APES-Populations
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility? A) It equals the average number of children a woman will give birth to during her child-bearing years B) It equals the annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population C) It equals the natural increase of a population in one year D) It is found by subtracting the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants in one year E) It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates
E) It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates
Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above? A) Countries that are larger in total area have higher total fertility rates B) Rwanda and Zambia are most likely experiencing population decline C) More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries D) By 2010, all countries had reached replacement-level fertility rates
C) More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries
Members of an r-selected species characteristically A) Grow slowly B) Produce few offspring C) Reach sexual maturity quickly D) Have long life spans E) Are very productive of their offspring
C) Reach sexual maturity quickly
The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and A) Indonesia B) Russia C) The United States D) Japan E) Mexico
C) The United States
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? A) The preindustrial B) The pre-transitional C) The transitional D) The industrial E) The post-industrial
C) The transitional
Which of the following is the best description of a population that has a stable age distribution? A) A large population that is growing at a constant rate B) A large population with a negative growth rate C) A population that is in the early stages of logistic population growth D) A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant E) A small population that has not yet achieved exponential growth
D) A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant
Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? A) They reach sexual maturity earlier B) They have more young C) They are more likely to be invasive species D) They have longer life spans E) Their population cycles are more rapid
D) They have longer life spans
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations? A) Disease transmission will decrease as access to water decreases, leading to improved public health B) Conservation measures will increase per capita water consumption, leading to an improved global economy C) Desalinization facilities will be used to process water stored in glaciers and snow packs, leading to new sources of drinking water D) World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine
D) World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine
Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? I. Cultural traditions II. Government policies and economic incentives III. Education level and economic opportunities for females A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III
E) I, II, and III
Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following? I. It is a pioneer species that is an opportunistic feeder. II. It is dependent on mature, old-growth forest for its habitat. III. It is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II E) II and III
E) II and III
Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because of A) Lower average age at first marriage B) Lower infant death rates C) Increased longevity D) Improved health care E) Immigration
E) Immigration
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? A) 150 million B) 200 million C) 300 million D) 400 million E) 800 million
D) 400 million
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth? A) North and Central America B) Central and South America C) Eastern and Western Europe D) Africa and Asia E) Australia and New Zealand
D) Africa and Asia
Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I? A) Loss of breeding-age males due to warfare B) Loss of breeding-age females due to disease C) Large percentage of elderly individuals in the population D) Infant and childhood mortality E) General starvation due to famine
D) Infant and childhood mortality
A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true? A) The population is decreasing B) The growth rate of the population is increasing C) The country is at the preindustrial stage of the demographic transition D) The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition E) The country is at the postindustrial stage of the demographic transition
D) The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition
What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population? A) The total fertility rate and the death rate B) The crude birth rate and crude death rate C) The birth rate and the infant mortality rate D) The replacement-level fertility rate and the total fertility rate E) The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate
E) The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A) The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially B) The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize C) The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot D) The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback
D) The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is A) 0.6% B) 1.6% C) 3% D) 16% E) 32%
B) 1.6%
Which of the following annual population growth rates is paired with the correct doubling time? A) 1%..700 years B) 2%..35 years C) 3.5%..12 years D) 5%..350 months E) 7%..70 months
B) 2%..35 years
In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first? A) Birth rate B) Death rate C) Average family size D) Life expectancy E) Level of education
B) Death rate
What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? A) 0.5 B) 3.5 C) 20 D) 24.5 E) 70
C) 20
Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time? A) Equal increases in number over equal increments of time B) Controlled growth over a finite time C) Doubling in size over equal increments of time D) Reaching a maximum then experiencing a rapid decline E) Growing at a rate proportional to the square root of time
C) Doubling in size over equal increments of time
Zero population growth is associated with A) Phase I only B) Phase II only C) Phase III only D) Phase IV only E) Phases I and IV
E) Phases I and IV
Which of the following describes the changes in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state? A) Population increases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate increases B) Population increases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate remains high C) Population decreases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate decreases D) Population decreases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate increases E) Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases
E) Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases
Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level? A) Government endorsement of the two-child family B) Education of society on the long-term benefits of having smaller families C) Government advocacy of abstinence to discourage teen pregnancies D) Elimination of tax benefits for families with more than two children E) Public housing priority for families with more than two children
E) Public housing priority for families with more than two children
Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? A) The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate B) The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation C) The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the average education of women D) The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age E) The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition
E) The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate? A) 0.4% B) 0.8% C) 1.0% D) 4.0% E) 8.0%
A) 0.4%
Which of the following best exemplifies population momentum? A) Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level B) Continued growth of a population due to emigration C) Decreased population due to increase in the death rate D) Decreased population due to a reduced death rate and an increased fertility rate E) Growth of a population after the fertility rate doubles
A) Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level
The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing A) Few offspring with high levels of parental care B) Few offspring with low levels of parental care C) Many offspring with high levels of parental care D) Many offspring with low levels of parental care E) Many offspring without parental care
A) Few offspring with high levels of parental care
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are A) K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve B) r-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve C) K-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve D) r-strategists with a Type II survivorship curve
A) K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? A) Reduced birth rates B) Reduced need for sewage-treatment facilities C) Increased rates of population growth D) Increased air quality in urban areas E) Increased stabilization of microclimate in urban areas
A) Reduced birth rates
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4
A) Stage 1
In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? A) Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life B) Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives C) There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare D) The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased
A) Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life
In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percent of people in the population are in which age-group? A) Younger than eighteen years old B) Between thirty and forty-four years old C) Between forty-five and fifty-four years old D) Between fifty-five and sixty years old E) Older than sixty-five years old
A) Younger than eighteen years old
Ticks are vectors for various diseases. The ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms from A) Polluted water B) Feeding on host animals C) Contact with other ticks D) Trees and plants in a forest E) Gene changes as they go through metamorphosis
B) Feeding on host animals
Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country? A) High rate of teenage pregnancy and low gross domestic product B) High life expectancy and low infant mortality C) High crude birth rate and low literacy rate D) High level of export and low social status of women E) High emigration rate and low total fertility rate
B) High life expectancy and low infant mortality
A country has a birth rate of 35/1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13/1,000 individuals. The death rate was 37/1,000 individuals in 1950, 28/1,000 individuals in 1970, and 21/1,000 individuals in 1990. Which of the following statements best explains why the country has a declining death rate? A) The country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition, and infant mortality is high because of poor health services and high levels of poverty B) The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food C) The country is in stage 3 of the demographic transition, and more women are entering the workforce and shifting to having children later in life D) The country is in stage 4 of the demographic transition, and the population growth rate is declining
B) The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food
A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? A) The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve B) The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve C) The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve D) The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve
B) The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve
