APES unit 6 quiz

Crude Oil

- Can be converted into other types of fuel used in vehicles, air planes and other machines - Second law of thermodynamics: as energy change form it is often released as a less useful for of energy sush as heat, makes fossil fuels inefficient to use - released carbon compounds when burned leading to increased warming

Hydrigen fuel cell and wind energy

- Fuel cells react hydrogen and oxygen to create energy - only byproduct is water but they are expensive - wind power: uses large tubrines to generate electricty - can kill birds and bats, noisy - best to put in open areas such as farm land away from homes

Hydroelectric Power

- Generated by a dam, waves or tidal movement - Dams contain turbines that spin when water passes over them - The mechanical energy from the turbine moved a generator which helps create electricity - Dams can negatively impact fish so fish ladders are used to allow fish to move past the dam - No pollution but can affect the river ecosystem

Geothermal

- Geothermal energy is obtained by using the heat store in the Earth's interior to heat up water, which is brought back to the surface as steam. - The steam is used to drive an electric generator - Facilities can be expensive - May release hydrogen sulfide pollutant - Iceland is known for geothermal use

Coal

- Mined form the US - Three types: Lignite:low heat content, low sulfur Bituminous: high heat content, high sulfur, large supply Anthracite: high heat content, low sulfur, hard and mostly carbon but limited quanitites

Natural Gas

- Natural gas is extracted through fracking - Fracking --> Frill into ground --> Inject water, sand and chemical at high pressure --> Shatter the shale rock where gas is --> Sand hold open cracks --> Allow gas bubbles to rise and collect them - Can cause earthquakes and groundwater contamination -Natural gas is cleanest of fossil fuels releases methane which holds heat better that carbon dioxide

Solar energy

- Photovoltaic cells capture the sun's energy and transform it into electrical energy - energy can be store from solar cells - PV cells can block sun from reaching the ground, negatively impacting ecosystems - Passive solar energy uses cleber building practices and heat-retaining materals to heat himes, heat cannot be stored

Combustion and Cogeneration

- The combustion of chemical fuels is a chemical reaction between the fuel and oxygen that yields carbon dioxide and water and releases energy. - Fuels are often NOT combusted completely which released pollution Cogeneration- increased fuel use effciency by using the fuel for energy (electricity) and the heat produced for another purpose.

Biomass

- wood, peat, charcoal - used in developing countries as subsistence energy to cook and heat homes - easily accesible and cheap - can cause particulate metter polution, affects lungs - released carbon cmpounds when burned

How power plants work

1. Coal enters the power plant 2. Burning the coal produces heat to vaporize water 3. water turns into steam so the turbine can spin 4. allows the generator to produce the electricity needed

nuclear power

1. Reactor has the nucleuar fuel rods that contains heat to generate steam 2. Steam generation is where water will be brought in allowed to be heated up with the heat from the reactor 3. The steam then spins the turbine 4. then it will create electrcity for the generator

Fukushima

A city in Japan damaged by the tsunami in 2011; the nuclear power plant released radiation. 4-6 reactors melted.

Chernobyl

A city in Ukraine that was the site of a 1986 reactor meltdown at a Soviet nuclear power plant. still highly reactive

Coal

Coal is a mixture of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other atoms. When burned, coal produces heat and light energy longer than wood. In fact, the United States has an abundance of coal which it uses for energy. Coal is made up of living organisms that have decomposed in places such as swamps, wetlands, and landfills.

Fossil fuels are the most widely used source of energy

Coal- Russia, USA, China Oil- Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezula, Canada Natural Gas- USA, Russia, Iran

Cogeneration

Cogeneration is the process of using two forms of energy from the same fuel source. The CHP burns fuel, natural gas, to produce electricity. However, the difference with cogeneration is that it uses the excess heat that is normally released into the atmosphere, to provide heating or cooling. Cogeneration is used in small facilities by non-utility companies and by institutions like universities and the military.

How does harnessing the movement of water impact the environment?

Just as reducing downstream water flow can cause a loss of habitat, creating reservoirs to generate electricity in storage and pumped storage hydropower systems often cause upstream flooding that destroys wildlife habitats, scenic areas, and prime farming land.

What are some concerns of using nuclear power?

Mainly disposing of the waste

Natural Gas

Natural gas is a fuel source that is made of mostly methane and some traces of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Natural gas is considered nonrenewable because it takes a long time for it to replenish itself. It is made up of layers of dead organic material. Layer of sand,silt and rock built on top of this decomposed material. Machinery is used to drill down to the gas deposits where oil and natural gas form under the pressure and heat underground. Natural gas is considered the cleanest energy source when it is burned because it releases few pollutants - Carbon dioxide and water vapor.

What energy is trapped in nuclear power and what process releases it?

Nuclear Fusion

Three mile island

Nuclear Power Plant in Harrisburg, Penn. which failed, causing radiation to be admitted in the air in the 70s

How does nuclear power impact the environment?

Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste

What impacts does capturing wind have on the environment?

We can capture this energy with groups of wind turbines called wind farms that convert it into electrical energy that can be fed into electrical grids.

Non commercial energy

energy that can be used at no cost by the consumers. For instance biomass is the primary source for developing nations because wood and animal waste is readily available at no cost.

Commercial energy

energy that consumers need to pay for such as natural gas, coal, and petroleum.

Biomass energy

gathered in local areas because it is more widely available. Wood or dung is used to create energy.

Peat

made up of decomposed organic material that can be burned for fuel. There are four stages of how peat is converted into coal. Three types of coal used for fuel are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. The change in heat, pressure, and depth contribute to the development of various coal types and their qualities. Anthracite is most commonly used as a fuel source because of its high heat content. Its availability is limited and is found in reservoirs with high organic matter levels. This development of peat is why conserving peatlands is very important. Destroying peatlands does not allow for coal to be produced underground.

Renewable Energy Sources

sources of energy able to be replaced through ongoing natural processes One energy form that can be replenished at or near the rate of consumption. Renewable energy is widely advocated because it can replace the dependence on fossil fuels for energy. Renewable sources can be used around the world and prices have been recently decreasing which makes it more affordable. Examples of renewable energy sources include ➱ Wind ➱ Hydroelectric ➱ Solar ➱ Biomass

Renewable resources

those that can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of condumption and reused. Solar, wind, geothermal,hydropower, tidal, biomass,

Non-renewable resources

those that exist in a fixed amount and involved amount and involve energy transformation that cannot be easily replaced. Oil, natural gas, nuclear, coal

Nuclear energy

The process of harvesting electrical energy from the nuclear reaction through the process of nuclear fission or fusion. Nuclear energy is harvested through the use of the radioactive element, uranium. The total supply of the world's uranium is limited and is replaceable after it has been all used up for energy. The scarcity of uranium makes nuclear energy a nonrenewable energy source. Nuclear Energy power plants are seen more in industrialized nations that have the materials and money to extract the uranium. More money also means that more research is put in.

What is the role of the reactor in nuclear power generation?

The reactor is the part where the fuel rods are kept and the reactions occur along with the control rods.

In developed countries and in urban areas of some developing countries, individuals are likely to use fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas—either directly or indirectly through the use of electricity that is generated by burning those fuels. However, people living in rural areas of developing countries primarily still use such fuels as wood, charcoal, or animal waste. These differences lead us to distinguish between commercial and subsistence energy sources. Commercial energy sources are those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, although sometimes wood, charcoal, and animal waste are also sold commercially. Subsistence energy sources are those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs and include straw, sticks, and animal dung. There is much greater use of subsistence energy sources in the developing world, especially in rural areas.

The second law of thermodynamics dictates that when energy is transformed, its ability to do work diminishes because some energy is lost during each conversion. In addition to these losses, there is an expenditure of energy involved in obtaining almost every fuel that we use.

Coal is a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago. Coal has been the "work horse" of fossil fuels in the United States and in many other parts of the world. It is abundant in many areas and often is relatively easy to extract, handle, and process. We have seen that coal is the fuel most commonly used for electricity generation in the United States. There are three types of coal, ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content; they are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. A precursor to coal, called peat, is made up of partly decomposed organic material, including mosses. The formation of coal takes hundreds of millions of years. FIGURE 35.1 represents factors involved in the formation of the different types of coal. Starting with an organic material such as peat, increasing time and pressure produce successively denser coal with more carbon molecules, and more potential energy, per kilogram. The largest coal reserves are found in the United States, Russia, China, and India. The countries that are currently producing the greatest amounts of coal are China, the United States, India, and Australia.

Advantages of Coal Because it is energy-dense and plentiful, coal is used to generate electricity and in industrial processes such as making steel. In many parts of the world, coal reserves are relatively easy to exploit by surface mining. The technological demands of surface mining are relatively small and the economic costs are low. Once coal is extracted from the ground, it is relatively easy to handle and needs little refining before it is burned. It can be transported to power plants and factories by train, barge, or truck. All of these factors make coal a relatively easy fuel to use, regardless of technological development or infrastructure. Disadvantages of Coal Although coal is a relatively inexpensive fossil fuel, its use does have several disadvantages. As we saw in Chapter 8, the environmental consequences of the tailings from surface mining are significant. As surface coal is used up and becomes harder to find, however, subsurface mining becomes necessary. With subsurface mining, the technological demands and costs increase, as do the consequences for human health.

The two largest uses of natural gas in the United States are for electricity generation and industrial processes. Natural gas is also used to manufacture nitrogen fertilizer, and it is used in homes as an efficient fuel for cooking, heating, and operating clothes dryers and water heaters. Compressed natural gas can be used as a fuel for vehicles, but because it must be transported by pipeline, it is not accessible in all parts of the United States and is therefore unlikely to become an important fuel for cars. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)—which is similar to natural gas, but in a liquid form—is a slightly less energy-dense substitute. LPG can be transported via train or truck and stored at the point of use in tanks. This fuel is available practically everywhere in the United States and is used in place of natural gas and for portable barbecue grills and heaters. Overall, natural gas and LPG supply 27 percent of the energy used in the United state.

Advantages of Natural Gas Because of the extensive natural gas pipeline system in many parts of the United States, roughly one-half of homes use natural gas for heating. Compared with coal and oil, natural gas contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates during combustion. And for every joule of energy released during combustion, natural gas emits only 60 percent as much CO2 as coal. So natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels and as long as it can be supplied by pipeline, it is a very convenient and desirable fossil fuel. In some locations where natural gas pipelines are not present, LPG is used although it is slightly less convenient. Page 414 FIGURE 35.6 Natural gas field in Wyoming. Even though natural gas is relatively clean compared with other fossil fuels, its extraction impacts large amounts of land. Disadvantages of Natural Gas While natural gas when combusted releases the least carbon dioxide of all the fossil fuels, unburned natural gas—methane—that escapes into the atmosphere is itself a potent greenhouse gas that is 25 times more efficient at absorbing infrared energy than CO2. Natural gas that leaks after extraction is a suspected contributor to the steep rise in atmospheric methane concentrations that was observed in the 1990s. While natural gas is referred to as the "clean" fossil fuel, extraction and use still lead to environmental problems (FIGURE 35.6).

Petroleum, another widely used fossil fuel, is a fluid mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits. While coal is ideal for stationary combustion applications such as those in power plants and industry, the fluid nature of petroleum products such as oil and gasoline makes them more suitable for mobile combustion applications, such as in vehicles.

Advantages of Petroleum Because petroleum is a liquid, it is extremely convenient to transport and use. It is relatively energy-dense and is cleaner-burning than coal. For these reasons, it is an ideal fuel for mobile combustion engines such as those found in automobiles, trucks, and airplanes. Because it is a fossil fuel, it releases CO2 when burned, although for every joule of energy released, oil produces only about 85 percent as much CO2 as coal. Disadvantages of Petroleum Oil, like coal, contains sulfur and trace metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic, which are released into the atmosphere when it is burned. Some sulfur can be removed during the refining process, so it is possible, though more expensive, to obtain low-sulfur oil.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is always conserved.

how efficiency is a form of energy conservation.

Energy conservation involves using less energy by adjusting your behaviors and habits. Energy efficiency, on the other hand, involves using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function.

How do we conserve energy on a large scale?

Energy efficiency is the percentage of the total energy input that does useful work and is not converted into low-quality, usually useless heat in an energy conversion system or process.We can conserve energy by increasing the efficiency of our electrical equipment.

How does harnessing geothermal energy impact the environment?

Geothermal energy produces fewer greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, thus lowering air pollution. If underground water runs out, people must wait for more to come. Certain forms of collecting geothermal energy have also been known to cause earthquakes.

Passive

Heating and cooling naturally

How do we harness the thermal energy of the earth?

Heating up, charging, cooling down and discharging

How do we harness the kinetic energy of water?

Hydroelectric power is the use of water to harness energy. The water turns a turbine and the mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy.

Fossil fuels is the number one producer of electricity in the world because of its affordability, abundance and accessibility.

Hydropower comes second because of the large dams such as the Three Gorges Dams. Although there has been removal of dams, there has been a focus of creating innovative tidal technology to capture energy from the movement of waves. Nuclear Power accounts for 10.7% of energy generation because there are top industrialized countries that have the money and resources to generate electricity. The United States, France and China are some of the largest nuclear power producers.

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion is the result of two or more smaller subatomic particles combining to form different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. For example, in a fusion reactor hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms, neutrons, and release massive amounts of energy. This type of reaction most closely resembles the type of reactions that help power the sun. Nuclear fission leads to large amounts of heat being released. Benefits 👍 Low operating costs No pollutant pollution Drawbacks 👎 Nuclear Accidents Thermal pollution Radioactive waste Explosion

Oil

Oil is made from millions of years of dead organic material such as plants that are decomposed. Lots of heat and pressure is needed to turn it into hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are simple organic compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon. Oil is usually found in sandstone and limestone. Oil or Petroleum Oil is made directly from decomposed organic material such as plants and animals. Crude oil is located on top of what was once the sea. The material found is composed of long chains of hydrocarbons (containing hydrogen and carbon molecules). Hydrocarbons are so important because they contain a lot of potential energy. Oil is used more automobiles, Crude oil can be extracted from tar sands which are made up of clay, sand, water and bitumen. Saudi Arabia is a country rich with crude oil deposits. While the demand for oil has risen, companies are looking for innovative new ways to pump oil. They have started to move their facilities to the ocean. Some problems arise with this change, it takes money, time and knowledge to build a system that will be safe to marine wildlife and effective.

Oil Spills

Oil spills can occur if something goes wrong in production such as failure in the storage systems or during transport. The effects of oil spills are harmful to wildlife/marine life and a very long time to clean up the mess. The 2010 Deep water horizon was an oil spill in the gulf of mexico. This disaster took a long time to stop the spilling that sunk to the bottom of the ocean. It was one of the largest oil spills with 4.9 million barrels of oil spilled. The environmental damage caused by this spill was birds dying off in the first week from the oil that covered their fur. The 1985 Exxon Valdez oil spill occured while a tanker was heading to Alaska and it hit an iceberg. The barrels of oil that were spilled were less than the Deep Water horizon incident however this spill is still being cleaned up till this day. The impact of this spill was the US involvement in regulations being put into place. The OPA90 regulations state how to learn to respond to a spill.

nonrenewable source energy

One that has a finite supply and once it is consumed it can not be replenished in a human lifetime. - The rate of consumption of nonrenewable resources are becoming limited due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce and is readily available after the development of multiple processing facilities. -Non Renewable sources are the primary source of energy being used worldwide. The United States has an abundance of coal as well as oil, coal, and natural gas. Examples- Fossil Fuels ➱ Oil ➱ Coal ➱ Natural Gas ➱ Petroleum ➱ Nuclear Power

What energy is trapped in solar and what process harnesses it?

Solar PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity

Biomass

a fuel type that comes from organic material - living organisms such as plant or animal waste that is being burned for energy. Biomass is considered renewable if only the rate of replenishing the sources is faster than usage. Wood - heats up homes, used for cooking Agriculture crops - converted to liquid biofuels. When burned it can also drive steam through a turbine to produce electricity. Biomass is also being used to produce biofuels - ethanol and biodiesel.

Active

collecting solar radiation and converting heat into water or air