APES Unit 5 Study Guide

Corn can be grown at a rate of 1,000 kcal per hectare, and it takes 20 times more land to produce beef than it does to produce corn. Which of the following equations would correctly calculate the amount of land needed to produce 10,000 kcal of beef?

(1 ha/1,000 kcal corn) x (20 kcal corn/1 kcal beef) x 10.000 kcal beef

A family of five recently replaced its 5-gallon-per-minute showerheads with water-saving 2-gallon-per-minute showerheads. Each member of the family averages 8 minutes in the shower per day. In a 30-day period, how many fewer gallons of water will the family use with the new showerheads?

3,600

If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area?

A

Which of the following best describes why aquaculture has grown considerably in several parts of the world?

Aquaculture fisheries provide a larger and more consistent quantity of fish year-round than do wild fisheries.

If the trend in total water withdrawal represented in the graph continues, which of the following is most likely to happen in the future?

Aquifers will be depleted if demand is higher than recharge rate.

Based on the data in the graph, which location showed an annual average grain yield in 1991-1993 that was approximately 2.3 times the yield in 1961-1963?

Asia

Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

Clear-cutting

The cities of Edmonton and Calgary are relatively far north and at high elevation. Which of the following best explains the data presented in their ecological footprints?

Colder average temperatures and longer nights in Edmonton and Calgary lead to high energy usage to heat and light homes.

Which of the following accurately describes a benefit of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)?

Concentrated animal feeding operations are efficient and relatively low-cost facilities that help keep consumer costs low.

Two branches of a river have different sediment loads. Based on the diagram, which of the following most likely led to the differences in the amount of sediment in the two branches of the river?

Deforestation from clear-cutting

A new 450-unit housing development will replace several small farms on the outskirts of Fremont. The development will be composed of 1/4-hectare lots with nearly identical footprints, as shown below. Storm water runoff from the new development into nearby Samel Creek will likely lead to which of the following?

Destruction of fish habitats by high levels of suspended solids and sediments

This type of irrigation is often used by small-scale farming operations, and it requires extensive labor to set up individual irrigation lines.

Drip Irrigation

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?

Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following proposed solutions would have the greatest effect on reducing global water withdrawals?

Government grants to assist farmers with the up-front installation costs of drip irrigation systems.

Which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmill?

Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?

Integrated pest management

Long-term intensive agriculture that does not add soil amendments such as manure or fertilizer has been shown to decrease soil organic matter content. Which of the following figures best shows this relationship?

Negative Exponential Graph

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following Canadian cities had the lowest average per capita ecological footprint?

Ottawa

Other than potential negative health effects on humans, which of the following is a disadvantage of using chemical pesticides to eliminate crop pests?

Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web.

Which of the following areas shown on the map of the United States has a history of coal deposits and is most likely to have mining operations?

Point B

Which of the following techniques is a realistic solution for farmers to decrease the amount of fertilizer and sediment runoff into aquatic ecosystems.

Practicing crop rotation

Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability?

Reducing human population size

Based on the diagrams above, which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased?

Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration.

Which of the following would be the best way to mitigate deforestation?

Replant and protect trees in areas that have previous cleared

Which of the following strategies could be used to reduce soil erosion during surface mining of coal?

Replanting vegetation.

Coal was surface mined from five sites, labeled 1 through 5, that had originally been covered by forest. Each site was planted with a mix of tree seedlings to reclaim the area to forest. Grass was also seeded over each site to prevent initial erosion and to provide forage. Ten years after planting, information was collected at the five sites and is given in the table below. Select the letter of the row that indicates the site with the most successful forest reclamation.

Row E

The excessive pumping of groundwater from wells can influence the water levels below ground. Which of the following is more likely to occur in aquifers in coastal areas than in aquifers in other regions?

Saltwater intrusion into the aquifers

Which of the following best achieves the goal of providing wood products for humans while preserving biodiversity?

Selective cutting of large areas of old-growth forest

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been required each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

Some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.

This type of irrigation uses a large system of sprinklers that must be manually moved from field to field and has very large evaporative losses

Spray irrigation

Which of the following is the most likely unintended consequence of using pesticides in agriculture?

The continual use of pesticides can cause organisms to build a resistance through genetic mutation that then requires more or stronger pesticides.

Which of the following best describes the process known as "mountaintop removal"?

The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip mining of coal

Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a variety of techniques to reduce pest populations while reducing the economic damage caused by pests. Which of the following techniques is a mechanical IPM method for reducing pests?

The use of screens or traps to prevent pests from entering the crop area

Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon?

They are often infected with parasites and sea lice.

Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the relationship between urbanization and hurricanes?

Urban infrastructure promotes runoff, which can increase the damage associated with hurricanes and other tropical storms.

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (G M) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself. Which of the following statements identifies a concern associated with the increased proportion of GM crops being grown?

Use of GM seeds can lead to loss of genetic diversity in crops.

Based on the information shown in the graph, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

When precipitation varies, streams in watershed II experience the greatest fluctuations in water volume.

Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because

farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is

more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level

It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because

the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources