Apes population test

A country has a net immigration rate of 3 per 1,000, a CBR of 9 per 1,000, and a CDR of 11 per 1,000. What is the growth rate of this country? (a) 0.1% (b) 0.2% (c) 0.5% (d) 1% (e) 2%

A

Doubling time can be approximated mathematically by (a) 70% growth rate . (b) 10% growth rate . (c) 2% × growth rate. (d) CBR − CDR 10 . (e) 20 CBR − CDR.

A

In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? A Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life. B Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives. C There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare. D The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased.

A

Inbreeding depression (a) rarely occurs in highly connected metapopulations. (b) results from the creation of corridors between populations. (c) results in increased rates of reproduction. (d) occurs in species that are experiencing overshoot. (e) rarely occurs in K-selected species.

A

Overgrazing of public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the A tragedy of the commons B right of eminent domain C rule of seventy D principle of manifest destiny E swapping of debt for nature

A

Population distribution is (a) often clumped in response to predation. (b) used by wildlife managers when regulating hunting and fishing. (c) measured relative to other species. (d) uniform in most tree species. (e) important when estimating the number of offspring expected.

A

Represents the biotic potential of the species A A B B C C D D E E

A

Resource partitioning (a) occurs in mutualisms. (b) can occur through morphological differences between competing species. (c) can cause the extinction of a competing species. (d) is not the result of behavioral changes. (e) does not occur among competing predators.

A

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing A few offspring with high levels of parental care B few offspring with low levels of parental care C many offspring with high levels of parental care D many offspring with low levels of parental care E many offspring without parental care

A

The process of succession in lakes (a) results in a terrestrial ecosystem. (b) occurs rarely because disturbances are rare. (c) depends primarily on the fish species within the lake. (d) progresses fastest in very deep lakes. (e) has no climax species.

A

This graph can best be described as: (a) an exponential growth curve. (b) a logistic growth curve. (c) a stochastic growth curve. (d) oscillation between overshoot and die-off. (e) approaching the carrying capacity.

A

Using the data from the table, which of the following is the growth rate for China in 2019 ? A 0.38% B 0.49% C 0.60% D 0.68%

A

Which characteristics are typical of developed countries? I. High technology use II. Low GDP III. Small-scale sustainable agriculture (a) I only (b) II only (c) I and III only (d) II and III only (e) I, II, and III

A

Which does NOT have a significant effect on the number of offspring produced by a population? (a) Population distribution (b) Sex ratio (c) Age structure (d) Population size (e) Carrying capacity

A

Which interaction harms both species involved? (a) Competition (b) Predation (c) Parasitism (d) Mutualism (e) Commensalism

A

Which of the following best exemplifies population momentum? A Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level B Continued growth of a population due to emigration C Decreased population due to increase in the death rate D Decreased population due to a reduced death rate and an increased fertility rate E Growth of a population after the fertility rate doubles

A

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.

A

Which of the following does NOT support the theory that humans can devise ways to expand their carrying capacity on Earth? (a) The development of CFCs for use in refrigeration (b) The development of hydraulic fracturing to reach natural gas reserves (c) The use of arrows for hunting animals (d) The use of horse-driven plows (e) The use of waste methane from landfills for electricity generation

A

Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? A Reduced birth rates B Reduced need for sewage-treatment facilities C Increased rates of population growth D Increased air quality in urban areas E Increased stabilization of microclimate in urban areas

A

Which of the following is the best example of the tragedy of the commons? A Water pollution from oil rigs concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico B An increase in the concentration of a toxin as it goes through the food chain C Exponential population growth as a country goes through the demographic transition D The use of invasive species as a biological control E The overharvesting of fish from privately owned lakes

A

Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? A Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic B Collective farming of wine grapes in communities in France C Using national forests for wood production and harvesting D Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site in Nevada E Agreements among western rancher

A

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities for women? A A B B C C D D

A look at diagram

A metropolitan region of 100,000 people has 2,000 births, 500 deaths, 200 emigrants, and 100 immigrants over a 1-year period. Its population growth rate is (a) 1.2 percent. (b) 1.4 percent. (c) 1.6 percent. (d) 1.8 percent. (e) 2.0 percent.

B

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the reproductive strategy of rabbits? A K -selected species B r -selected species C Type I survivorship D Type II survivorship

B

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is A 0.6% B 1.6% C 3% D 16% E 32%

B

Pathogens are a type of (a) mutualist. (b) parasite. (c) predator. (d) herbivore. (e) commensalist.

B

Scientists are closely monitoring caribou populations to examine the effect of global climate change on habitat. The maximum population size for a herd of caribou based on the amount of habitat was 500,000 . A herd of caribou currently has a population size of 198,000 caribou as a result of habitat loss. Which of the following methods should be used to determine the percent change between the maximum population and the current population for this herd of caribou? A (500,000caribou+198,000caribou)/198,000caribou×100 ( 500 , 000 ca r ibou + 198 , 000 caribou ) / 198 , 000 caribou × 100 B (198,000caribou−500,000caribou)/500,000caribou×100 ( 198 , 000 caribou − 500 , 000 caribou ) / 500 , 000 caribou × 100 C 198,000caribou/500,000caribou×1,000 198 , 000 caribou / 500 , 000 ⁢ caribou × 1 , 000 D (500,000caribou−198,000caribou)/100 ( 500 , 000 ⁢ caribou − 198 , 000 caribou ) / 100

B

The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 5 individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins? A Carrying capacity B Population bottleneck C Population overshoot D Type I I survivorship

B

The country with the highest population density is A Australia B Bangladesh C China D Ethiopia E India

B

The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? A As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. B Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change. C Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. D Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach.

B

Thomas Malthus introduced (a) the study of human demographics. (b) the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity. (c) the concept of variation in replacement-level fertility due to differences in industrialization. (d) the age structure diagram. (e) the concept of population momentum.

B

Which combination of factors would result in the highest biodiversity? (a) A small island, close to a continent (b) A large island, close to a continent (c) A medium island, distant from a continent (d) A small island, distant from a continent (e) A large island, distant from a continent

B

Which factor does NOT affect species richness? (a) Latitude (b) Survivorship curves (c) Time (d) Habitat size (e) Distance from other communities

B

Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its biotic potential? A A B B C C D D E E

B

Which is NOT an example of a densityindependent factor? (a) Drought (b) Competition (c) Forest fire (d) Hurricane (e) Flood

B

Which is true of a population overshoot? (a) It occurs when reproduction quickly responds to changes in food supply. (b) It is followed by a die-off. (c) It is most likely to be experienced by K-selected species. (d) It rarely occurs in species with type III survivorship curves. (e) It occurs when a species stops growing after reaching the carrying capacity.

B

Which of the following calculation methods would determine the percent change in the crude birth rate from 1994 to 2019 ? A (17.6−11.9) × 100 B 11.9−17.617.6 × 100 11.9 − 17.6 17.6 × 100 C 17.6 + 11.917.6 × 100 17.6 + 11.9 17.6 × 100 D 11.917.6 × 100

B

Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above? (Look at diagram) A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D

B

Which of the following is NOT a factor in gross domestic product? (a) Consumer spending (b) Cost of environmental damage (c) Government spending (d) Imports and exports (e) Investments

B

Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country? A High rate of teenage pregnancy and low gross domestic product B High life expectancy and low infant mortality C High crude birth rate and low literacy rate D High level of export and low social status of women E High emigration rate and low total fertility rate

B

high intrinsic growth rate would most likely be characteristic of (a) a K-selected species such as elephants. (b) an r-selected species such as the American bullfrog. (c) a K-selected species that lives close to its carrying capacity. (d) a species that is near extinction. (e) a species with a low reproductive rate that takes a long time to reach reproductive maturity.

B

Which age-structure diagram best depicts the ages in a population that is in stage 3 of the demographic transition?(look at diagrams)

B triangle one

FRQ b) Calculate the percent loss of elephants in Africa from 1970 to 2000. Show all work. (c) The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates that the elephant population will decline by 20 percent between 2015 and 2022. Use this estimate to calculate how many elephants will be left in Africa in 2022. Show all work. (d) Most large terrestrial mammals are K-strategists.Identify one characteristic of a K strategist and explain how the characteristic you identified can make these mammals prone to extinction. e) Identify and discuss TWO conservation strategies that could be implemented to prevent the extinction of large terrestrial mammals, such as the African elephant or snow leopard.

B) 2,000,000 - 400,000 = 1,600,000 1,600,000/2,000,000 × 100 = 80% C)(0.20 × 600,000 = 120,000), then 600,000 − 120,000 = 480,000 elephants D) long gestation period which creates fewer opportunities for reproduction E)More laws limiting hunting-> less poaching, greater animal survival Education about ecological value of animals-> increased public support

FRQ B) Identify and discuss TWO of the causes for the trend in the worldwide TFR that you graphed in part (a). C) Consider the data in table 2 above. Identify and discuss TWO economic or societal factors that account for the difference between the TFR of Kenya and that of the United States. D) Describe TWO human activities related to the rapidly growing world population that are having an impact on Earth's biodiversity.

B) Improved health care (lower infant mortality) causing more children to survive to adulthood. People marry later which causes childbearing to be delayed and have fewer children C) Kenya is more agricultural because it is in the 2nd stage of demographic transition so more children are needed to help farm. There is less education about family planning in Kenya so there is less ability to control fertility D) Intensive fish farming spreads parasites and disease to native species, reducing biodiversity.Damming of rivers makes it difficult for species that breed/spawn upstream (e.g., salmon) to reproduce, reducing biodiversity.

Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? Oyster Fish Rabbit Bobcat

Bobcat

A country with an age structure diagram like the one shown is most likely experiencing (a) a high life expectancy. (b) slow population growth. (c) a short doubling time. (d) a low infant mortality rate. (e) replacement-level fertility.

C

An age structure diagram with roughly similar numbers of individuals in each group is representative of which country? (a) India (b) Mexico (c) Sweden (d) Venezuela (e) Russia

C

As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? A The preindustrial B The pretransitional C The transitional D The industrial E The postindustrial

C

At current growth rates, which country will probably be the most populous in the world after 2050? (a) China (b) Brazil (c) India (d) Indonesia (e) United States

C

Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population? A 30 B 50 C 1,500 D 2,500

C

Based on the data in the age structure diagram, which of the following best describes the population of Country A? A Country A is growing rapidly, and most individuals are of pre-reproductive age. B Country A is growing slowly, and the total fertility rate is high. C Country A is fairly stable, and birth rates are low. D Country A is decreasing slowly, and most individuals are of post-reproductive age.

C

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following is closest to the average population growth rate per year from year 4 4 to year 7 7 in the rabbit population? A 1342 1342 rabbits per year B 1014 1014 rabbits per year C 338 338 rabbits per year D 210 210 rabbits per year

C

Based upon the data presented in the graph, which of the following best identifies the highest wolf population size? A 20 B 120 C 170 D 190

C

Even if a country reduces its birth rate and maintains replacement-level fertility, its population will still continue to grow for several decades because of (a) lower death rates. (b) increased income. (c) population momentum. (d) better health care. (e) increased life expectancy.

C

In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the... A biotic potential of the organism B doubling time of the population in the environment C carrying capacity of the population D reproductive lag time of the organism E intrinsic rate of increase of the population in the environment

C

Members of an r-selected species characteristically A grow slowly B produce few offspring C reach sexual maturity quickly D have long life spans E are very protective of their offspring

C

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? A Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers. B Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. C Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. D Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve.

C

Replacement-level fertility is (a) just under 2 children in the United States. (b) the number of births per 1,000 women. (c) always greater than 2. (d) the base level of 1 child to replace the mother. (e) higher in developed countries than developing countries.

C

The IPAT equation was developed to estimate (a) the affluence of a country's population. (b) the rate of demographic transition. (c) the impact of human lifestyles on Earth. (d) the gross domestic product of a country. (e) the effect of urbanization on resource use.

C

The current global human population is about 6.1 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world population were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many people would be added? A 8 × 105 B 8 × 106 C 8 × 107 D 8 × 108 E 8 × 109

C

The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and A Indonesia B Russia C the United States D Japan E Mexico

C

The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study? A A decrease in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. B A decrease in the hare population size will lead to an increase in the lynx population size. C An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. D An increase in the hare population size will lead to a decrease in the lynx population size.

C

The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015? A The total fertility rate increased as a result of improved health care and better nutrition. B The total fertility rate remained constant even though there was improved access to clean water. C The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use. D The total fertility rate decreased as a result of increased infant mortality rate.

C

Which is NOT a true statement based on the logistic growth model? (a) Population growth is limited by densitydependent factors. (b) A population will initially increase exponentially and then level off as it approaches the carrying capacity of the environment. (c) Future population growth cannot be predicted mathematically. (d) Population growth slows as the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity. (e) A graph of population growth produces an S-shaped growth curve over time.

C

Which is the correct order of ecological levels from basic to complex? (a) Individual, population, ecosystem, biosphere, community (b) Individual, community, ecosystem, population, biosphere (c) Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (d) Ecosystem, biosphere, community, population, individual (e) Individual, population, community, biosphere, ecosystem

C

Which is true about a population's carrying capacity? (a) It is denoted as C. (b) It is usually used when studying ecosystems. (c) It depends on a limiting resource. (d) It is controlled by density-independent factors. (e) The population of a species cannot exceed it.

C

Which of the following best describes a country in stage 2 of the demographic transition, based on the model shown below? A Birth and death rates are both high, and the population is experiencing a slow rate of increase. B Birth and death rates are both low, and the population is stable. C Birth rates are high and death rates are declining, and the population is increasing rapidly. D Birth rates are low and death rates are high, and the population is declining rapidly.

C

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor that controls population size? A Competition for resources like food and water B Infectious disease transmission C Occurrences of droughts and flooding D Reduced availability of habitat

C

Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997? A The large moose population led to a significant increase in the wolf population from 1995 to 1996, leading to increased predation of moose by wolves. B The high density of moose in the population led to a large number of moose emigrating from the island in search of mates and territory. C Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995. D The small number of wolves on the island could not support the large number of moose in 1995

C

Which of the following can be interpreted from an age-structure diagram of a country? A The maximum age when women give birth B The total fertility rate of the population C The relative population growth rate of the population D The carrying capacity of the local environment

C

Which of the following countries has achieved replacement-level fertility? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D

C

Which of the following was the doubling time for China's population in 2014 if the growth rate was 0.49 0.49 percent? A 1.4 1.4 years B 34.3 34.3 years C 142.9 142.9 years D 3,430 3 , 430 years

C

Which statement about ecological succession is correct? (a) Secondary succession begins in a community lacking soil. (b) Primary succession occurs over a shorter time span than secondary succession. (c) Succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients. (d) In forest succession, less shade-tolerant trees replace more shade-tolerant trees. (e) Forest fires and hurricanes lead to primary succession because a soil base still exists.

C

Which tree species is a pioneer species in North American forests? (a) Beech (b) Fir (c) Aspen (d) Maple (e) Oak

C

Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. Which line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards?

C Look at graph

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely experiencing a population decline? A A B B C C D D E E

C look At diagram

A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? A 150 million B 200 million C 300 million D 400 million

D

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true? A The population is decreasing. B The growth rate of the population is increasing. C The country is at the preindustrial stage of the demographic transition. D The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition.

D

According to the theory of demographic transition, countries move through growth phases in which order? (a) Stable growth, rapid growth, slow growth, declining growth (b) Rapid growth, slow growth, stable growth, declining growth (c) Slow growth, declining growth, rapid growth, stable growth (d) Slow growth, rapid growth, stable growth, declining growth (e) Stable growth, rapid growth, declining growth, slow growth

D

Approximately what percentage of the population of developed countries lives in urban areas? (a) 20% (b) 44% (c) 50% (d) 75% (e) 86%

D

As Brazil has become more developed and industrialized, its population growth has stabilized. At the same time, the use of technology and raw materials has increased to meet the demands of a wealthier and more prosperous population. This increased consumption is predicted by (a) Thomas Malthus. (b) the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (c) the theory of demographic transition. (d) the IPAT equation. (e) population momentum.

D

As the size of a white-tailed deer population increases, (a) the carrying capacity of the environment for white-tailed deer will be reduced. (b) a volcanic eruption will have a greater proportional effect than it would on a smaller population. (c) the effect of limiting resources will decrease. (d) the number of gray wolves, a natural predator of white-tailed deer, will increase. (e) white-tailed deer are more likely to become extinct.

D

By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth? A North and Central America B Central and South America C Eastern and Western Europe D Africa and Asia E Australia and New Zealand

D

Many communities experience the tragedy of the commons. One way a local community might regulate a shared and limited resource and reduce the tragedy of the commons is to A eliminate ownership of the resources and make them available to all B reduce the cost of access to the resources C offer subsides to users of the resources in the form of tax breaks D divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

D

Population growth using the exponential growth model (a) increases at a constant rate. (b) applies to most populations only after a long time. (c) has an increasing intrinsic growth rate. (d) represents ideal conditions that rarely occur in natural populations. (e) incorporates the carrying capacity of the population.

D

The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain longleaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. Which of the following terms best describes this species? A A keystone species, because it is carnivorous. B A generalist species, because it is advantaged in changing habitats. C An invasive species, because it competes with other plants for water and sunlight. D A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels.

D

The intrinsic growth rate of a population (a) occurs at the population's carrying capacity. (b) depends on the limiting resources of the population. (c) increases as the population size increases. (d) only occurs under ideal conditions. (e) decreases as the population size increases.

D

The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness is affected by which of the following factors? I. Island distance from mainland II. How the island is formed III. Island size (a) I only (b) II only (c) III only (d) I and III (e) II and III

D

The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is A a decrease in the spread of pandemic diseases like Ebola B an increase in the total fertility rate in developed nations C an increased global food supply as a result of climate change D increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations E medical advances that will increase the life spans of people in developing nations

D

What percentage of the world's population lives in developing countries? (a) 34 (b) 50 (c) 66 (d) 82 (e) 98

D

Which characteristics are typical of r-selected species? I. They produce many offspring in a short period of time. II. They have very low survivorship early in life. III. They take a long time to reach reproductive maturity. (a) I only (b) II only (c) III only (d) I and II (e) II and III

D

Which country best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition? (a) Argentina (b) China (c) India (d) Japan (e) Mexico

D

Which is true of primary succession? (a) It starts with bare soil. (b) As it progresses the number of species initially decreases. (c) It occurs after forest fires. (d) It begins with colonization by algae, lichens, and mosses. (e) It results in an ecosystem of grasses and small plants.

D

Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?(look at image)

D

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above?(look at image) A There is a low infant mortality rate. B A high percentage of the population has access to medical care. C There is a low population growth rate. D There is a high total fertility rate.

D

Which of the following is NOT typical of a keystone species? (a) It can shape and maintain habitats for other species. (b) It can limit a dominant competitive species. (c) It can have a relatively low abundance. (d) It is at the top of the food chain. (e) It is rarely a primary producer.

D

Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? A They reach sexual maturity earlier. B They have more young. C They are more likely to be invasive species. D They have longer life spans. E Their population cycles are more rapid.

D

Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I? A Loss of breeding-age males due to warfare B Loss of breeding-age females due to disease C Large percentage of elderly individuals in the population D Infant and childhood mortality E General starvation due to famine

D

Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons? A Depletion of crude oil on private lands B Requiring permits for grazing cattle on United States parklands C Eutrophication of a pond on a farmer's land D Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

D

Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A Fish farming, a type of aquaculture, produces fish through selective breeding to produce a cheap source of protein, reducing the fishing pressure on wild stock fish. B A collapse of the fishing industry leads to a loss of fishing-related jobs, which will have negative consequences on the economy. C Declines in the fish population lead to a decline in the population of fish predators, affecting the entire food chain. D Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.

D

Which population is typically regulated by densityindependent factors? (a) Algae (b) Predators (c) Paramecium bacteria (d) Birds (e) Trees

D

Which sequence of secondary succession would be likely to occur in abandoned farmland in the eastern United States? (a) Bare soil, lichens, mosses, grasses, deciduous trees (b) Bare rock, lichens, mosses, grasses, shrubs, mixed shade- and sunlight-tolerant trees (c) Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, shade-tolerant trees (d) Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees (e) Bare rock, grasses and wildflowers, lichens, mosses, shrubs, coniferous trees

D

interaction between bees and sunflowers is an example of (a) predation. (b) herbivory. (c) parasitism. (d) mutualism. (e) commensalism.

D

The location where the size of the human population is the most stable A A B B C C D D

D U.S.

An r-selected species characteristically has (a) a type I survivorship curve. (b) few offspring. (c) a population near carrying capacity. (d) significant parental care. (e) a fast population growth rate.

E

Choose the description that best describes the graph. (a) Type I could represent the house mouse, which is a typical r-selected species. (b) Type II could be the average of r-selected and K-selected species in a specific area. (c) Type III could represent elephants, which are typical K-selected species. (d) Type I could represent an oak tree species that experiences very low survivorship early and late in life. (e) Type II could represent a coral species that has a constant decline in survivorship throughout its life.

E

In 2013, the population of Earth was about _____ billion, with about _____ billion living in China. (a) 6.1/1.1 (b) 6.1/1.2 (c) 6.3/1.4 (d) 7.1/1.2 (e) 7.1/1.4

E

Represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis A A B B C C D D E E

E

The country with a population about three times that of the United States is A Australia B Bangladesh C China D Ethiopia E India

E

What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population? A The total fertility rate and the death rate B The crude birth rate and crude death rate C The birth rate and the infant mortality rate D The replacement-level fertility rate and the total fertility rate E The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate

E

Which graph best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity? A A B B C C D D E E

E

Which is NOT a factor in the theory of island biogeography? (a) Dispersing species are more likely to find a large habitat. (b) Islands can also be isolated areas within a continent. (c) Large populations are less likely to go extinct. (d) Larger habitats contain a larger range of environmental conditions. (e) Islands farther from the continent have more species due to increased speciation.

E

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A Destruction of landscape by surfacing mining on private land B Selective harvesting of trees by a timber company in a national forest C Legislation of catch limits to avoid depletion of fish stocks in a shared lake D Inadvertent destruction of beneficial species while attempting to control pests E Depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers

E

Which of the following have contributed to increased family planning worldwide? I. Women's education II. Increased income III. Advertising campaigns (a) I and II only (b) I and III only (c) II and III only (d) I only (e) I, II, and III

E

Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? A The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. B The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation. C The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the average education of women. D The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age. E The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition.

E

Which of the following pairs of indicators best reflects the availability of health care in a country? (a) Crude death rate and growth rate (b) Crude death rate and crude birth rate (c) Growth rate and life expectancy (d) Infant mortality rate and crude death rate (e) Infant mortality rate and life expectancy

E

Which statement about total fertility rate is correct? (a) TFR is equal to the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. (b) TFR is the average number of children each woman must have to replace the current population. (c) TFR is generally higher in developed countries than in developing countries. (d) TFR is equal to the growth rate of a country. (e) TFR is the average number of children each woman will give birth to during her childbearing years.

E

Zero population growth is associated with A phase I only B phase II only C phase III only D phase IV only E phases I and IV

E

Which curve in the graph best represents a K -selected species

Look at graph

Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an r -selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources?

Look at graph