apes unit 5

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A farmer grows several crops on a farm that has mostly shallow, sandy soil. Which of the following irrigation methods would be the best suited for this farm? A Drip irrigation B Flood irrigation C Surface irrigation D Furrow irrigation

A Drip irrigation

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is A eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use B ozone depletion from fossil fuel use C intercropping by traditional farmers D compaction of soil from adding compost

A eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use

Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight? A Spray irrigation B Furrow irrigation C Flood irrigation D Drip irrigation

B Furrow irrigation

Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture? A Aquaculture breeds genetically modified fish to increase the amount of biodiversity in the population. B Aquaculture reduces the number of fishing operations in an area. C Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round. D Aquaculture requires large bodies of water for its operations.

C Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.

Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture? A Meeting an increasing demand for seafood B Decreasing the prevalence of disease in nearby wild fish C Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste D High initial cost of facility

C Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

IPAT equation

raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

aquaculture

the unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing

bycatch

the process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once.

clear cutting

pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and insecticides.

common pest-control methods

a large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities

concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)

the crowding can cause diseases to spread through animals, given antibiotics and hormones, waste production, grain feeding takes a lot of resources, animals produce methane

cons of CAFOs

-can pollute water systems -can conflict with other users of water bodies such as lobstermen, fishermen or migrating fish -can amplify and transfer disease and parasites to wild fish populations

cons of aquaculture

amount of environmental resources necessary to produce the goods and services to produce particular lifestyle

ecological footprints

the entire field is flooded with water. this system sees about 20% of the water is lost to evaporation and runoff. this can also lead to waterlogging

flood irrigation

they purify water and regulate the climate

forest's natural capital

allows animals to graze on grass their entire life cycle. meat is usually free from antibiotics and other chemicals. waste is used as fertilizer. does require a lot of land and the meat produced is more expensive for consumers

free range grazing

are human made structures- such as roads, building, sidewalks, and parking lots- that do not allow water to reach the soil, leading to flooding

impervious materials

reduce the CO2, methane, and N2O emissions. could conserve water, reduce the use of antibiotics and growth hormones, and improve topsoil

less consumption of meat can

agriculture, it takes approximately 20x more land to produce the same amount of calories from meat as from plants

meat production is less efficent than

include replacing traditional pavement with permeable pavement, planting trees, increased use of public transportation, and building up, not out

methods to reduce urban runoff

non-renewable and limited in supply

mineral resources are

a huge commons and ripe for exploitation

oceans are a huge...

extreme scarcity of some fish species, which can lessen biodiversity in aquatic system and harm people who depend on fishing for food and commerce

overfishing has lead to

grazing so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground erodes

overgrazing

very cheap and efficient

pros of CAFOs

highly efficient, requires only small areas of water, and requires little fuel

pros of aquaculture

regular rotation of livestock between different pastures in order to avoid overgrazing in particular areas

rotational grazing

accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.

salinization

a forest that has been cut and has regrown, in some stage of succession

second-growth forest

cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind

selective cutting

a shift to new agricultural strategies and practices in order to increase food production, with positive and negative results.

the green revolution

is for irrigation (70%)

the largest human use of freshwater

situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community

the tragedy of the commons

the turning-over of soil before planting.

tilling

a large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species, usually just to be cut down

tree plantations

the process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

urban sprawl

an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

urbanization

increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels and landfills.

urbanization affects carbon cycle by

lead to depletion of resources and saltwater intrusion in the hydrologic cycle

urbanization can lead to

occurs when too much water is left to sit in the soil, which raises the water table to groundwater and inhibits plants' ability to absorb oxygen through their roots

waterlogging

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging? A More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change. B Farmers will be able to utilize more land, resulting in a decrease in the number of floods. C Less oxygen will be used by the trees, so more oxygen will be in the atmosphere for humans and other animals to use. D The regulating services of the area, such as nutrient cycling and water regulation, would increase with fewer trees in the landscape.

A More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

Which of the following best describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing? A The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITESCITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species. B The Clean Water Act regulates the discharge of pollutants in surface waters. C The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRARCRA ) provides guidelines for the management of aquatic resources. D The Delaney Clause of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates the harvesting of fish species for human consumption.

A The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITESCITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species

Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population? A The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught. B A conservation agency creates marine parks where the area is a no-catch zone for the species so that the species can recover and population size can increase. C The state government introduces a subsidy for large fishing companies to help them afford to hire more crew members. D An educational group produces signs and video clips to encourage individuals to buy locally caught seafood and to avoid eating big fish like tuna and shark.

A The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization? A Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks B Filling nearby wetlands to reduce the amount of water in an area C Encouraging construction of housing developments outward into nearby suburban and rural areas D Installing new, more energy-efficient appliances in existing apartment buildings

A Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that A synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops B synthetic fertilizer remains in the soil longer than organic fertilizer does, reducing the volume needed and, therefore, the cost to the farmer C synthetic fertilizer adds to soil texture and increases the soil's water-holding capacity D organic fertilizer runs off more readily into waterways, leading to nutrient overload

A synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because A the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory B farm-raised salmon often pass on toxic chemicals such as mercury to eagles and other fish-eating birds C invasive plant species common in aquaculture facilities can spread to nearby waters D fewer wild fish will be harvested for human consumption

A the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil? A A scale should be used to measure the mass of both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time. B A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time. C A soil triangle should be used to determine the soil texture in both pallets before and after the water is added to both pallets. D A turbidity meter should be used to determine the amount of particulate matter in both pallets before and after the water is added to both pallets.

B A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time.

Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting? A Transpiration of water from vegetation will increase. B Evaporation of water from the soil will increase. C Runoff from watersheds will decrease. D Siltation of local streams will decrease.

B Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.

Farmers use various methods of irrigation on crops. Which of the following statements correctly pairs an irrigation method with an advantage or disadvantage? A Drip irrigation is readily used in large-scale farming because of the low cost associated with this method. B Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil. C Furrow irrigation is a method in which farmers plant two different types of crops in alternating strips which increases productivity. D Spray irrigation loses the least amount of water to evaporation.

B Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil.

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of utilizing science technology for future agricultural advances? A Using new science technologies to advance agriculture should be done cautiously to avoid unintended, negative consequences. B The only way to meet the global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture. C New science technologies may not suffice in advancing agriculture into the twenty-first century. D Using new science technologies to advance agriculture should be completely avoided because most technologies are too costly.

B The only way to meet the global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture.

B The type of pavers used in the pallets

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of government funding for future agricultural research? A Funding should be obtained primarily through environmental conservation agencies. B There is no need for additional funding because the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative has received a $25 million increase since 2008. C More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported. D Funding should be primarily obtained from the private sector and not from the federal government.

C More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported.

C The infiltration rate of the water

One example of the tragedy of the commons occurs when trees are harvested from tropical rain forests without any regulations. Which of the following best describes why this is an example of the tragedy of the commons? A Tropical rain forests have a thin layer of decaying organic matter and relatively low nutrient levels slowing tree growth. B Trees are an important resource, but not all individuals can access the resource. C Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible. D Tropical rain forests have the highest number of species per unit area, and trees are important for stability in the ecosystem.

C Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible.

Which of the following statements best describes the most unsustainable method of clear-cutting forests to harvest timber? A All but the healthiest trees are removed from a forest. B The highest-value trees are selectively removed from a forest. C All of the shade-intolerant trees in a small section of a forest are cut down. D All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

D All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's assumptions in terms of a new green revolution? A The global demand for food has remained constant since the 1940s, and therefore there has been minimal pressure to change agricultural practices. B Most current farming practices are eliminating mechanization and increasing profits. C New advances in agricultural technology will need government regulations in order to become effective for large-scale farming operations. D Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.

D Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A Fish farming, a type of aquaculture, produces fish through selective breeding to produce a cheap source of protein, reducing the fishing pressure on wild stock fish. B A collapse of the fishing industry leads to a loss of fishing-related jobs, which will have negative consequences on the economy. C Declines in the fish population lead to a decline in the population of fish predators, affecting the entire food chain. D Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.

D Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.

Which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas? A A greater amount of impermeable surfaces in urban areas that prevents organic material from entering soils B Reliance on mass transportation systems in urban areas, such as buses and trains rather than individual cars and trucks, which increases carbon dioxide release C Decreased square footage of living space, per person, in most housing units in urban areas that leads to an increased carbon footprint D Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

D Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization? A Individuals living in cities have more varied employment opportunities than individuals living in rural areas. B Individuals living in cities have greater access to health care than individuals living in rural areas. C Individuals living in cities usually have greater access to fresh, local agricultural products than individuals living in rural areas. D Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

D Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing? A There will be a decrease in the amount of runoff into nearby streams. B There will be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. C There will be an increase in the diversity and size of primary producers. D There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

D There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Many communities experience the tragedy of the commons. One way a local community might regulate a shared and limited resource and reduce the tragedy of the commons is to A eliminate ownership of the resources and make them available to all B reduce the cost of access to the resources C offer subsides to users of the resources in the form of tax breaks D divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

D divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to A help get laws passed that allow more fishing in areas that are not fished currently, therefore opening access to greater numbers of fish B purchase fish harvested through the use of purse seining and long-lining methods so that only the largest fish are caught C invest in companies that fish near coral reefs, which would take pressure off deep-sea species and eliminate the need for advances in technology D eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

D eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

reduces the risk that pesticides pose to wildlife, water supply, and human health. also minimizes disruptions to the environment and threats to human health but can be complex and expensive

IPM reduces

tilling, slash and burn farming, and use of fertilizers

agricultural practices that cause damage

can be depleted if overused for agricultural irrigation

aquifers can be depleted if

can cause soil erosion, desertification, high water usage (for irrigation) soil sanitation (due to irrigation), loss of biodiversity, greenhouse gas production (fuel needed), chemical production (pesticides), eutrophication (from fertilizer run-off)

bad agriculture practices can cause

antibiotic effective against a large variety of organisms.

broad specturm

is any scarce resource, such as water or pasture, that provides users with tangible benefits but which nobody in particular owns or has exclusive claim to

common resources

may kill other things, cause disease by getting in the water, persistence, promote genetically resistant pests, harms wildlife

con of pesticides

can lead to loss of genetic diversity of that particular crop

con to genetically engineered crops

exposes the soil to erosion forces, increased soil and stream temperatures, flooding, and habitat loss

cons of clear cutting

organisms can become resistant to them through artificial selection.

consequence of using pest control methods

the total quantity of crop that the land produces

crop yield

to increase their resistance to pests and diseases.

crops can be genetically engineered to

the practice of using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water to use for crops. this is most efficient system, with only about 5% water lost. this system is expensive and so it is not often used

drip irrigation

they compare resource demands and waste production required for an individual or a society

ecological footprints compare

biological diversity, food production, average global surface temperatures and CO2 concentrations, human population, and resource depletion

environmental indicators of sustainability

involves digging trenches and filling them with water. this system is inexpensive but about 1/3 of the water is lost to evaporation and run-off

furrow irrigation

is to prevent soil erosion

goal of soil conservation

the combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes an economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal.

integrated pest management (IPM)

the process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

irrigation

can cause an increase in profits and efficiency in farms. it can also increase reliance on fossil fuels

mechanization can cause

when farmers began to rely more on machinery such as mechanical reapers and threshers in the late 1800s.

mechanization of farming

bio control, inter-cropping, crop rotation, and natural predators of pests.

methods of IPM

concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and free range grazing

methods of meat production

contour plowing, windbreaks, perennial crops, terracing, no-till agriculture, and strip cropping

methods of soil conservation

include reforestation, using and buying wood harvested by ecologically sustainable forestry techniques, and reusing wood.

methods to mitigate deforestation

include IPM and removal of affected trees

methods to protect forests from pathogens and insects

destroy habitats, contaminate ground water, and release dust particles and methane

mining of coal can

as the more accessible ores are mined to completion...

mining operation are forces to use lower grade ores because

the soil and rocks that are moved to gain access to the ore.

mining wastes include

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

mitigation

effective against few organisms

narrow spectrum

the natural resources and ecosystem services that keep us and other species alive and support human economies

natural capital

complex forest that has developed over a long period of time and is relatively untouched by human activity

old-growth forest

owned by no one, available to everyone, atmosphere or ocean

open access resources

a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine

ore

the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest

pest control

crop damage by pest and increases crop yields.

pest control decreases

forests are set on fire under controlled condition in order to reduce the occurrence of natural fires.

prescribed burn

owned and/or controlled by an individual, a family, or a group

private resources

kills pests, higher yield of crop, narrow spectrum, increase food supplies increase farmer profit

pro of pesticides

most cost effective means of harvesting trees

pros to clear cutting

the residue or mass of metal left after smelting; worthless matter.

slag

the process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements.

smelting

expensive and energy-consuming; 75-95% efficient; water is pumped from a well into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles that spray water across the field

spray irrigation

mechanization, genetically modified organisms (GMO), fertilization, irrigation, and the use of pesticides.

strategies and methods of the green revolution

include crop rotation and the addition of green manure and limestone

strategies to improve soil fertility

a process whereby miners strip away at the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits

strip mining

the extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits. usually used when easily accessibly reserves are lacking. it is very expensive

subsurface mining

removal of large portions of the soil and rock, called overburden, in order to access ore underneath

surface mining

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

sustainability

farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

sustainable agriculture

the use and management of forest ecosystems in a way that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to use the forests

sustainable forestry

limiting deforestation, maintaining forest health by using IPM and reducing the chance of forest fire by controlled burns

sustainable forestry includes

the highest rate at which we can use a renewable resource indefinitely without reducing its available supply

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