APES Chapter 5, 6, 11, 12 MC Practice
A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is utilitarian conservation. biocentric preservation. ecosystem management. debt-for-nature swaps. pastoralism.
debt-for-nature swaps.
The boreal forest is dominated by coniferous trees. located where soils are typically dry. found in warm but not hot areas. characterized by tolerating a wide variety of temperatures and precipitation.
dominated by coniferous trees
The deciduous forest with the highest present-day deforestation rate is located in eastern Siberia. the northern United States. western Europe. southern China.
eastern Siberia
Habitat corridors effectively create a large reserve out of small ones. do not help maintain genetic diversity. only work when there are large populations.
effectively create a large reserve out of small ones.
Species at imminent risk of extinction are classified as __________ species. vulnerable endangered threatened
endangered
Population growth patterns over time typically follow a smooth J curve form. follow a smooth S curve form. exhibit erratic fluctuations caused by readily discernable factors. exhibit complex patterns produced by complex causes.
exhibit complex patterns produced by complex causes.
Logistic strategies are better adapted to environments experiencing erratic, unpredictable swings in chemical or physical factors. situations where resource utilization can be maximized through a rapid increase in population size. organisms present in early successional stages. fairly stable environments.
fairly stable enviornments
Invasive species flourish in a new environment due to a lack of predators, diseases, or resource limitations. are easily controlled. rarely invade islands because of their comparative isolation. are only plants and animals.
flourish in a new environment due to a lack of predators, diseases, or resource limitations.
Species extinction is a relatively recent phenomenon. is linked exclusively to expanding human activities. has been the fate of the vast majority of species that have inhabited the earth. only happens with large animals.
has been the fate of the vast majority of species that have inhabited the earth.
The greatest number of known living species are insects. bacteria. algae. mites, ticks, and spiders.
insects.
Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when The ecological diversity is high Genetic mutations cause some individuals in a population to be different in coloration or size Individuals from other populations are introduced into the population and the genes are diluted Only a few individuals survive a catastrophe Genetic mutations cause most individuals in a population to have similar genetic makeup
only a few individuals survive a catastrophe
The most important factor in determining the type of biome to develop in a given area of those listed is soil type. amount of sunlight. precipitation. glaciation patterns.
precipitation
Weeds most commonly exhibit which population growth characteristic? r selected K selected A pattern that appears as a J-curve on a graph r selected and a pattern that appears as a J-curve on a graph K selected and a pattern that appears as a J-curve on a graph
r selected and a pattern that appears as a J-curve on a graph
Many species exhibit both exponential (__________) and logistic (_________) population growth characteristics. r selected; K selected K selected; r selected
r selected; K selected
Exponential growth in a population refers to an increase by a constant amount, such as a net gain of 100 individuals per year. refers to an increase by a constant percentage each year. is also called arithmetic growth. includes any pattern of increase in numbers.
refers to an increase by a constant percentage each year.
An organism's biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that _________. survive to adulthood Its habitat can support It produces at one time It actually produces over its lifetime
survive to adulthood
Conservation biologists refer to the number of individuals needed for long-term survival as the bottleneck. the carrying capacity. the minimum viable population size. K selected.
the minimum viable population size.
The carrying capacity of a habitat refers to the strength or resilience of the population. the number of animals that the habitat can support. the amount of rainfall that the habitat receives annually. None of these choices are correct
the number of animals that the habitat can support.
Fishing down the food chain refers to using trawlers with large nets to harvest marine resources. the practice of fishing top predators nearly to extinction then moving on to smaller, less desirable fish. the practice of line fishing where only mature adult fish are harvested. the practice of fishing down at the bottom of the food chain.
the practice of fishing top predators nearly to extinction then moving on to smaller, less desirable fish.
Where will you find the greatest concentration of different species? the tropics the poles Siberia Europe
the tropics
Wetlands are important to conservation efforts because they support rich biodiversity. they retain storm water. they are essential to bird diversity. they support rich biodiversity and retain storm water. they support rich biodiversity, retain storm water, and are essential to bird diversity.
they support rich biodiversity, retain storm water, and are essential to bird diversity.
Soils in tropical rainforests are thin. nutrient poor. nutrient rich. thin and nutrient poor. thin and nutrient rich.
thin and nutrient poor
The cost of maintaining public rangelands for grazing in the US is about $47 million. The sale of grazing permits on public lands amounts to $11 million. $36 million. $48 million. $58 million. $83 million.
$11 million.
What percentage of the world's forests is under some level of protection? 8 12 26 37 42
12
What percentage of all wetlands has been lost to human disturbance? 50% 25% 75% 90%
50%
What percentage of known species are invertebrates? 65% 50% 35% 75%
65%
You are in an area that is relatively hot. You bend down and notice that there are tracks in the soil that are very old. Since you know that this area is easily destroyed by human activity and the harsh climate slows recovery from human damage, you conclude that this biome is A tropical dry forest A desert Tundra A grassland A wetland
A desert
Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth? About 500,000 A little less than 1 million A little more than 1.7 million A little more than 3 million About 30 million
A little more than 1.7 million
The difference between a wetland and a swamp is that ________. A swamp has trees and a wetland does not. Swamps are always covered in water and wetlands have seasonally high water levels. Wetlands are covered in water according to the tide. Wetlands only occur at coastal areas.
A swamp has trees and a wetland does not
Corridors have the potential to effectively enlarge which of the following? Preserve areas Genetic pools Feeding ranges Areas of refuge against natural disasters (e.g., fire) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Which of the following is an example of a specialization that plants in the desert may have? Storing water in stems or roots Reducing water loss with thick epidermal layers Salt tolerance All of these are adaptations of plants living in desert conditions
All of these are adaptations of plants living in desert conditions
_____________ is where fresh water mixes with ocean water. An estuary A mangrove forest A swamp A delta
An estuary
Which of the following is an example of a natural cause of extinction? Freshwater Great Lakes mussels that compete with the Zebra Mussel Genetic assimilation as in the case of the hybridization of gray wolves or black ducks with mallards The passenger pigeon that went extinct at the beginning of this century An insect species in the tropical forest that cannot escape predation by native bird species in the forest All of these are examples of a natural cause of extinction
An insect species in the tropical forest that cannot escape predation by native bird species in the forest
Tropical seasonal forests are specially adapted to tolerate Annual cycles of extreme heat and extreme cold Years of drought followed by years of rain Annual cycles of severe drought and heavy rain Extreme drought and cold at the same time Extreme heat
Annual cycles of severe drought and heavy rain
In what continent would you find a polar desert? Antarctica Africa Australia South America
Antarctica
The biome type that has a short growing season and is summer feeding and breeding grounds for caribou and musk-ox is the Temperate grassland Bog or fen Boreal forest Arctic tundra Arctic desert
Arctic tundra
We are usually referring to species diversity when we talk about biodiversity. However, genetic diversity is also important to ecological systems because diverse genes Increase the efficiency and productivity of a system because all niches are filled. Allow an individual organism to adapt to its changing environment. Are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment. Lead to diverse ecological processes in a biological community. Are important for a balanced ecosystem.
Are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment.
Wetlands are biomes that Are wet all year round Are wet at least some of the year Have fresh, not salty, water Receive more rainfall than other ecosystems Have salty, not fresh, water
Are wet at least some of the year
Tundra biomes occur At high latitudes, where temperatures are low Where rainfall is too great for tree growth Only at high latitudes Almost exclusively on Antarctica At high latitudes and altitudes, where the growing season is short
At high latitudes and altitudes, where the growing season is short
If an organism is described as 'benthic," where does it reside? At the bottom of the ocean or a lake At the bottom of the ocean only At the bottom of a lake only In a cave
At the bottom of the ocean or a lake
Which of the following protects mainland shores from the force of waves? Wetlands Barrier islands Coral islands Estuaries Volcanic islands
Barrier Islands
Oxygen levels are lowest in the Water Level Epilimnion Thermocline Hypolimnion Benthos
Benthos
The total number of living species is probably About 450,000 Between 500,000 and 1 million Between 3 million and 50 million Between 75 and 95 million At least 300 million
Between 3 million and 50 million
Which type of wetland is noted for producing peat? Swamps Marshes Bogs and fens Estuaries Coastal areas
Bogs and fens
Trinity and Neo are in an area that has many lakes and bogs. The majority of the trees are coniferous. As they look around, they also see deciduous trees, including birches, aspens, and maples. What type of forest are they in? Temperate rainforest Boreal forest Tropical rainforest Southern pine forest Coastal forest
Boreal forest
Rainforests are only found in the tropical latitudes. can be either temperate or tropical.
Can be either temperate or tropical
Temperate grasslands are characterized by very rich soils. often converted to farmland. generally a mixture of grasses and forbs. characterized by very rich soils and often converted to farmland. characterized by very rich soils, often converted to farmland, and generally a mixture of grasses and forbs.
Characterized by very rich soils, often converted to farmland, and generally a mixture of grasses and forbs
Why are the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Antarctic waters the most productive? Cold water holds the most dissolved oxygen and can therefore support greater numbers of phytoplankton. The melt waters of the nearby ice have nutrients that are released in high quantities, fertilizing the phytoplankton. Those waters are the most violently mixed, bringing up nutrients from the depths of the ocean. Phytoplankton grow there because they do not like direct sunlight.
Cold water holds the most dissolved oxygen and can therefore support greater numbers of phytoplankton
The ability to produce rapid population overshoots can be a useful strategy for a species that tends to Colonize new territory Maintain a firm position in its current habitat Be part of a climax community Develop intricate niche relationships Be part of a complex ecosystem
Colonize new territory
Use the following scenario: There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants and animals. Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the other 20 species.Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the other 10 species.Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species.In this scenario, which community has the highest species richness? Community A Community B Community C Community A and C are the same Community A and B are the same
Community A
Use the following scenario: There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants and animals. Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the other 20 species.Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the other 10 species.Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species.In this scenario, which communities have the same species richness? Community A and B Community A and C Community B and C All three communities have the same species richness None of the communities has the same species richness
Community B and C
The word "conifer" distinguishes plants that are Needle-bearing Cone-bearing Evergreen Cone-shaped Found in northern latitudes
Cone-bearing
Cloud forests are found in the ________ areas in tropical regions. Hot coastal Cool mountainous Cool plains Low elevation Valley
Cool mountainous
What marine ecosystem is most similar to a tropical rainforest in terms of diversity? Coral reef Estuary Littoral zone Pelagic zone
Coral reef
Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is FALSE? The principal importers of endangered species are developed countries Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade People who say they are animal lovers are the main contributors to the trade The principal exporters of endangered species are developing countries Up to 60 percent of birds die before reaching market
Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade
Habitat fragmentation usually leads to a(n) Decrease in biodiversity Reduction in the number of introduced species Increase in biodiversity due to the isolated populations More stable environment
Decrease in biodiversity
A disadvantage of monoculture forestry is that it is Difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods Deficient in providing ecological services Difficult to replant Economically inefficient More time-consuming to replant
Deficient in providing ecological services
Widespread starvation is an example of _________ population control. Predator-caused Biotic Density-dependent Density-independent Abiotic
Density-dependent
In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ___________ while biotic factors tend to be _____________. Interspecific; intraspecific Intraspecific; interspecific Density-dependent; density-independent Density-independent; density-dependent Interspecific; density-independent
Density-independent; density-dependent
Places MOST susceptible to desertification are Jungle clearings Desert margins Temperate deciduous forests Boreal landscapes Open woodlands
Desert margins
Humid tropical forests have extraordinary biological diversity Because of the very fertile tropical soils Because rainfall dissolves soil nutrients and makes them available to plants Despite a complete absence of nutrients in the environment Despite the poor, weathered soils
Despite the poor, weathered soils
Extinction is the term used when all members of a species Disappear in a locality Die Live in zoos Are threatened with imminent habitat loss Are in danger of disappearing in a locality
Die
Which of the following is not a density-dependent population control factor? Stress Overcrowding Predation Drought Competition
Drought
Soil formation and water purification are examples of _________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans. Aesthetic benefits Geological cycles Availability of food Health benefits Ecological services
Ecological services
A species in imminent danger of extinction is classified by the U.S. Endangered Species Act as Vulnerable Threatened Valuable Endangered At risk
Endangered
Tree growth in the taiga is limited by The increased soil salt content from ocean tides Intense heat and dryness Competition from fast-growing grasses The lack of large predators Extreme cold and short summers
Extreme cold and short summers
Predation is considered to be a(n) _______________ factor. Extrinsic Intrinsic Abiotic Biotic Extrinsic and biotic
Extrinsic and biotic
Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species. Fewer; more More; fewer Larger; smaller Smaller; larger Larger; about the same number of
Fewer; more
Grasslands typically lack trees because seedlings have difficulty surviving the frequent occurrence of fire. high temperatures. changing soils. temperate environment.
Frequent occurrence of fire
Logistic growth rates are those in which a population Grows very slowly when conditions are good and when conditions are not optimal Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity Overshoots and dies back repeatedly Remains significantly below carrying capacity Grows at a constant rate of increase per unit time
Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity
The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is Uncontrolled sport hunting in the developed world Commercial harvesting of wildlife in Africa Drought conditions caused by the greenhouse effect Habitat destruction worldwide None of these by themselves cause high rates of animal extinctions, but together they combine to cause high rates
Habitat destruction worldwide
How does island biogeography apply to ecosystems other than islands? Relatively rare ecosystems such as coastal areas are more stable if they have high species diversity Habitats that are large and close to development are more adversely affected than smaller fragmented habitats Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development Along with islands in oceans and lakes, the principles of island biogeography apply only to wetland areas Island biogeography is only concerned with islands in oceans and lakes
Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development
Introduced disease causing organisms are especially dangerous to new environments because they can destroy the non-native host. This happens because the disease causing organisms Have not evolved with this host to achieve the normal balance for long-term survival Are opportunists and in order to survive must out compete all other species Are specialists and destroy the individual organisms that have not developed resistance Do not have natural predators Are generalists and highly competitive
Have not evolved with this host to achieve the normal balance for long-term survival
Deciduous forests Are adapted to extremely cold climates Have trees that bear seeds in cones Have trees that shed their leaves seasonally Are not useful commercially
Have trees that shed their leaves seasonally
Which of the following statements is true? Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased. Humans are responsible for many of the mass extinctions in the geologic record. Humans only began causing extinctions in the past 150 years. Humans have never had significant impact on species extinctions until the past four decades.
Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased.
Estuaries are characterized as being low in productivity. completely freshwater. important nurseries for many fish and other animal species. no longer important for fisheries.
Important nurseries for many fish and other animal species
Freshwater ecosystems Lack oxygen Lack carbon dioxide Include lakes, marshes, bogs, and fens Do not contain thermoclines Are not affected by nutrient availability
Include lakes, marshes, bogs, and fens
The objective of a species recovery plan is to Interbreed threatened species with common species Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered Invest corporate capital in species maintenance Study the species for a better understanding of its role in the biological community Protect the species to aid other organisms and resources in the ecosystem
Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered
World deserts are Decreasing as world climate becomes wetter Increasing because of the increase in global carbon dioxide Increasing because of logging and grazing Decreasing because of massive reforestation About the same in area but have many threatened species of plants
Increasing because of logging and grazing
Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably Mammals and reptiles Birds and fish Vertebrates Invertebrates Multicellular plants
Invertebrates
In cases of exponential growth rates, a population ________ each year. Increases at the same rate Is multiplied by a constant number Doubles Triples Increases by a constant number (one, ten, one hundred, etc.), depending on the system
Is multiplied by a constant number
Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it Is the most environmentally sustainable type of harvest Is the most efficient way to get valuable small timber without disturbing the larger early successional trees Is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor Is the most effective way to refresh soil with sun and rain Does not waste any trees
Is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor
A survivorship curve with the shape of a straight line descending over time indicates an organism whose chance of death is unrelated to its age. decreases as it gets older. increases as it gets older.
Is unrelated to its age
What is unique about the Mediterranean climate area biome? It is a highly desirable place to live It is only found in the Mediterranean area It has very poor soil but supports an extremely diverse array of species It has a large total area It contains a high number of unique species
It contains a high number of unique species
Exponential growth would be represented by a ____ curve? J-shaped S-shaped straight bimodal linear
J-shaped
A graph of a population growing at a positive constant rate would most resemble a straight horizontal line. rising straight line. J-shaped curve. straight vertical line.
J-shaped curve
You are studying an organism that is fairly large, matures slowly, lives fairly long, and cares for its offspring. This organism probably has a(n) _________________ population growth strategy. K-adapted R-adapted Irregular Catastrophic R-adapted and irregular
K-adapted
Biomes exhibit _______ patterns in habitat characteristics. latitudinal longitudinal seasonal
Latitudinal
Of all the old-growth forests that stood in the United States before the European settlement, how much remains today? About 50% About 35% Slightly over 25% About 15% Less than 10%
Less than 10%
The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as Survivorship Life span Life expectancy Mortality Fecundity
Life span
Spotted owls became the subjects of national controversy in 1989 because the Forest Service was forced to Plant thousands of acres of new habitat Limit logging to save habitat Halt all mineral exploration Cease issuing hunting permits Build roads into forests
Limit logging to save habitat
Which of the following types of population growth patterns would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat and become a stable part of that ecosystem? Exponential growth Irruptive growth Malthusian growth Chaotic or catastrophic growth Logistic growth
Logistic growth
Deserts are characterized by An absence of vegetation Sand dunes, which cause plants to grow only with difficulty Low levels of measurable precipitation Their location at 30° latitude Sand or gravel
Low levels of measurable precipitation
On a global scale, fuelwood harvests Make up about half of all wood harvests Make up only 1% of industrial timber harvests Are far greater than industrial timber harvests Make up about 10% of all wood harvests Are mainly in developed countries
Make up about half of all wood harvests
Density-independent factors tend to be more associated with abiotic factors. more associated with intrinsic factors. unable to lower reproductive gains in a population. more influential with natality rates than mortality rates.
More associated with abiotic factors
In general, funding for recovery programs is given to species that are In most danger Most important Most well known Most numerous Keystone species
Most well known
If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between Natality and fertility Mortality and fecundity Mortality and survivorship Natality and mortality Life expectancy and survivorship
Natality and mortality
The U.S. Army participated in extermination of the American bison during the mid-1800s because The Army desperately needed meat The United States wanted the Great Plains free for agriculture The Army needed leather for shoes Native people depended on the bison for food and shelter None of these, the U.S. Army did not participate in extermination of the American bison
Native people depended on the bison for food and shelter
Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of Different kinds of organisms within a community or ecosystem Different versions of the same gene in an ecological community Sizes, colors, and shapes of organisms within an ecological community Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community Different species in an ecosystem
Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community
Neo finds himself sweating in a moist forest but there aren't many streams or wetlands. He is amazed by the tremendous amount of biodiversity including an abundance of biting mosquitoes. Has he inadvertently gotten closer to his goal of finding a boreal forest? Yes No, the description is that of a tropical seasonal forest No, the description is that of a temperate deciduous forest No, the description is that of a tropical rainforest No, the description is that of a temperate rainforest
No, the description is that of a tropical rainforest
Use the following scenario: There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants and animals. Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the other 20 species.Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the other 10 species.Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species.In this scenario, which communities have the same species evenness? Community A and C Community B and A Community C and B All three communities have the same species evenness None of the communities has the same species evenness
None of the communities has the same species evenness
When Aldo Leopold said, "The first rule to intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces." In terms of biodiversity he meant that we should Save records of all species that have disappeared Not interfere with the disappearance of species Not cause species to disappear Not interfere with nature Aldo Leopold did not intend to have this statement applied to biodiversity
Not cause species to disappear
Life expectancy is the Maximum life span that an individual of a given species could reach Number of individuals in a population that survive in a given year Number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live The probability that an individual will survive infancy All of these are descriptions of life expectancy
Number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live
Coral bleaching occurs when ___________. ocean temperatures are too warm. when ocean temperatures are too cool. when too much sunlight is shining on the coral. during low tide when coral is exposed to the air.
Ocean temperatures are too warm
Carrying capacity is the population or biomass That an environment can support in an optimal year Of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis That remains after a catastrophic dieback has occurred Of a species without limiting factors Of a species without predators
Of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis
Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to Excessive populations of wild ungulates Overcrowding of private livestock Too many publicly-owned animals on public lands Excessive urban settlement in the west The lack of water
Overcrowding of private livestock
A dieback or population crash, often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity. Meets Undershoots Overshoots Oscillates around Decreases
Overshoots
Which of the following is a biotic population control mechanism? Nutrients Precipitation Day length Climate Pathogens
Pathogens
The main reason for continued trade in endangered species is A surplus of these species in their home countries Ruthless traders and collectors in tropical countries The need for international capital exchange in developing countries Pet lovers and collectors who like exotic species The presence of poachers in tropical countries
Pet lovers and collectors who like exotic species
An island has formed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has determined that there is enough land area for a herd of 100 elk, yet they say the carrying capacity is only 60 elk. This inequality can best be explained by the fact that the DNR is probably being careful not to overestimate DNR must have added up the environmental resistance incorrectly Elk population will probably fluctuate between 60 and 100 animals Physical factor of space is only one of the determiners for population size in a community Law of limiting factors determines the maximum growth rate for a given population
Physical factor of space is only one of the determiners for population size in a community
_________ is the basis of marine food webs. Phytoplankton Minnows Sea grass Coral
Phytoplankton
Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because Political pressures ensure they remain low They remain at market value, so there is no reason to change them The public feels that the price is right Livestock owners cannot afford higher fees Political pressures ensure they remain high
Political pressures ensure they remain low
Location of specific biomes can be predicted based on: The coriolis effect The second law of thermodynamics Precipitation and temperature Seasonal variations in sunspots Large landforms in the area
Precipitation and temperature
You are studying an organism that is an opportunistic pioneer species and does not care for its offspring. This organism probably has a(n) _________________ population growth strategy. K-adapted R-adapted Irregular Catastrophic R-adapted and irregular
R-adapted
An organism with ___________ "strategies" would be considered to have __________ natality. K-adapted; high R-adapted; high K-adapted; low R-adapted; low R-adapted; high AND K-adapted
R-adapted; high
Having needle-shaped leaves benefits plants because needles Reduce water loss and endure cold winters Are more efficient at photosynthesis because they are dark green Help evaporate water more efficiently Do not rot in the excessive rainfall that characterizes coniferous forests Are less resistant to strong winds
Reduce water loss and endure cold winters
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity for humans? Aesthetics Ecological services Food Drugs and medicines Reducing air pollution
Reducing air pollution
Density-independent population control factors cause mortality When the population becomes too large When the density becomes too high When the population becomes too small When the density becomes too low Regardless of population size
Regardless of population size
Which of the following types of population curves would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat and become a stable part of that ecosystem? Norm-shaped curve S-shaped curve J-shaped curve Cyclic oscillation-shaped curve Survivorship curve
S-shaped curve
Monoculture forestry involves Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture Multiple-species plantations whose trees are highly resistant to disease Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity Harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture, and harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful
Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity
Boreal forests are generally Cold and dry, with extensive barren areas Warm and humid, with large rivers Dry because water is frozen most of the year Slow-growing because of the cold temperatures Soggy in the summer because of permafrost
Slow-growing because of the cold temperatures
Morpheus, Trinity, and Neo are on the wet western coast of North America and as they look around, they see lots of mosses, lichens, and ferns covering the tree branches. Condensation from fog on the leaves is a major form of precipitation. Where are they? Temperate rainforest Boreal forest Tropical rainforest Southern pine forest Tropical savannah
Temperate Rainforest
The biome type that has lost the greatest percentage of its original area due to human activities is the Temperate conifer forest Tropical rainforest Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Tropical grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Many people in the United States take trips in the spring to see annual flowers that grow and flower before they are shaded by canopy. Where are these people going? Deserts after winter rain showers Prairies or grasslands Tropical rainforests Temperate deciduous forests Boreal forests
Temperate deciduous forests
Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction? Mutualism Territoriality Parasitism Predation All of these are examples of intraspecific interactions
Territoriality
The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to The belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines Overharvesting for their meat and hide Introduction of exotic species that compete for their food Habitat destruction All of these have contributed equally to the decrease in the rhinoceros population
The belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines
The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually Gullying The absence of trees The compaction of soils Desertification The disappearance of palatable plant species
The disappearance of palatable plant species
Use the following information. DNA studies suggest that all existing cheetahs share a single male ancestor that survived in the not-too-distant past. Generally, all male cheetahs are now nearly genetically identical and have abnormal sperm with decreased reproductive success. The population is extremely vulnerable and genetically, may be headed for extinction.The first part of this scenario describes The founder effect or a demographic bottleneck Inbreeding Malthusian strategies Inbreeding or a genetic drift
The founder effect or a demographic bottleneck
The thermocline is the layer in a lake at which Pollutants are trapped and held Seasonal lake mixing occurs The warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone Nutrient levels are the lowest Light no longer penetrates enough for photosynthesis to occur
The warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone
What do bacteria, fox glove, Mexican yam, and the rauwolfia plant have in common? They all grow in the same tropical ecosystem They all have been discovered by biologists in the last 25 years They all are wild species providing us with important medicines They all have exciting possibilities for use as human food
They all are wild species providing us with important medicines
What do Eurasian milfoil, kudzu vine and the emerald ash borer have in common? They are all in danger of extinction in their native habitats They offer exciting prospects as potential sources of new drugs They are exotic species wreaking havoc in the ecosystems into which they have been introduced They offer promise as agents of biological control for pest species
They are exotic species wreaking havoc in the ecosystems into which they have been introduced
Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because They contain such high biodiversity Tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world They contain irreplaceable wood resources There are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss
They contain such high biodiversity
International lending institutions are willing to cooperate in debt-for-nature swaps because They want to encourage indigenous lifestyles They do not really expect to recover much of their loans They are concerned about the greenhouse effect The size of the loans is negligible They are attempting to support green business
They do not really expect to recover much of their loans
Which of the following statements about old-growth forests is true? Humans do not reside in old-growth forests. Old-growth forests have been without disturbance of any kind for at least 100 years. The largest remaining areas of old-growth forests are in North America. They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests. None of the above is true.
They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests.
Poor people in developing countries often threaten wildlife preserves because They dislike unsettled territory They need the resources to survive They enjoy sport hunting Vandalism is a popular use of spare time Their religion often emphasizes the action of dominating wildlife
They need the resources to survive
Carp species were introduced to the United States As a food source To control aquatic vegetation and algae To increase angling opportunities From Africa For increased food production
To control aquatic vegetation and algae
A biome absent from Europe is the: Temperate deciduous forest Alpine tundra Desert Tropical rainforest Temperate rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
In contrast with the ______________, the soil of the ______________ is more nutrient-rich and this type of biome has fewer insects, parasites, and fungal diseases. Therefore, in many places, these areas are highly endangered. Temperate grasslands; tropical seasonal forest Tropical rainforest; tropical seasonal forest Grasslands; boreal forests Tropical seasonal forest; tropical rainforest Boreal forests; tundra
Tropical rainforest; tropical seasonal forest
Mangrove trees are found along ________________ shorelines. Tropical freshwater Tropical saltwater Temperate freshwater Temperate saltwater Tropical and temperate saltwater
Tropical saltwater
Conifers are associated with all but boreal forest. temperate rain forest. taiga. tundra.
Tundra
Morpheus has been led into a wilderness environment and left to fend for himself for the summer. Luckily, he has a good coat because it looks like there may be a frost during the night and the mosquitoes are everywhere. As he looks around, he is relieved because he recognizes some of the plants. There are some mosses, lichens, small shrubs, sedges, and grasses. Which biome is he in? Tropical rainforest Wetland Temperate rainforest Tundra Coastal area
Tundra
The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because People are healthier in a healthy environment. Undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs. Most taxonomists are drug makers. It wants to increase diversity in North America. They see the benefits of eco-design.
Undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs.
Invasive (exotic) species tend to __________ the balance of ecosystems and ______ biodiversity. Increase; decrease Increase; enhance Maintain; enhance Upset; decrease Upset; increase
Upset; decrease
Rotational grazing allows grazing livestock to Use the most fertile pastures continuously Use a small area for a short time Produce more young animals with less range Depend more on domestic pastures Use only the most nutritious plants in a pasture
Use a small area for a short time
Natality is usually Constant in a population Constant for a species Constant in an ecosystem Variable, depending on the number of recent deaths Variable, depending on environmental conditions
Variable, depending on environmental conditions
Coral reefs form in Deep, warm tropical seas Cold polar seas Warm, clear tropical seas Deep, cold oceans off continental shelves Nutrient-rich coastal areas
Warm, clear, tropical seas
Which of the following is an abiotic population control mechanism? Predation Disease Water shortages Prey shortages Competition
Water shortages
The main reason that there are relatively few invertebrates categorized as endangered species is because We consider other groups, such as mammals, to be more interesting and desirable Worldwide, there are relatively few invertebrates when compared to plants It is extremely difficult to identify and count invertebrates Since there are 532 invertebrates considered endangered, none of these is true Invertebrates are more numerous and the relative percentages are similar
We consider other groups, such as mammals, to be more interesting and desirable
The most common factor that affects birth and death rates within a population independently of density is Fire Competition Weather Stress None of these is correct
Weather
Which of the following is FALSE regarding CITES? When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species. It is an international organization. It lists more than 700 species as threatened with extinction. It was formed in 1975. All of these are true.
When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species.
What makes an exotic species become and invasive species? When individuals begins to colonize new areas and out-compete native species. When they become annoying to people. All exotic species are also invasive. When individuals stop being only ornamental but are used for other purposes also.
When individuals begins to colonize new areas and out-compete native species.
Barrier islands are formed of Wind- and wave-deposited sand Volcanic debris Silt and mud left by estuaries Coral deposits Coral reef formations
Wind and wave deposited sand
If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources That have no other value That no one is interested in That never existed before Without destroying them All of these are economic benefits of carefully managed ecotourism
Without destroying them
Because prairie dogs have a major effect on the ecological functioning of their habitat and the health of other members of their community, they are considered to be an indicator species. an umbrella species. a keystone species. a flagship species.
a keystone species.
Chaparral is a type of drought-adapted shrub-land. found only in the tropics. characterized by moderate rain and snow. characterized by a dry season that corresponds with cool temperatures.
a type of drought-adapted shrub-land
Biodiversity Hot Spots are not impacted by habitat loss because they are so important. account for less than 2 percent of the world's land mass, yet comprise 75 percent of the world's threatened animals. are found only in tropical ecosystems.
account for less than 2 percent of the world's land mass, yet comprise 75 percent of the world's threatened animals.
Vertical zonation shows that not only do different biomes occur at different latitudes, but also at different ______________. altitudes longitudes seasons right ascensions and declinations
altitudes
