, under water.
What are 3 ways we can protect freshwater habitats and fisheries?
Laws, economic incentives, and restoration efforts.
What are marine hotspots? What % of the world's ocean is strictly protected?
Marine hotspots are area with relatively high biodiversity. 36% of the worlds ocean is protected
How much of the US coast and wetlands been destroyed since 1900?
More than half of the U.S coast and wetlands have been destroyed since 1900
What is ocean acidification? What organisms in the ocean are affected the most? Why is this a serious problem?
Ocean Acidification (OA) is a term used to describe significant changes to the chemistry of the ocean. It occurs when carbon dioxide gas (or CO2) is absorbed by the ocean and reacts with seawater to produce acid. Coral Reefs. Branching corals, because of their more fragile structure, struggle to live in acidified waters around natural carbon dioxide seeps, a model for a more acidic future ocean. Oysters, Mussels, Urchins and Starfish. Zooplankton. Plants and Algae. Fish.
What are the major threat to wetlands and their ecosystem services?
People draining, filling, covering wetlands to create cropland. Extracting minerals, oil, and natural gas. Rising sea levels will put wetlands under water
What are some problems in the world's rivers and other freshwater systems?
Rivers have been dammed, engineered, destroyed, invasive species, pollution, climate change, fish overharvested, increasing human population
Name and describe four invasive species threatening the Great Lakes.
Sea lamprey; parasite that kills other fish. Zebra mussel; depleted food supply for other species, clogged irrigation pipes, shut down water supplies, fouled beaches, jammed ships rudders, and grown in huge masses on boat hulls, piers, pipes, rocks, and any exposed surface. Quagga mussel; replaced many bottom dwellers, reduced food supply for many fish, disrupted the food web. Asian carp; have veracious appetite, have no natural predators
What human activities are threatening the sea turtles?
Sea turtles are being caught in nets along with other fish, beach developments, hunting and increased pollution Bottom trawlers are destroying their coral gardens that serve as their feeding grounds. The turtles are hunted from meat and leather, and their eggs are taken for food. They often drown after becoming entangled in fishing nets and lines, as well as in lobster and crab traps.
Summarize the contributions of Sylvia Earle. How can marine systems be restored, give 2 examples
Sylvia Earle raised awareness to the threats that overfishing and pollution pose to the oceans. Laws can be passed to help restore marine systems and mitigation banking can be used
Summarize how we are restoring the Florida everglades.
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan; restore the curving flow of more than half of the Kissimmee river, remove 400 kilometers of canals and levees blocking water flow south of lake Okeechobee, buy 240 square kilometers of farmland and allow it to be flooded to create artificial marshes that will filter out agricultural runoff before it reaches everglades national park, create 18 large reservoirs and underground water storage areas to ensure an adequate water supply for the lower everglades and for south florida's current and projected population, and build new canals, reservoirs, and huge pumping systems to capture 80% of the water currently flowing out to sea and return it to the everglades
Summarize the collapse of the Atlantic cod industry. Why is Atlantic blue fin tuna in trouble? How does overfishing threaten marine mammals?
The industry collapsed because overfishing led to commercial extinction. The blue fin tuna is in trouble because it is being overfished. It decreases the diversity, drive them to extinction
Sharks are a keystone species. How do they play a role in keeping marine ecosystems in balance?
They help remove the weak and the sick as well as keeping the balance with competitors helping to ensure species diversity.
How are native and nonnative species threatening the Great Lakes?
Threatening the biodiversity and ecological function of the lakes
Compare and contrast wild and scenic rivers.
Wild rivers are relatively inaccessible Scenic rivers are of great scenic value that are free of dams, mostly underdeveloped, and accessible in only a few places by roads
Mitigation Banking
policy that allows destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created or restored
