APES Unit 2 Test Review

Which statement describes an example of artificial selections? a) Cichlids have diversified into nearly 200 species in Lake Tanganyika. b) Thoroughbred racehorses have been bred for speed. c) Whales have evolved talks that help propel then through water. d) Darwin's finches have beaks adapted to eating different foods. e) Ostriches have lost the ability to fly.

b) Thoroughbred racehorses have been bred for speed.

A phenotype is a) an adaptation that creates a new species b) the genes of a particular individual c) a result of genetic recombination d) the set of traits expressed in an individual e) a genetic mutation passed from parent to offspring

d) the set of traits expressed in an individual

Which is the best definition of an adaptation? a) A mutation that creates a new species b) A trait that improves an individual's fitness c) A trait that is passed on to the next generation d) A trait that has no effect on an individual's fitness. e) A trait created by natural selection

b) A trait that improves an individual's fitness

Which of the following would cause the most rapid evolution? a) Environmental change b) Artificial selection c) Geographic isolation d) Recombination e) Natural selection

b) Artificial selection

What biome is this graph most likely to represent? a) Temperate rainforest b) Boreal forest c) Temperate seasonal forest d) Tropical seasonal forest e) Cold desert

b) Boreal forest

Why do scientists use dominant plant growth forms to categorize terrestrial biomes? a) Plants with similar growth forms are always closely related genetically. b) Different plant growth forms indicate climate differences, whereas different animal forms do not. c) Plants from similar climates evolve different adaptations. d) Similar plant growth forms are found in climates with similar temperatures and amounts of precipitation. e) Similar plant growth forms exist in both terrestrial and aquatic biomes.

b) Different plant growth forms indicate climate differences, whereas different animal forms do not.

Which of the following is used to calculate Shannon's index of diversity? I. The proportion of individuals in each species II. The total number of species III. The number of individuals in each species a) I only b) I and II only c) II only d) II and III only e) I, II, and III

b) I and II only

Which statement best explains why polar regions are colder than tropical regions? a) Polar regions have lower albedo values. b) Polar regions receive less direct sunlight per unit of surface area. c) Tropical regions receive less direct sunlight throughout the year. d) Sunlight travels through more atmosphere and loses more energy in tropical regions. e) Tropical regions rotate at a faster speed than polar regions.

b) Polar regions receive less direct sunlight per unit of surface area.

Which conditions do NOT define the fundamental niche of a species? a) Humidity b) Predators c) Temperature d) Salinity e) pH

b) Predators

Which of the following has the highest albedo? a) Soil b) Snow c) Water d) Tropical rainforest e) Pavement

b) Snow

In a particular zoo the population of spider monkeys has a higher proportion of individuals with light golden brown fur than spider monkeys in the wild. If the monkeys were recently captured from the wild and if fur color is largely determined by genetics, what evolutionary process is at work? a) The founder effect b) The bottleneck effect c) Microevolution d) Artificial selection e) Genetic drift

b) The bottleneck effect

Climate change could potentially disrupt which one of the following phenomena? a) El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) b) Thermohaline circulation c) Rotation of Southern Hemisphere gyres d) Upwelling off the coasts of AUstralia and New Zealand e) The polar current along Antartica

b) Thermohaline circulation

Which of the following ecosystems experiences harsh conditions due to conditions from tides? a) Coral reef b) Freshwater wetlands c) Open ocean d) Intertidal zone e) Ponds and lakes

d) Intertidal zone

Which statement does NOT describe a function of ozone gas on Earth? a) Ozone absorbs ultraviolet-B radiation from the Sun. b)Ozone absorbs ultraviolet-C radiation from the Sun. c) Ozone absorbs X-ray radiation from the Sun. d) Ozone causes the upper stratosphere to become warmer than the lower stratosphere. e) Ozone prevents DNA damage.

d) Ozone causes the upper stratosphere to become warmer than the lower stratosphere.

Which statement about tundras and boreal forests is correct? a) Both are characterized by slow plant growth, so there is little accumulation of organic matter. b) Tundras are warmer than boreal forests. c) Boreal forests have shorter growing seasons than tundras. d) Plant growth in both biomes is limited by precipitation. e) Boreal forests have larger dominant plant growth forms than tundras.

d) Plant growth in both biomes is limited by precipitation.

Plant growth in which of the following biomes is primarily constrained by precipitation? a) Boreal forest b) Temperate seasonal forest c) Temperate grassland d) Tropical rainforest e) Tundra

d) Tropical rainforest

Which is an example of sympatric speciation? a) A stream diversion divides a single turtle population into two isolated populations that evolve into two species. b) Forest fragmentation isolates two species of mice. c) Two bird species from separate forests evolve reproductive isolation. d) Two fish species in a single lake evolve from a single ancestor that once lived in the lake. e) Artificial selection by humans for certain breeds of dog.

d) Two fish species in a single lake evolve from a single ancestor that once lived in the lake.

Evolved resistance to a pesticide is an example of a) a nonadaptive process b) the bottleneck effect c) natural selection d) artificial selection e) range of tolerance

d) artificial selection

Gyres do all of the following EXCEPT a) redistribute heat in the ocean b) result from the Coriolis effect c) rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere d) redistribute nutrients from the deep ocean e) affect the temperatures of coastal areas

d) redistribute nutrients from the deep ocean

The Coriolis effect is responsible for a) the convergence of two ascending Hadley cells b) the location of atmospheric currents cause by the unequal heating of Earth c) the cooling effect of air as it rises and expands d) the deflection of atmospheric currents e) the counterclockwise air circulation in the Northern Hemisphere due to Earth's tilt

d) the deflection of atmospheric currents

Which of the following biomes has the highest soil nutrient levels? a) Tropical rainforest b) Temperate rainforest c) Boreal forest d) Woodland/shrubland e) Temperate seasonal forest

e) Temperate seasonal forest

Which order of processes results in the occurrence of hot and dry deserts at 30 degrees S and 30 degrees N latitudes? a) Adiabatic cooling, condensation, latent heat release, adiabatic heating b) Adiabatic heating, condensation, latent heat release, adiabatic cooling c) Latent heat release, adiabatic cooling, air displacement, condensation d) Condensation, adiabatic heating, adiabatic cooling, latent heat release e) Air displacement, condensation, adiabatic heating, adiabatic cooling

a) Adiabatic cooling, condensation, latent heat release, adiabatic heating

By ingesting leaf tissue, herbivores utilize the products of photosynthesis for cellular respiration. The diagram above show the flow of inputs and outputs for these two processes. Labels i, ii, iii, and iv refer to a) CO2, C6H12O6, energy, and water b) CO2, CO2, energy, and excreted waste c) nutrients, C6H12O6, O2, and water d) CO2, C6H12O6, energy, and O2 e) heat, organic tissue, energy, and O2

a) CO2, C6H12O6, energy, and water

Which is NOT a measure of biodiversity? a) Economic diversity b) Ecosystem diversity c) Genetic diversity d) Species diversity e) Species richness

a) Economic diversity

When a population of monkeys migrates to a new habitat across a river and encounters another population of the same species, what evolutionary effect may occur as a result? a) Gene flow b) The founder effect c) Genetic drift d) The bottleneck effect e) Recombination

a) Gene flow

Permafrost is an important factor in which of the following biomes? I. Tundra II. Boreal forest III. Cold desert a) I only b) I and II only c) II only d) I and III only e) III only

a) I only

The yellow perch is a fish that breeds in spring. A single female can produce up to 40,000 eggs at one time. This species is an example of which of the key ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? a) Individuals produce an excess of offspring. b) Humans select for predetermined traits. c) Individuals very in their phenotypes. d) Phenotypic differences in individuals can be inherited. e) Different phenotypes have different abilities to survive and reproduce.

a) Individuals produce an excess of offspring.

Which of the following is NOT true of an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? a) It causes increased upwelling on the coast of South America. b) It causes wetter conditions in the southern United States. c) It can last from several weeks to several years. d) It includes a reversal in tropical ocean currents. e) It often begins near Christmas.

a) It causes increased upwelling on the coast of South America.

Which of the following is often a cause of sympatric speciation? a) Polyploidy b) Geographic isolation c) Macroevolution d) Artificial selection e) Genetic modification

a) Polyploidy

Which of the following statements about temperate biomes is NOT correct? a) Temperate biomes have average annual temperatures above 20 degrees C. b) Temperate rainforests receive the most precipitation, whereas cold deserts receive the least precipitation. c) Temperate rainforests can be found in the northwestern United States. d) Temperate seasonal forests are characterized by trees that lose their leaves. e) Temperate shrublands are adapted to frequent fires.

a) Temperate biomes have average annual temperatures above 20 degrees C.

In which layer of Earth's atmosphere does most weather occur? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Mesosphere d) Thermosphere e) Exosphere

a) Troposphere

Intertidal communities are frequently disturbed by storms that generate large waves. Following a period of intermediate wave disturbance, a group of researchers examined the species richness of north and south Pacific intertidal communities. Four days after the disturbance, they found that northern communities had returned to their original state whereas southern communities were still recovering. This result suggests that northern intertidal communities a) have greater resilience b) have greater resistance c) follow predictions of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis d) have greater species richness e) experience more frequent disturbance

a) have greater resilience

Latent heat release a) increases air temperature b) decreases air temperature c) increases the amount of water vapor d) increases air pressure e) decreases air pressure

a) increases air temperature

Production of synthetic fertilizers is an example of ________ and one process that enables plants to use fertilizer is _______. a) nitrogen fixation/nitrification b) nitrification/nitrogen fixation c) nitrification/assimilation d) denitrification/nitrification e) mineralization/leaching

a) nitrogen fixation/nitrification

Iron is a limiting nutrient for algae in the open ocean. After researchers released 5,000 kg of iron into the ocean, they notice an algal bloom in the _______ zone. a) photic b) profundal c) aphotic d) intertidal e) benthic

a) photic

The maximum amount of water vapor air can hold at a given temperature is called the a) saturation point b) latent heat release c) absolute humidity d) dew point e) vapor pressure

a) saturation point

Which statement about tropical biomes is correct? a) Tropical seasonal forests are characterized by evergreen trees. b) Tropical rainforests have the highest precipitation due to the proximity of the ITCZ. c) Savannas are characterized by the densest forests. d) Tropical rainforests have the slowest rates of decomposition due to high rainfall. e) Subtropical deserts have the highest species diversity.

b) Tropical rainforests have the highest precipitation due to the proximity of the ITCZ.

Temperature change in adiabatic heating occurs due to a) water vapor condensing b) a pressure increase c) absorption of sunlight d) a pressure decrease e) a volume increase

b) a pressure increase

An increase in evaporation near the equator would most likely cause a) increased precipitation at the ITCZ b) decreased precipitation at the ITCZ c) increased precipitation in Ferrell cells d) increased precipitation at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S e) decreased precipitation in Ferrell cells

b) decreased precipitation at the ITCZ

Most of the photosynthesis in lakes and ponds occurs in the a) benthic zone b) littoral zone c) limnetic zone d) profundal zone e) aphotic zone

b) littoral zone

Phosphorus is often limiting in aquatic environments because a) phosphorus is in higher demand by aquatic organisms relative to all other minerals b) phosphorus is not easily leached from soils and rapidly precipitates in water c) weathering of rock is an extremely slow process d) human activity regularly absorbs phosphorus from aquatic environments e) phosphorus rarely changes form as it is cycled from land to water

b) phosphorus is not easily leached from soils and rapidly precipitates in water

Ecosystem boundaries are best defined as a) borders that prevent migration or dispersal b) spatial divisions in abiotic and biotic conditions c) vague areas that often lack characteristic attributes d) the border of a lake or stream e) borders encompassing large areas of land or water

b) spatial divisions in abiotic and biotic conditions

High productivity and nutrient availability in the ocean occurs in areas with a) gyres b) upwelling c) warm waters d) El Nino e) prevailing westerlies

b) upwelling

How many species are estimated to exist on Earth? a) 2 million b) 8 million c) 10 million d) 30 million e) 100 million

c) 10 million

If Earth's axis of rotation were tilted 45 degrees instread of 23.5 degrees, how many hours of daylight would the Northern Hemisphere receive during the March and September equinoxes? a) 0 hours b) 6 hours c) 12 hours d) 18 hours e) 24 hours

c) 12 hours

How many mass extinction events have there been in Earth's history? a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 7 e) 12

c) 5

Which would be expected for a niche specialist? a) A large distribution b) Many food sources c) A narrow fundamental niche d) Adaptability to changing conditions e) No difference between its realized and fundamental niche

c) A narrow fundamental niche

For the region represented by the graph, when is the growing season? a) January to December b) January to July c) April to October d) November to March e) July to December

c) April to October

Which evolutionary effect results in reduced genetic variation in a community? a) Natural selection b) The founder effect c) Artificial selection d) Gene flow e) Mutation

c) Artificial selection

Which statement about rain shadows is correct? a) They occur on the western sides of mountain ranges in the Northern Hemisphere. b) Air gains water vapor as it rises. c) As air rises over a mountain range, water vapor condenses into precipitation. d) The occur on the eastern sides of mountain ranges in the Southern Hemisphere. e) The rain shadow side of a mountain range receives the most rain.

c) As air rises over a mountain range, water vapor condenses into precipitation.

Which information is NOT found in climate diagrams? a) Average annual temperature b) Seasonal changes in temperature c) Average annual humidity d) The months when plant growth is limited by precipitation e) The length of the growing season

c) Average annual humidity

Some scientists estimate that the current global extinction rate is about 30,000 species per year. If there are currently 10,000,000 species on Earth, how long will it take to destroy all of Earth's biodiversity? a) Less than 100 years b) Between 100 and 300 year c) Between 300 and 500 years d) Between 500 and 700 years e) Between 700 and 1,000 years

c) Between 300 and 500 years

Which of the following does NOT contribute to atmospheric convection currents? a) Hadley cells b) Westerlies c) Gyres d) Polar cells e) The intertropical convergence zone

c) Gyres

Which explains why the distribution of biomass in ecosystems is often structured like a pyramid? I. The second law of thermodynamics II. Low ecological efficiency in natural ecosystems III. Photosynthesis is more efficient than cellular respiration a) I only b) II only c) I and II only d) I and III only e) I, II, and III

c) I and II only

In addition to temperature, a terrestrial biome is defined by I. annual precipitation II. distinctive animal species III. distinctive plant species a) I only b) I and II only c) I and III only d) II and III only e) I, II, and III

c) I and III only

Which of the following processes create genetic diversity in a population? I. Mutation II. Allele division III. Recombination a) I only b) I and II only c) I and III only d) II and III only e) I, II, and III

c) I and III only

Aquatic biomes are categorized by which of the following? I. Dominant plant growth forms II. Depth III. Salinity a) I and II only b) I and III only c) II and III only d) III only e) I, II, and III

c) II and III only

Summer in the Northern Hemisphere is warmer primarily because of I. increased atmosphere absorption of solar radiation II. the tilt of Earth's axis III. reduced albedo a) I only b) I and II only c) II only d) I and III only e) II and III only

c) II only

Which of the following contribute to allopatric speciation? I. Genetic convergence over time II. Geographic isolation III. Reproductive isolation a) I and II only b) I and III only c) II only d) II and III only e) I, II, and III

c) II only

In 2002, Peter and B. Rosemary Grant studied a population of Darwin's finches on one of the Galapagos Islands that feeds on seeds of various seeds. After a drought that caused only large seeds to be available to the birds, they found that natural selection favored those birds that had larger beaks and bodies. Once the rains returned and smaller seeds became much more abundant, however, natural selection favored those birds that had smaller beaks and bodies. Which process is the best interpretation of this scenario? a) Genetic drift b) Founder effect c) Microevolution d) Macroevolution e) Bottleneck effect

c) Microevolution

Which atmospheric layer contains the protective ozone layer? a) Exosphere b) Mesosphere c) Stratosphere d) Thermosphere e) Troposphere

c) Stratosphere

Which of the following is the best definition of a realized niche? a) The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species can live b) The total amount of area in which a species can live c) The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives d) The total amount of area in which a species actually lives e) The range of abiotic and biotic conditions in which a species can live but its predators cannot live

c) The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

Which process is NOT part of the carbon cycle? a) Growth of algae in the open ocean b) Combustion of fossil fuels c) Weathering of mineral rock d) Decomposition of organic material e) Cellular respiration

c) Weathering of mineral rock

The Bt-cotton is an example of a) evolution through geographic isolation b) evolution through polyploidy c) evolution through genetic modification d) evolution through natural selection e) macroevolution

c) evolution through genetic modification

The change in the genetic composition of a population over time due to random mating is called a) the bottleneck effect b) gene flow c) genetic drift d) mutation e) phenotype adaptation

c) genetic drift

Phylogeny is a) the number of evolutionarily related species in an ecosystem b) the study of morphological traits c) the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships d) the process of evolution that creates new species e) the genetic biodiversity of a species

c) the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

Which of the following will NOT affect the distribution of a species? a) A localized disease b) Climate change c) A change in the distribution of the species' food d) A new food source outside its range of tolerance e) The introduction of a predator species

d) A new food source outside its range of tolerance

Which of the following does NOT play a role in causing a rain shadow? a) Cold polar air b) Prevailing trade winds c) A mountain range d) Adiabatic cooling e) Humid ocean air

d) Adiabatic cooling

To estimate the gross primary production, researchers can use all of the following variable combinations EXCEPT a) net primary productivity and plant respiration b) standing crop, plant respiration, consumer biomass, and mass of consumer waste c) CO2 taken up by plant in sunlight and CO2 produced by plants in the dark d) CO2 released by plants in sunlight and CO2 produced by plants in the dark d) the amount of photosynthesis occurring over time

d) CO2 released by plants in sunlight and CO2 produced by plants in the dark

Two savanna communities both contain 15 plant species. In commmunity A, each of the 15 species is represented by 20 individuals. In community B, 10 of the species are represented by 12 individuals; the remaining 5 species are each represented by 3 individuals. Which statement best describes the two communities? a) Community A has the same biodiversity as community B. b) Both communities have the same species evenness. c) Community B has a higher species richness. d) Community A has a higher species evenness. e) Community B has a lower species richness.

d) Community A has a higher species evenness.

The following table represents the number of individuals of different species that were counted in three forest communities. Which statement best interprets these data? a) Community A has greater species evenness than Community B. b) Community A has greater species richness than Community B. c) Community B has greater species evenness that Community C. d) Community C has greater species richness than Community A. e) Community A has greater species evenness than Community C.

d) Community C has greater species richness than Community A.

The northern elephant seal was once hunted to near-extinction. Only 20 animals remained alive in 1890. Then, after the species was protected from hunting, its population grew to nearly 30,000 animals. However, this large population possesses very low genetic variation. Which process is the best interpretation of this scenario? a) Evolution by natural selection b) Evolution by artificial selection c) Evolution by the founder effect d) Evolution by the bottleneck effect e) Evolution by genetic drift

d) Evolution by the bottleneck effect

Which statement about aquatic biomes is true? a) They are characterized by dominant plant growth forms. b) They can be categorized by temperature and precipitation. c) Lakes contain littoral zones and intertidal zones. d) Freshwater wetlands have emergent plants in their deepest areas, whereas ponds and lakes do not. e) Coral reefs have the lowest diversity of species.

d) Freshwater wetlands have emergent plants in their deepest areas, whereas ponds and lakes do not.

Which is the correct order of the convection cells, starting at the equator? a) Polar, Ferrell, Hadley b) Ferrell, Hadley, Polar c) Polar, Hadley, Ferrell d) Hadley, Ferrell, Polar e) Hadley, Polar, Ferrell

d) Hadley, Ferrell, Polar

Lush vegetation on the western slopes of the Colorado Rockies may be attributed to I. trade winds generated by the Coriolis effect II. a rain shadow III. adiabatic cooling a) I only b) III only c) I and II only d) I and III only e) I, II, and III

d) I and III only

The high heat capacity of water causes what effect when combined with ocean circulation? a) The high salinity of deep polar water in the thermohaline cycle b) Warm temperatures in continental coastal areas c) The suppression of upwelling during an ENSO event d) Increased elevation of warm tropical waters, driving surface currents e) The heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere due to evaporation along the eqautor.

d) Increased elevation of warm tropical waters, driving surface currents

The precipitation line below the temperature line in a climate diagram shows a) the primary growing season b) when plants will grow the least c) the biome is a desert or tundra d) when plant growth will be limited by precipitation e) the season in which droughts are most likely to occur

d) when plant growth will be limited by precipitation

Which statement about patterns of air convection is NOT correct? a) The air in a Hadley cell rises where sunlight strikes the Earth most directly. b) The greatest amount of precipitation occurs at the intertropical convergence zone. c) The air in a Hadley cell descends near 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S, causing the formation of deserts. d) The air of a polar cell rises near 60 degrees latitude. e) Along Earth's surface, the air of a Hadley cell moves away from the equator.

e) Along Earth's surface, the air of a Hadley cell moves away from the equator.

Researchers collected data on tree abundance for a group of forest communities in the three states shown. Which statement best describes the forest communities within each state? a) CT has the highest species richness; PA has the highest species evenness. b) PA has the highest species richness; CT has the highest species evenness. c) CT and PA have equal species richness; GA has the highest species evenness. d) GA and PA have equal species richness; GA has the highest species evenness. e) CT and PA have equal species richness; CT has the highest species evenness.

e) CT and PA have equal species richness; CT has the highest species evenness.

Which of the following processes is NOT characteristic of oceanic circulation? a) Counterclockwise gyres in the Northern Hemisphere b) Slow thermohaline circulation of surface and deep ocean waters c) Unequal heating of tropical versus polar ocean waters d) El Nino-Southern Oscillation e) Coriolis effect

e) Coriolis effect

Which is NOT a significant cause of the current mass extinction event? a) Invasive species b) Climate changes c) Overharvesting d) Habitat destruction e) Extreme weather events

e) Extreme weather events

Which allows more rapid evolution? a) Long generation times b) Rapid environmental change c) Large population sizes d) Low genetic variation e) High genetic variation

e) High genetic variation

Humans have developed varieties of grape vines that produce grades that make fine wines if grown under particular environmental conditions. Therefore, the flavor of the grades on a given vine depends on I. genes II. environments III. artificial selection a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only e) I, II, and III

e) I, II, and III

Which of the following contributes to the unequal warming of Earth? I. Variation in the angle of sunlight that reaches Earth II. Variation in the amount of surface area over which the Sun's rays are distributed III. Variation in the amount of sunlight reflected from clouds a) I only b) I and II only c) II and III only d) III only e) I, II, and III

e) I, II, and III

Which could cause a dramatic decline in genetic diversity? I. Mutation II. A bottleneck effect III. A founder effect a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only e) II and III only

e) II and III only

Which list contains terms for lake classification, from systems with the lowest primary productivity to systems with the highest primary productivity? a) Eutrophic, mesotrophic, oligotrophic b) Oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic c) Mesotrophic, eutrophic, oligotrophic d) Mesotrophic, oligotrophic, eutrophic e) Oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic

e) Oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic

Which biome contains the aphotic zone? a) Coral reefs b) Mangrove swamps c) Streams and rivers d) Freshwater wetlands e) Open ocean

e) Open ocean

Which of the following does NOT drive ocean currents? a) Salinity b) Prevailing winds c) Gravity d) Temperature e) Precipitation

e) Precipitation

Which of the following in NOT an important ecosystem service provided by wetlands? a) Flood control b) Breeding habitat for birds c) Migratory habitat for birds d) Water filtration e) Seed dispersal

e) Seed dispersal

Which statement is NOT correct? a) Most speciation is thought to occur through allopatric speciation. b) Polyploidy is an example of sympatric speciation. c) Speciation can be caused by either natural selection or random processes. d) Geographic isolation can eventually lead to reproductive isolation. e) Speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation.

e) Speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of the El Nine-Southern Oscillation? a) The position of Australia with respect to South America b) A reversal of trade wind action c) Movement of warm surface water from east to west d) A buildup of warm water along the coast of South America e) Upwelling of water along the coast of South America

e) Upwelling of water along the coast of South America

The abiotic conditions under which a species can survve and reproduce is called its a) range of tolerance b) realized niche c) range of persistence d) environmental distribution e) fundamental niche

e) fundamental niche

Global climate change can cause the extinction of species due to all of the following EXCEPT a) the inability of individuals to move b) the absence of a favorable environment nearby c) the presence of another species occupying a similar niche in neighboring areas d) the rapid rate of environment change e) the presence of high genetic variation

e) the presence of high genetic variation

The mixing of surface water and deep water in the oceans that occur because of differences in salinity is known as a) upwelling b) a gyre c) the El Nine-Southern Oscillation d) an isocline e) thermohaline circulation

e) thermohaline circulation

List the correct order of the atmosphere starting from Earth's surface:

troposphere, stratosphere, mesopshere, thermosphere, exosphere