APES UNIT 3
Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility? A 1950 B 1970 C 1990 D 2010
1970
Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in
7 years
Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth?
D
The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which point?
The beginning of phase III
In Sri Lanka, the average age at marriage is 25, and the average number of children born per woman is 2.0. In Bangladesh, the average age at marriage is 17, and the average number of children born per woman is 3.3. What can be concluded from this data?
The earlier a woman marries, the more children she is likely to have.
Population growth rates are high in developing countries because
children are often an economic advantage
What characteristics are typically of r-selected species?
they produce many offspring in a short period of time and they have very low survivorship early in life
Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity? A 1985 B 1990 C 2015 D 2020
2015
According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase
4
Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type IIII survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? A Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day. B Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species. C Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings. D Populations of bees are declining in North America due to habitat loss and pesticide use.
Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.
A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area? A Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. B Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. C Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. D Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
Humans exhibit
Type I survivorship
Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ? A 1.9 B 3.9 C 4.7 D 5.4
4.7
Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data? A The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time. B The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion. C The population experienced significant reindeer immigration after year 20. D The reindeer formed mutualistic relationships and thrived between year 10 and year 20.
The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.
What is a description that describes the graph
Type II could represent a coral species that has a constant decline in survivorship throughout its life
Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population? A Disease B Availability of food C Heat waves D Access to clean water
Heat waves
Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980? A Increased immigration and decreased emigration B Increased infant mortality rate C Improvements in health-care services and medical research D Decreased urbanization
Improvements in health-care services and medical research
What are examples of a density-independent factor?
drought, forest fire, hurricane, flood
Zero population growth is
when the birth rate equals the death rate
The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? A A stationary age-structure diagram B An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram C A constrictive age-structure diagram D An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
A dieback or population crash often occurs after a species ___ its environmental carrying capacity
overshoots
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition model?
stage 1
Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C? A The county has very little difference between the number of individuals in younger age groups and in older age groups, indicating a declining population size. B There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population. C The county most likely has a total fertility rate of less than 2.0. D There are more women than men between the ages of 35-49 as a result of immigration of women into the county.
There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.
According to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during phase
1
In a given country, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this country?
A
The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain longleaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. What best describes the species?
A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low and nutrient levels
Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years? A As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase. B As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality. C A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agriculture, leading to decreased fecundity. D As educational and economic opportunities increase for women in less developed countries, both the total fertility rate and the population size will increase.
As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.
Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? A Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive. B Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. C Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores. D Generalists are more prone to extinction than specialists are.
Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.
A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome? A Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches. B Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. C Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months. D Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.
Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.
Giraffes use their extremely long necks to reach the leaves high up on acacia trees. Honey badgers are opportunistic and will chase other predators away from carcasses to eat carrion. They will also destroy beehives with their huge clause to reach honey. Additionally, they will use their claws to dig burrows and find yams. Gerenuks will stand on their back legs to reach the tops of grassland shrubs, which is a unique trait among grass eating antelope. Last, aardvarks have a men's nails and sticky tongues that they use to open termite mounds and consume thousands of termites and ants in a given night. Using this information, which of the following species would best describe a nice generalist?
Honey Badger
Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition? A Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water. B Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes. C The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care. D The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates.
Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.
A specialist faces ____ competition for resources and has ____ ability to adapt to environmental changes. A generalist faces ____ competition for resources and has ____ ability to adapt to environmental changes
Less, less, greater greater
The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water a food source. What is the best reason for the prediction that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be?
Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change
A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition? A The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. B The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals. C The birth rate rises to 43.1 births per 1,000 individuals. D The death rate rises to 37.9 deaths per 1,000 individuals.
The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type IIIIII survivorship curve? A The organism has a fairly constant mortality rate over time. B The organism reaches reproductive maturity after many years. C The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces. D The organism provides constant parental care to its offspring for several years.
The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above? A The owl population experienced increased mortality from 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations. B The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources. C The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources. D The mouse population experienced zero population growth between 1985 and 1990 because of the large number of predators.
The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.
The graph illustrates the total fertility rates measured from 1950 to 2020. The total fertility rates are projected from 2020 to 2040. Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ? A Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts. B Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies. C Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities. D Total fertility rates are projected to increase slightly from 2000 to 2040 as a result of technological advances and access to health care.
Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming there are no changes in the environment is called its
carrying capacity
A new predator was introduced into a coyote's habitat to reduce the hare population. What would explain the survival of the coyote species despite the reduction of the hare population?
coyotes can survive on a varied diet of animal meat, coyotes occupy a broad nice, coyotes are a specialist species
What feature is typical of a K-selected species?
do not produce a large number of offspring
Density-independent factors that regulate population size include
drought, severe storms, fire in a grassland biome, and extreme color, or moderate cold at an especially critical time of year
Mathus believed that humans populations grow ___ while food supply grows ___
exponentially; linearly
What are reasons the population of the US continues to grow?
net migration, advances in medical technology, the baby boom of the 1940s through 1960s and population momentum
The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the A population growth rate B environmental impact of each individual in a population C length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live D average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country
population growth rate
The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it si now found in many parts of the US. What best describes the spotted lanternfly in the US?
r-selected and invasive species
Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. The table below summarizes the reproductive data for song sparrows. Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow? A K-strategist and generalist B r-strategist and generalist C K-strategist and specialist D r-strategist and specialist
r-strategist and generalist
The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of
the average number of children each woman in a population will bear
The single most important factor affecting high fertility rates may be
the low status of women in many societies
What is true for a Type III survivorship?
the probability of survival decreases with age
In Type II survivorship
the probability of survival doesn't change with age.
