apes unit 4

During an El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, describe the conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)

high sea surface temperature/high rainfall

What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point T?

60% sand, 30% silt and 10% clay

Which of the soil profiles above represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material?

A (top most layer)

Why is London's Climate more mild than that of Calgary, Canada?

oceanic currents warm the atmosphere in london

What area on the map exhibits island arcs?

E (Polynesia)

Earth currently rotates on an axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. If that axis changed to 20 degrees, so that the axis was closer to vertical, what would be expected to occur?

Earth would experience a change in seasonal timing and length

The axis of Earth in relation to the Sun is tilted at a 23.5 degree slant, as illustrated in the diagram below. If the diagram illustrates Earth's relative position on December 21 of a given year, know the amount of daylight at tropic of cancer, poles, tropic of capricorn and equator (see daily video for this topic)

Tropic of Cancer - winter, daylight is less than 12 hours per day. North pole - 24 hours of darkness South pole - 24 hours of daylight Tropic of Capricorn - more than 12 hours of daylight Equator - 12 hours of daylight

The layer of Earth's atmosphere has the highest density of any atmospheric layer and contains most of the water vapor in the atmosphere.

Troposphere

The graph shows the relative solar energy received at local noon each day of the year at two different locations. Based on the graph, what can be concluded about the latitudes of the two locations?

location 1 is close to the equator, and location 2 is the northern hemisphere

What area on the map shows where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary?

B (in between Canada and Europe)

This area is most susceptible to erosion, leading to increased suspended solids and increased turbidity downstream.

B - agricultural fields

Which of the following best describes a transform boundary?

C

What area on the map exhibits a growing nonvolcanic mountain chain due to uplift?

C (Himalayas)

Know the biomes at 0, 30 and 60 degrees latitude

0 degrees - tropical rainforest 30 degrees - desert, 60 degrees - boreal forests (taiga)

Know the approximate concentration of CO2 , N2 , and O2 in dry air.

0.04% CO2, 78.08% N2, 20.95% O2

Which soil horizon is best developed in areas with dense vegetation, such as forests and grasslands, since the horizon consists of decomposing leaves and other plant material?

A, organic matter (top most layer)

A farm is experiencing extensive crop loss due to high rains causing overly saturated soils. Solution?

Amending the soil with clay to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil.

Which latitude shown on the diagram above experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21?

Antarctic Circle

The following question(s) refer to the diagram below, which shows 100 ml of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98 ml of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample. What is the most likely composition of the soil sample?

Clay 10%, silt 10%, sand 80%

The primary cause of Earth's seasons is the?

Constant tilt of Earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun

What explains the tectonic plate activity on the West Coast of the United States?

Earthquakes occur at the San Andreas Fault when stored energy is released from locked plates.

The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to ?

El Nino, reduced ocean upwelling along the coast.

A team at a university in Pennsylvania has concerns about the health of streams in a watershed because of the various land uses in the area. There has been an increase in road repair work, and the area has many dairy farms. What would be most effective at preventing sediment runoff into the streams of the watershed?

Maintain zones of grass at least 100m wide on the sides of streams in the area

At this site a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, which occurred at a nearby subduction zone, triggered one of the largest nuclear reactor disasters in history.

Site D (Japan)

Agricultural practice that would most likely lead to improved water quality in nearby streams and rivers?

Reducing the amount of fertilizer (nutrient management), integrated pest management, conservation tilling, basins, etc.

Based on the soil texture triangle, what would describe soil that was clay, silt, and sand?

Sandy clay loam

Corn is a crop that grows best in soil that drains well. Soil type that would be good for corn?

Sandy loam

At which sites does seafloor spreading result in rifts and possible volcanoes?

Site A

At which sites would activity result in volcanoes, island arcs, and mountains?

Site B

At which sites is an earthquake most likely to occur as two plates slide sideways past each other?

Site C

What best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries is important in designing housing developments along a river?

Surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed.

This layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the fewest molecules of the layers, and the low density of gas leads to very few molecules transferring heat to an object. In this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes photodissociation of molecules, creating ions.

Thermosphere

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavily forested area, but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up- and downstream of the town. What would be the best physical test for students to measure to determine the direct impact of soil erosion caused by the construction project on the river?

Turbidity, because a decrease in water clarity would indicate an increase in soil erosion.

The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere.

stratosphere

Method for preventing soil erosion in an agricultural area?

strip farming, contour plowing, terracing, using cover crops, and reduced tillage systems.

What changes are most likely to occur in the central and eastern tropical Pacific during El Niño?

the peruvian current weakens, leading to warmer-than-average sea-surface temps. The surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become warmer; this is due to the atmosphere and the winds blowing over the Pacific

What explains why City B regularly receives less precipitation than City A?

the rain shadow effect causes City B to be drier bc the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city

Why is the lower portion of the troposphere warmer than the upper portion?

the surface of earth absorbs sunlight, heating the lower portion of the troposphere more than the upper part

In which atmospheric layers does most weather occur?

troposphere

Region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere

troposphere