APES UNIT 8

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

resource conservation and recovery act

"cradle to grave", requires EPA to know abt companies that produce toxic materials from birth to death

Crude Oil

(petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons

***Petrochemicals

*Chemicals obtained by refining crude oil; used as raw materials in manufacturing *ex: plastics, synthetic fibers, medicines, cosmetics

***Refining

*Complex process that uses different boiling points to separate crude oil into different fuels *requires an input of high-quality energy and decreases the net energy yield of oil

What are ways we can reduce Energy waste?

*Replace energy wasting electric motors *Recycle materials *Use cogeneration and combine heat with power in industries * Use low-efficiency incandescent lighting

How can we save energy and money in buildings?

*insulate the building and plug leaks *use energy efficient buildings * Stop other heating and cooling losses *Heat houses more efficiently * Heat water more efficiently * Use energy efficient appliances *Use energy efficient lighting

3 ft

1 yard

1 meter

1,000,000 micrometer

types of natural gas

1. LPG 2. Methane 3. LNG 4. SNG 5. Liquid Coa

How much oil sand does it take to make one barrel of oil?

1.8 tons

Measured on the Richter scale, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 ___ times greater than an earthquake with a magnitude of 2.0

100,000

An earthquake that measures 8.o on the richter scale is ________ times stronger than an earthquake that measures 5.0.

1000

1 megawatt

1000 kw

1 milliometer

1000 micrometer

1 kw

1000 watts

how long is natural gas expected to last

125 to 225 years

Energy can neither be created no destroyed.

1st law of thermodynamics

alaska's north slope would meet US demand for (_) years and world demand (6) months

How much of the worlds oil reserves does the US have?

2.9%

what percent of coal is carbon

20 to 90

1 ton

2000 lb

how long should coall last us

225 to 900 years

the US uses ______ percent energy

saudia arabia percent of oil

26%

When energy is used or converted to another form it is always degraded to lower quality.

2nd law of thermodynamics

Fresh water accounts for ______ of the world's total world.

oil reserves will last us (____) years at world rate, (_____) at US rate

45,20

how long with alaska's north slope last us

6 months us rate

Of the world's freshwater...

70% is agriculture, 20% is industry, and 10% is household use

About how much of the energy we use commercially comes from non renewable resources?

76%

Nonrenewable energy composes ____ of worlds need

85%

% of energy from nonrenewable resources.

An individual is exposed to the water in the stream from which the sample show in the graph was taken. If the individual was exposed to the highest dose of the bacteria, which of the following bacteria would have the lowest probability of causing illness if ingested?

A C. jejuni

Which of the following best describes why DDT is classified as a persistent organic pollutant? A DDTDDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application. B DDTDDT can be used to control diseases, such as malaria and typhus, that are spread by insects. C DDTDDT is detected in food worldwide and the general human population is most commonly exposed to the toxin through food. D DDTDDT has both short-term acute and long-term chronic health effects in both humans and wildlife.

A DDTDDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application.

Researchers suspect that sewage leaked into the Moose River. Rates for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage?

A Dysentery

Based on the diagram, which of the following is associated with the primary treatment of sewage?

A Grit chamber

Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following would result in the largest reduction in volume of municipal solid waste disposed of in landfills?

A Introduce composting programs for yard trimmings and food waste

Water from which of the following locations on the map would best serve as a control group for the study?

A Location A

Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms? A Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms. B Increased temperature causes an increase in metabolic rates of fish and insects. Increased metabolism results in increased waste from aquatic organisms, which provides energy for the algae to grow rapidly. C Increased temperature and low dissolved oxygen drive aquatic animals out of the area. The lack of competition gives the algae more nutrients for reproduction. D Increased temperature leads to an increase in dissolved oxygen. The higher oxygen content increases the rates of cellular respiration and reproduction, resulting in an increased population of algae.

A Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms.

Which of the following best explains why top predators can have up to 60 times as much of persistent organic pollutant (POP) as their prey and up to 600 times as much of the pollutant as producers? A POPsPOPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPsPOPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. B POPsPOPs can travel over long distances by wind or water. Predators have greater access to different locations than do producers and therefore have higher concentrations of POPsPOPs. C POPsPOPs are not carbon-based compounds, so animal digestive systems lack enzymes capable of breaking them down. POPsPOPs biomagnify in the fatty tissues of animals but not in plants. D POPsPOPs are solids, which only animals can ingest. Therefore, POPsPOPs have a greater effect on secondary and tertiary levels of food chains.

A POPsPOPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPsPOPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain.

Based on the diagram above, which of the following is the most likely reason that V. cholerae can spread rapidly through a population?

A V. cholerae is a microscopic bacterium that can survive in various aquatic environments for prolonged periods of time and can cause a delayed onset of visible symptoms.

What about landfill gas?

A complex mix of different gases created by the action of microorganisms within a landfil Methane can be captured and used for many purposes 40%-60% mathane is realesed with mostly carbon dioxide

Phytoremediation

A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials

What is single stream recycling?

A micture of all recycables, improve the total vloume of MSW that can be recycled EX: Your recycled bins can collect a multitude of recycables, not just plastics

Tar Sand/Oil Sand

A mixture of clay, sand, water and a combustible organic material called bitumen consisting of tar like oil with a high sulfur content

Natural Gas

A mixture of gases of which 50-90% is methane and contains smaller amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as propane; versatile with a high net energy yield

The soil that is best for growing the most plants is...

A mixture of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention.

Nuclear Fusion

A nuclear change at the atomic level in which the nuclei of two isotopes of a light element such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process

What is closed loop recycling?

A product to make the same product EX: Aluminim cans can be recycled and turned into more aluminun cans

Which of the following is an important contributor to both global warming and ozone depletion? A) An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide to higher-than-preindustrial levels B) A buildup of methane in the stratosphere to higher-than-preindustrial levels C) An increase in the levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth's surface D) An increase in the amount of infrared solar radiation absorbed in the troposphere E) A release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere

A release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere

Coal

A solid fossil fuel that was formed in several stages from the remains of land plants that were buried 300-400 million years ago, then exposed to intense heat and pressure over those millions of years

Which of the following best describes why DDT is classified as a persistent organic pollutant?

A. DDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application.

Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms?

A. Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms.

Which of the following best explains why top predators can have up to 60 times as much of persistent organic pollutant (POP) as their prey and up to 600 times as much of the pollutant as producers?

A. POPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain.

If Earth had no atmosphere, the mean surface temperature would be approximately -15°C. With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximately +15°C. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference? A) Reflection of incident solar radiation by clouds B) Scattering of visible radiation by aerosols C) Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer D) Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases E) The breakdown of oxygen molecules in the thermosphere

Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases

advantages oil

Accessible Flexible Lots of energy Cheap to use

What about aerobic and anarebic?

Aerobic with oxygen creates less odor compared to anaerobic bacteria *Makes organic compound thrive faster*

Whay is primary treatment? What are some positive outcomes?

Allows solid waste to settle into a sluge layer, uses screens to remove larger objects. Sludge removes primary treatment on to secondary treatment

What does tertiarty treatment use?

Alum to remove nitrogen and phopshorous to prevent eutrophic events Causes remaining particles to clump called floc for easier removal

The drop in stratospheric ozone levels in the Southern Hemisphere (the "ozone hole") is most evident during which season? A) Antarctic spring (October) B) Antarctic autumn (April) C) Antarctic summer only (January) D) Antarctic winter only (July) E) Both Antarctic summer and Antarctic winter (January and July)

Antarctic spring (October)

What is the solid waste?

Any unwanted or discarded material we produce that is not a liquid or a gas. Anything that is solid material.

black water

Any water containing human waste

Unconfined aquifers...

Are recharged directly from water falling at the surface and are polluted more easily than confined aquifers

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the substances listed. (A) Asbestos (B) Radon (C) Lead (D) Carbon monoxide (E) Formaldehyde Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

Asbestos

4 products oil (petroleum)

Asphalt DDT Polysterene Nylon

B 140lb x 1kg/2.2lb x 13mg/1kg x 1g/1000mg

The LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds] A 140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg B 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg C 13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb D 13mg1kg×1kg2.2lb×140lb113mg1kg×1kg2.2lb×140lb1

B 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg

Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor? A An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease. B An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal. C An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. D An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.

B An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal.

Which of the following water quality tests would best indicate if sewage from the wastewater treatment plant has contaminated the Moose River?

B Fecal coliform measured at site B

Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism? A White blood cells B Hormones C Iron content D Oxygen levels

B Hormones

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond? A Decreased turbidity in the pond B Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond C Increased mutualistic relationships between fish and frog populations in the pond D Increased dissolved oxygen in the pond

B Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond

Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands? A Increase desalination to reduce the effects of prolonged drought in mangroves. B Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management. C Construct dams in mangroves to increase sediment load and decrease pollution. D Employ irrigation methods to address potential desertification of mangrove habitats.

B Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management.

A scientist is studying PCBs in tertiary consumers. She wants to determine if PCBs can be found in tertiary consumers even though these compounds were banned in the United States in the 1970s. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study? A PCBsPCBs are highly soluble in water, so it is unlikely that the compounds will be found in the liver or kidneys of tertiary consumers because the compounds have been banned. B PCBsPCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades. C PCBsPCBs have synergistic effects with other toxins in the environment and are broken down in water and soil, so most tertiary consumers are not directly exposed to them. D PCBsPCBs are acutely toxic to most forms of life and quickly kill most organisms upon exposure; therefore, tertiary consumers today would be expected to have high levels of the compound in their tissues.

B PCBsPCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades.

Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas? A Regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture B Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats C Increasing the capacity of the sewer lines so they can handle a larger volume of water D Straightening stream channels to increase stream flow

B Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats

Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study?

B Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey.

Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study? A Tissue from fish in the lake will have a higher level of selenium than tissue from fish in a nearby lake. B Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey. C Fish will have a higher concentration of selenium than mercury in their tissues. D Selenium will be at a higher concentration in acid mine drainage than in fish tissues.

B Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey.

When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result? A Biodiversity of aquatic life in the adjacent waterways would decrease because the used coolant water is radioactive. B The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution. C Salinity in the adjacent waterways would increase because of dissolved solids in the used coolant water. D Nutrient levels in the adjacent waterways would increase because of phosphorous in the used coolant water.

B The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.

A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? A The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. B The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. C Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. D Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

B The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

Incineration is one solution to reduce the volume of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste can be used to produce energy at waste-to-energy plants. Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following materials would be best suited for incineration to reduce total volume, produce energy, and have minimal release of air pollutants?

B Wood

The soil horizon commonly known as subsoil is the

B horizon

Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor?

B. An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal.

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond?

B. Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond

Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands?

B. Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management.

B. PCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades.

Which of the following solutions would best address the issues of greatest concern in the community?

B. Planting mangrove forests

Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas?

B. Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats

When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result?

B. The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.

B. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism?

B. Hormones

test DO on day 1 and day 4 of same water to see how much DO disappeared

BOD test

What is secondary tratment?

Bacteria is used to break down 85-90% of organic matter into carbin dioxide and inorganic nutrients like ntrogen and phosphorous

What is involved in the refining of crude oils?

Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column.

Gray water may come from...

Baths, showers, sinks, and washing machines

time = distance/rate

Be able to calculate the rate of plate movements

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following should be used to calculate the difference in LD50 for the two different species of mice?

C (600mg x 50)/30 days

C 55mg/1kg x 0.02kg

A pesticide was applied to a population of roaches, and it was determined that the LD50 was 55mgkg. If the average mass of a roach was 0.02kg, which of the following approaches will determine the dose in mg per roach? A 55mg1kg×10.02kg55mg1kg×10.02kg B 55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg C 55mg1kg×0.02kg55mg1kg×0.02kg D 0.02kg1×55mg1kg50%

C 55mg1kg×0.02kg55mg1kg×0.02kg

Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following strategies would best increase the total volume of municipal solid waste being recycled?

C Enacting a single-stream recycling program and providing bins to residential homes

Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes how a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment?

C Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank.

Mercury concentrations were measured in freshwater shrimp populations in two different ponds, one polluted with mercury and one unpolluted, with a similar food web in each pond. Which of the following best identifies the scientific question that would guide this investigation? A How do different species of shrimp excrete mercury from their bodies? B How does the food web in a pond affect biomagnification of toxins? C How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond? D How much mercury is found in the tissues of shrimp predators in an unpolluted pond?

C How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef? A Small pieces of plastic washed in by local currents B Runoff of oil from nearby urban highway systems C Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker D Excess nutrients introduced by fertilization of farmland

C Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker

Which of the following best describes a way that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause harm in the environment? A Persistent organic pollutants release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere when buried for disposal. B Persistent organic pollutants release radioactivity during decay. C Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues. D Persistent organic pollutants have magnetic signatures that confuse birds during migration.

C Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues.

If all four of the bacteria species shown in the graph are equally likely to contaminate agricultural products at a dose of 102 CFU, regulating which of the following species would have the greatest effect in reducing the likelihood of illness in humans?

C Salmonella spp.

Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes why a population in an area that has poor sanitation can be particularly at risk for a cholera outbreak?

C The bacterium that causes cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated water or food.

Which horizon is least eroded and commonly parent rock?

C horizon

How would a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment?

C, Had to do with bacteria, *air added to decrease rate of decomposition*

What strategies would best increase the total volume of municipal solid waste being recycled?

C, Inacting the single string cycle

Based on the diagram, which of the following is an expected consequence of runoff and sewage in an aquatic environment?

C. Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity

C. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef?

C. Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker

Which of the following best describes a way that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause harm in the environment?

C. Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues.

Based on the image, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn to describe the conditions in the Long Island Sound?

C. The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria.

Active Solar Heating

Captures heat from the sun by pumping a heat absorbing fluid through special collectors mounted on roofs or special racks that face the sun

What are some negatives of natural gas?

Carbon dioxide is released when burned and methan gas can leak

sanitary sewers

Carries wastewater from homes, Commercial Buildings, Institutions (schools), Industrial Sources to wastewater treatment facility

combined sewers

Carry both types of water to wastewater treatment facility(found in older cities)

what is the largest estuary in the US?

Chesapeake Bay

what was developed in 2000 to reduce impact of pollutants in Chesapeake bay?

Chesapeake bay action plan

making coal into a liquid fuel such as methanol or synthetic gasoline

Coal liquefaction

Which type of electricity-generating power plant releases radioactive materials as well as toxic metals such as lead and arsenic under normal operating conditions? A) Nuclear B) Hydroelectric C) Solar D) Coal-burning E) Geothermal

Coal-burning

Global warming is most likely to directly cause which of the following? A) Shifting of grain belts toward the equator B) Falling sea levels in the Southern Hemisphere C) Coastal flooding and submersion of low-lying areas D) A decrease in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere E) An increase in the number and size of glaciers

Coastal flooding and submersion of low-lying areas

can catch fire, radioactive

Cons of toxic waste landfill (2)

Unproven Reserves

Consisting of probable reserves with a 50% chance of recovery and possible reserves with a 10% to 40% chance of recovery

negatives hydrofracking

Contaminates drinking H20 releases carcinogens requires energy uses benzene (liver damage)

At which type of boundary does subduction occur

Convergent plate boundary

The surface mining control act does NOT promote:

Conversion of former mining areas into biological habitats

Which of the following environmental problems is most directly linked to ocean warming?

Coral bleaching

Which of the following components, which are not shown on the diagram, are part of the tertiary treatment of wastewater?

D Disinfectants

Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? A A factory smokestack and a sewage overflow B Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields C Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites D Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

D Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

Based on the diagram, which of the following is the most likely reason that a community with good sanitation could still have individuals who contract cholera?

D Runoff from a nearby agricultural field pollutes a reservoir used for drinking water.

Some drinking water standards allow bacteria in water at dosages up to the 10% probability of illness. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?

D The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.

Which are not shown on the diagram, are part of the tertiary treatment of wastewater?

D, disinfectants

Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution?

D. Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

Which of the following factors would most likely contribute to the conditions observed in the Long Island Sound?

D. Restricted circulation

Based on the diagram, which of the following is an expected consequence of runoff and sewage in an aquatic environment?

Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? A) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture B) Change in global patterns of precipitation C) Extinction of some species that have narrow temperature requirements D) Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation E) Increased frequency of hurricanes

Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation

Which of the following components, which are not shown on the diagram, are part of the tertiary treatment of wastewater?

Disinfectants

What happens when tertiary treatment is cleaned?

Disinfectants are removed before discharging water back into nature

Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer? A) Mining of coal B) Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners C) Heating of homes and factories D) Generation of electricity E) Agricultural irrigation

Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

At which type of boundary does seafloor spreading occur

Divergent plate boundary

- Recycles scarce minerals and elements - Forms new rock and breaks down old rock

Draw the rock cycle

_____________ reduces water use the most

Drip irrigation

What is e-waste and why is it a growing concern?

E-waste is a growing concern in the electronic age of the 21st century, how electronics that are thrown away pollute our environment by leaking toxic metals such as lead and mercury do not want it to reach to groundwater

Which of the following best describes how an anthropogenic activity can increase ocean acidification?

Emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the ocean.

Which of the following is a major goal of the program begun in 1995 to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park? A) Decrease the number of grizzly bears, because they were becoming a nuisance B) Enable the removal of the gray wolf from the endangered species list C) Increase the dwindling numbers of tourists that visit the park each year D) Upset the natural predator-prey balance between coyotes and elk E) Decrease the number of sheep and cattle that wander into the park and overgraze the vegetation

Enable the removal of the gray wolf from the endangered species list

Which term refers to the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake

Epicenter

what is the technical term for algal blooms?

Eutrophication

enrichment

Fertilization of a body of water by high levels nitrogen and phosphorus(eutrification)

Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes how a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment?

Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank.

The functions of soil is/are the following:

Filter of water and atmospheric chemical compounds, habitat for organisms, anchor for plants, location for recycling as anchors

Biofuels

Gas, such as methane, or liquid fuel made of plant material (biomass)

Synthetic Natural Gas SNG

Gaseous fuel containing mostly methane produced from solid coal

disadvantages oil

Global warming (CO2) Acid rain Conflict

Based on the diagram, which of the following is associated with the primary treatment of sewage?

Grit chamber

What is associated with the primary treatment of sewage?

Grit chamber

In an aquifer...

Groundwater is found in spaces between sediments and rock layers

what products are used in hydrofracking and why

H20 (push rock), sand (prevent closing), chemicals (press h20, kill bacteria, dissolve minerals)

Geothermal Energy

Heat transferred from the earth's underground concentrations of dry steam (steam with no droplets) or hot water trapped in fractured or porous rock.

Positives Hydrofracking

High energy yield Cheap Large supply Many uses

How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

- 4.543 Billion years / 4.6 billion years (in textbook)

How old is the Earth believed to be?

Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following? I) Having a very limited distribution II) Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain III) Having a small population size

I, II and III

Possible effects of a warmer atmosphere include which of the following? I) Expanded ranges of tropical diseases II) More intense hurricanes and typhoons III) Increased crop damage from pests and diseases

I, II and III

Most of the freshwater in the world is in...

Ice caps or glaciers

Evidence for the plate tectonics includes

Identical rock formations on both sides of the Atlantic and fossils of the same species on distant continents

***Proven Oil Reserves

Identified deposits from which conventional crude oil can be extracted profitably at current prices with current technology

Correct rock type:

Igneous-liquid magma

Which of the following events would most likely lead to a decrease in the pH in the oceans?

Increased burning of fossil fuels in power plants

Which of the following best describes the primary cause of global ocean warming?

Increased global temperature from an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Human activities have dramatically changed the water cycle by...

Increasing surface runoff and diverting water

Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands?

Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management.

Withdrawal of fresh water from streams, lakes, and underground sources has resulted in...

Intrusion of saltwater into seawater and graduate depletion

The infiltration of pollutants into groundwater...

Is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through them easily

Cation exchange capacity in clay

Is high, meaning that it absorbs and releases positively charged ions

Open loop recycling?

Is recycling one product into a different product EX: Single use plastic bottles can be used to make fibers for fleeces

What is good about anthracite?

It has a high heat content and low sulfur content but supplies are limited

How much over half of the waste goes to?

It is discarted

Groundwater is sometimes considered a nonrenewable resource because

It is removed faster than it can be replaced

Which of the following is true of a confined aquifer?

It is replenished by surface water percolating at a distant site

3 regulations of co2

Kyoto Protocol: USA did not sign Copenhagen Accord (voluntary) Paris Accord

What is solid waste mostly disposed in? What is produced from landfills?

Landfill, mehtane and gas is released from decomposition

Of the following, which is the most serious immediate problem associated with sanitary landfills? A) Generation of gas B) Leachate contamination of groundwater C) Release of disease organisms D) Incomplete degradation of wastes E) Compaction and settling

Leachate contamination of groundwater

What is leachate?

Liquid that contains pollutants from passing MSW, water comes from rain, water that gets into trash

Advantages of building dams include all of the following except...

Little impact to local population

Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms?

Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms.

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is also a by-product of anaerobic respiration? A) Methane, CH4 B) Nitrogen, N2 C) Oxygen, O2 D) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 E) Hydrogen sulfide, H2S

Methane, CH4

Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG

Mixture of liquified propane and butane gas removed from natural gas and used as fuel

Elements of earth are separated into such that:

Most dense are at center, called the core

Liquefied Natural Gas LNG

Natural gas converted to liquid form by cooling it to a very low temperature

Is hydrogen a viable energy source of the future?

Not much hydrogen in the atmosphere, must be broken down from elements like water. Fuel cells are expensive. Whether hydrogen produces less pollution than other sources depends on how it is produced.. some countries such as Canada are developing stationary hydrogen cell refueling units that make hydrogen from water... it seems possible for the future

All of the following gases have been implicated in contributing to the increase in global temperature via the greenhouse effect EXCEPT A) O2 B) CH4 C) N2O D) CO2 E) CFC's

Volcanic arcs are often formed at these plate boundaries

Oceanic-continental convergent boundaries

***Petroleum/Crude Oil

Oil as it comes out of the ground; consists of hundreds of different combustible hydrocarbons as well as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

What does composting create?

Organic matter (humus) that has decoposed under controlled conditions, used as fertilizers, cation exchange capacity, and fertility Improper techniques lead to odor and rodents

The Colorado River does not reach the Gulf of Mexico in which it empties because...

Overdrawing removes over 70% of it

Which of the following best explains why it is predicted that ozone depletion over the poles will be at its worst between 2010 and 2019? A) Projected global warming from carbon dioxide emissions is expected to reach a peak during those years. B) Ozone-depleting chemicals produced before their use was banned will take that long to reach peak concentrations in the stratosphere. C) Deforestation in tropical regions is expected to reach a peak during the second decade of the twenty-first century. D) Increased global population will lead to an increase in per capita CO2 production. E) Acid deposition will continue to increase, reaching a peak in approximately 2015.

Ozone-depleting chemicals produced before their use was banned will take that long to reach peak concentrations in the stratosphere.

chemicals tar sand

PAH's (carcinogens), S, Hg, Ar, Pb

PCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades.

persistent organic pollutants

POPs, chemicals that contain carbon, pollutants trick body to bypass lipid bylayers and is strored/bioaccumulated by body

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy?

PROS: * Moderate to high net energy yield * Widely available * Low electricity costs * Little or no direct emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants * Easy to build and expand CONS: Needs backup or storage system when winds die down *Visual pollution for some people *Low -level noise bothers some people *Can kill birds if not properly designed and located

What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?

PROS: * Net energy is moderate *Very low emissions of Co2 * Very low land disturbance *Moderate cost CONS: Need access to sun 60% of time during the day *Sun can be blocked by trees or structures *high installation and maintenance costs for active systems * Need backup for cloudy days

What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy?

PROs: * Moderate net energy and high efficiency at accessible sites *lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels *Low cost of favorable sites CONS: *High cost and low efficiency except at concentrated and accessible sites *Scarcity of suitable sites *Noise and Co2 emmisions

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following air pollutants. (A) Sulfur dioxide (B) Lead (C) Ozone (D) Hydrocarbons (E) Particulates Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from power-plant smokestack emissions

Particulates

Coal Stages

Peat to Lignite to Sub-Bituminous Bituminous to anthracite (hard coal)

Which of the following solutions would best address the issues of greatest concern in the community?

Planting mangrove forests

How can cars be more energy efficient?

Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas?

Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats

In general, which of the following is the best long-term method of preventing extinctions? A) Breeding endangered species in captivity B) Protecting the habitats of endangered species C) Paying people not to kill endangered species D) Providing food to endangered species in the wild E) Removing predators from areas that contain endangered species

Protecting the habitats of endangered species

Where does most e-waste come from?

Purchased by China to reuse the products

has the largest natural gas reserves

RUSSIA, kahiskitan, US

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following gases. A) Carbon dioxide B) Carbon monoxide C) Methane D) Radon E) Sulfur dioxide Has been implicated as the cause of as much as 15 percent of lung cancer cases

Radon

What is source reduction?

Reduce is the first choice that is most optimial way to reduce waste EX: Stop using plastic utensills and cups

What are the 3 to 4 recycling methods?

Reduce, reuse, recycle, repurpose

Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems? A) Using higher smokestacks B) Reducing use of fossil fuels C) Developing acid-resistant crops D) Adding lime to acidified lakes E) Relocating power plants to areas of lower population density

Reducing use of fossil fuels

Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following? A) Reduction in species diversity B) Stabilization of microclimates C) Decreases in the proportion of edge habitat D) Increase in gene flow within species E) Increase in population size of top carnivores

Reduction in species diversity

problems coal

Releases radioactive particles and CH4 Causes respiratory disease (Respiratory irritants) Property damage (erosion and weathering of stone and metal) Acid rain. Sulfuric acid.

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following. (A) Safe Drinking Water Act (B) Clean Water Act (C) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (D) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (E) Toxic Substances Control Act Establishes cradle-to-grave tracking of hazardous waste

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Of the following, which is the best example of reclamation of disturbed lands? A) Restoring vegetation to an area that has been mined B) Constructing a new wetland to compensate for the loss of wetlands C) Growing crops on land formerly used for grazing D) Reintroducing an endangered species into an area from which it has disappeared E) Regulating the use of a natural resource in order for it to renew itself

Restoring vegetation to an area that has been mined

Which of the following factors would most likely contribute to the conditions observed in the Long Island Sound?

Restricted circulation

What is resuing?

Reuing material allows it to recycle in the system EX: Resuing plastic utensils and cups

Erosion can be accelerated by...

Road building, logging, construction, agriculture (All of the above)

What countries have half of the worlds conventional natural gas?

Russia and Iran

What three countries have the greatest coal reserves?

Russia, China, and the US

coal releases alot of

SULFUR!

Where are former landfills located?

Safe parks, playgrounds, and even a golf course built on reclaimed lands

Physical size of sediment particles in largest to smallest

Sand, silt, clay

Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study?

Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey.

Shale Oil

Slow-flowing, dark brown, heavy oil obtained when kerogen in oil shale is vaporized at high temperatures and condensed

Which of the following statements about soil is not correct

Soil always filters out pollutants that pass through it

The effect of temperature and rainfall on soil is that:

Soil is nutrient poor in the humid tropics because of warm temperatures and high rainfall creating conditions most available to weather rock and leach nutrients.

If mean global temperature keeps on increasing as predicted by contemporary scientists, which of the following is most likely? A) There will be fewer insects pests and disease-carrying organisms. B) Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction. C) There will be an increase in sulfate concentrations in wetlands. D) There will be an increase in the reproductive rate of mammals. E) The geographical range of many plants will move toward the equator.

Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction.

Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact on the quality of the natural environment worldwide? A) Discovery of new reserves of fossil fuel in coastal areas B) Increased agricultural production on marginal desert lands C) Increased life expectancy in more developed nations D) Increased reliance on food from ocean ecosystems E) Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

5 types of surface mining

Strip mining/contour mining: Open pit mining Mountaintop removal Placer mines: Dredging:

(8) negative effects of mining

Subsistence of land (collapse or settling down) Explosions of dust and natural gas Lung disease (emphysema, mesothemia) Destruction of land Wind and water erosion of toxic mining waste Acid drainage (especially in coal, sulfur) Emission of toxic chemicals into the air Exposure of wildlife to toxic mining wastes

Which type of mining is usually most directly harmful to miners

Subsurface mining

Of the following, which is true of noise pollution? A) Noise pollution is an insignificant occupational hazard. B) Noise at 100 decibels has twice the energy of noise at 50 decibels. C) Hearing damage occurs most quickly when the intensity level of the sound is low. D) In urban areas, few individuals are exposed to noise pollution. E) Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

total dissolved solids

TDS, inorganic compounds dissolved in water

The following characteristics of confined aquifers is..

That they are surrounded by layers of impermeable rock

Net Energy

The amount of high quality energy available from an energy resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available

What is incineration? What is it used for?

The burining of waste at high temperatures EX: Use heat as energy, boil ater, create steams to generate termintes Problem buring something releasing pollutants

how electricity is made

The coal is burned to heat water to make steam. Inside the generator, the steam spins a big fan called a turbine.when the turbine is turned on,the generator is driven, which moves magnets to move electrons which creates electricity. it is pushed out through high-voltage transformers.

Scientists have noticed that after a certain town has become more and more developed, the local lake has recorded steadily increasing water levels. Which of the following human activities could have influenced this?

The construction of large parking lots and roads in a region

When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result?

The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.

Which of the following best describes how ocean acidification affects coral formation?

The increase in hydrogen ions dissolved in the ocean water sequesters available carbonate ions, preventing the use of calcium carbonate for coral skeleton formation.

The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

Which of the following is correct?

The lighter granite filled with continental crust floats on top of the heavier basaltic oceanic crust

Energy Efficiency

The measure of how much work we can get from each unit of energy we use

Acid deposition would most likely result in which of the following? A) The release of aluminum ions from soil B) An increase in populations of mollusks C) The death of species tolerant of low pH levels D) An increase in buffering of lake water by sulfates E) An increase in the pH of unbuffered water

The release of aluminum ions from soil

When you use the refrigerator it is an example of what law?

The second law energy is lost

Based on the image, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn to describe the conditions in the Long Island Sound?

The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria.

Many scientists maintain that a rise in sea level has occurred in the last hundred years as a result of global warming. If this is true, which of the following factors best explains such a rise? A) Increased precipitation B) Increased cloud cover C) Increased evapotranspiration D) Thermal expansion of the ocean E) Melting of permafrost

Thermal expansion of the ocean

Why do introduced species often become pests? A) They displace native species. B)They increase biodiversity. C) They do not adapt well to local habitats. D) They contribute to habitat fragmentation. E) They have low biotic potential.

They displace native species.

Why are fossils contained in sedimentary rock?

They pile up over time, burying dead organisms in eroded material, allowing for fossilization.

How can trash affect wildlife? What are some results of dumping to the ocean?

Through ingestion and entanglement Oena accumulate and floating trash islands

At which type of boundary do tectnoic plates move sideways past each other

Transform fault boundary

The earth's crust is neither formed nor destroyed at these boundaries:

Transform plate boundaries

True or false? Natural gas is seen as the best fuel to help us make the energy transition

True

The largest per capita country that uses the most water is

United States

The water table is the...

Uppermost level at which water full saturates rock or soil

Environmental problems associated with mining include...

Use of mercury, habitat fragmentation and distortion, damage to streams, and soil erosion (All of the above)

Desalinization as a method of producing fresh water is...

Used mostly in coastal areas and countries, such as Saudi Arabia

What about water is treated by tertiary treatment?

Water is treated iusing chlorine, ozone, or UV light through remaining pathogens

What about humans? Through what factors do these waste are produced?

We are the only ones that produce solid waste MSW: Households, businesses, and institutions EX: 60% from residence, 40% from businesses and institutions

Difference between weathering and erosion

Weathering refers to the breakdown of rock, erosion refers to the removal of rock from a landscape

- Degrade Rocks

What are some factors that cause both physical and chemical weather?

a) Igneous Rocks - rocks that form directly from magma. (Volcanoes) b) Sedimentary Rocks - Form when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. (Weathering) (Easiest to wear away) c) Metamorphic Rocks - Form when sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures.

What are the conditions that determine the differences between the three major rock types?

- O Layer - organic layer, plants looking for nutrients and water - Top Soil (A Horizon) - Organic Materials, Nutrients - (B Horizon) - More Soil Forming - (C Horizon) - Big Rocks - Bedrock

What are the layers of a soil profile? What is the order and what does each layer represent?

- Needs Neodymium, lithium, and lanthanum. - Causes water to be more acid when mining those three by dissolving metals and minerals.

What are the negative environmental impacts of HEV (hybrid vehicles)?

- In this way, strip mining destroys landscapes, forests and wildlife habitats. - It leads to soil erosion and destruction of agricultural land. - When rain washes topsoil disturbed by mining into streams, these sediments pollute waterways.

What are the negative environmental impacts of strip mining?

- Sand - Silk - Clay

What are the three major soils and what are the properties for each?

a) Divergent boundary - occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. b) Convergent boundary - When two plates come together c) Transform plate boundary - Two plates sliding past each

What are the three major tectonic plate boundaries? What happens at each?

- The Mining Law of 1872 was passed by the U.S. Congress to regulate the mining of silver, copper, and gold ore as well as fuels, including natural gas and oil, on federal lands. ( Also known as General Mining Act) - The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 regulates surface mining of coal and the surface effects of subsurface coal mining.

What are the various laws governing mining in the US? What do each serve to do? What were the circumstances that led to the establishment of each?

- Causes by natural process such as water flooding downhill and by the wind

What causes soil degradation?

- Volcanic action in the middle of plates - Spots where is high heat energy creating magma welling. - Formation of an island chain.

What happens at a hotspot?

- Overgrazing occurs when farmers stock too many animals such as sheep, cattle or goats on their land - Overcropping is when the land is being continuously under cultivation and is not allowed to lie fallow between crops. - Deforestation is the cutting down of large areas of forests leaving an open, exposed landscape.

What human activities and factors can accelerate soil erosion?

- "Strip mining" is the practice of mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock (the overburden). - It is most commonly used to mine coal and lignite (brown coal). - Strip mining is only practical when the ore body to be excavated is relatively near the surface.

What is strip mining and what is its purpose?

- The sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate.

What is subduction?

- A numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. - The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; - the scale is logarithmic and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude.

What is the Richter Scale? What do the numbers mean and what are they measuring?

- The earth is composed of concentric layers. - Inner Core, Fluid Core, Core Floaters, Lower Mantle, Upper Mantle, Crust

What is the composition of Earth's layers? What is the order? How are the elements arranged from interior to exterior? Why is it believed to be arranged this way?

- Cation Exchange Capacity - ability of a particular soil to adsorb and release cations

What is the difference between cation and anion exchange in soil? What soils are suitable to either?

- Weathering is the breaking down of the rocks, soil, and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's Atmosphere, biota and waters. - Erosion is the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents

What is the difference between erosion and weathering?

- Physical weathering is a term used in science that refers to the geological process of rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition. Over time, movements of the Earth and environment can break apart rock formations, causing physical weathering. - the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.

What is the difference between physical and chemical weather?

What is and not accepted in a landfill?

What should not go in a landfill: aluminum, other metals, household cleaners, oil based paints, motor oil, antifreeze, food and garden scraps and yard waste. Illegal dumping is the dumping of waste that is not accepted in landfills and is dumped on the sides of roads, in neighborhoods or in alleys.

What is nuclear energy?

When isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity.

***Peak Production

When the pressure in a well drops and the rate of crude oil production starts to decline

- Loam soil is considered as the best soil for agricultural purpose. The reason that loam soil is suitable for growing plants is because its texture has a combination of soil particles. The soil particles are sandy loams, silty loams, loamy sand and clay loams.

Which soils are most suitable for agriculture?

What materials would be best suited for incineration to reduce total volume, produce energy, and have minimal release of air pollutants?

Wood, best answer

What would result in the largest reduction in volume of municipal solid waste disposed of in landfills?

Yard trimming and food waste

***Horizontal drilling

a method of drilling first vertically to a certain point, then bending the flexible well bore and drilling horizontally, use to gain greater access to oil/natural gases within layers of shale or other rocks

Which of the following pollutants would most likely be responsible for gender imbalance in a population of frogs in which all observed frogs are female? a. Endocrine disruptors b. Fertilizers c. Persistent Organic Pollutants d. Animal waste from farms

a. Endocrine disruptors

Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the United States? a. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater. b. They use stormwater runoff to assist in the treatment process. c. They release wastewater that is not regulated by the Clean Water Act. d. They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage.

a. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater.

Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of a. a lack of oxygen in the water b. toxic pH levels in the water c. toxic levels of mercury in the water d. a lack of sufficient minerals in the water

a. a lack of oxygen in the water

Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they a. decompose slowly, if at all, and persist as solid waste b. decompose to produce methane, which is explosive and creates a significant hazard c. release radioactive isotopes when they decompose d. decompose readily in water and become a source of water pollution

a. decompose slowly, if at all, and persist as solid waste

In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to a. increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays b. decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases c. decreasing water temperature as surface evaporation increases d. increasing activity of trout and black bass

a. increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays

Of the following strategies to decrease the landfill volume of packaging material from food and other consumer products, the most energy efficient is a. promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods b. limiting the size of individual beverage containers made from metal, glass, or plastic c. recovering metal packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it d. recovering plastic packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it

a. promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods

A laboratory study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased. This suggests that a. the dose-response relationship is linear b. tolerance increases with dosage c. there is a threshold dosage d. there are no chronic effects of the toxin

a. the dose-response relationship is linear

Passive Solar Heating

absorbs heat form the sun in a directly insulated structure

advantages nuclear power

abundant, high power, no co2 emissions

rich

advanced/tertiary treatment only happens in ... neighborhoods

Mucus develops of fish gills

alunininum

kidney cancer

aluninum

top 2 oil reserves

anwr, alaska's north slope

water pollution

any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses.

many connections exist between __________ and _________ ecosystems

aquatic and terrestrial

Poison that causes kidney and liver to shut down

arsenic

Used in gold mining

arsenic

DO decreases

as bod increases...

A biologist is studying a small food web in which phytoplankton are eaten by krill, krill are eaten by fish, and fish are eaten by seals. During their study of the ecosystem, the biologist discovers that PCBs are present in measurable levels in the water and wants to examine how PCBs could vary in different trophic levels. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study? a. Bioaccumulation will cause the fish to have the highest amount of PCBs in their tissues. b. Biomagnification will cause the seals to have the highest amount of PCBs in their tissues. c. Biomagnification will cause the phytoplankton to have the highest amount of PCBs in their tissues. d. Bioaccumulation will cause the seals to have the highest amount of PCBs in their tissues.

b. Biomagnification will cause the seals to have the highest amount of PCBs in their tissues.

An experiment was carried out to determine the lethal dose of ammonium sulfate on mung bean germination. True statements about the experimental design include which of the following?I. The control group has neither the seeds nor the ammonium sulfate.II. The independent variable is the concentration of the ammonium sulfate.III. The dependent variable is the number of seeds that failed to germinate. a. I only b. II and III only c. I, II, and III d. III only

b. II and III only

Which of the following best describes why persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) are toxic to organisms? a. They emit gamma radiation, increasing the likelihood of mutations and cancer. b. They do not break down easily and can accumulate in the fat tissue of an organism. c. They are easily dispersed by wind and water, greatly increasing the affected areas. d. They are naturally occurring in the soil and water; therefore, they easily contaminate the food web.

b. They do not break down easily and can accumulate in the fat tissue of an organism.

Integrated waste management employs all of the following EXCEPT a. using tires for the construction of artificial reefs b. using disposable diapers instead of cloth diapers c. using reusable canvas bags instead of plastic or paper bags d. using refillable soft-drink bottles

b. using disposable diapers instead of cloth diapers

microbial decomposers

bacteria (mostly animal decomposition) and fungi (mostly plant decomposition)

ocean dumping act

bans dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste into the ocean

explode, catch fire,

bc landfills are full of methane can...

what chemicals are used in hydrofracking

benze, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid

What is an estuary?

body of water where freshwater meets saltwater (where rivers enter into oceans), has many nutrients, chemicals, and sediments

different respiratory diseases from coal

bronchitis, asthma, mesothemia

Which of the following best describes the action of endocrine disruptors in organisms? a. Endocrine disruptors reduce primary productivity in plants, inducing a trophic cascade. b. Endocrine disruptors scar the lung tissue of animals, inducing respiratory difficulties. c. Endocrine disruptors mimic naturally occurring hormones in animals, leading to developmental disorders. d. Endocrine disruptors block the central nervous system of animals, leading to behavioral abnormalities.

c. Endocrine disruptors mimic naturally occurring hormones in animals, leading to developmental disorders.

For a certain insecticide, the LD-50 dosage level for rats is determined to be 250 milligrams per kilograms of body mass. On the basis of this information, which of the following is the best prediction regarding the consequences of receiving this dosage of the insecticide? a. Fifty percent of the population of any warm-blooded animal would die. b. Fifty percent of any rat population would be sickened. c. Five hundred out of every one thousand rats would die. d. Five hundred out of every one thousand people would experience acute effects.

c. Five hundred out of every one thousand rats would die.

Which of the following would best be described as a point source of pollution from a farm? a. Particulate matter from bare soil on plowed fields entering the atmosphere from wind b. Nitrogenous fertilizers added to drip irrigation used for growing crops c. Runoff from the waste lagoons of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, which enters local waterways after a flooding event d. Tractors and harvesters burning fossil fuels and releasing carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides into the atmosphere

c. Runoff from the waste lagoons of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, which enters local waterways after a flooding event

Which of the following best describes how thermal pollution from power plants can affect aquatic ecosystems? a. Water injected into the ground during the hydraulic fracking process can seep into wells, causing methane contamination. b. Wastewater from nuclear power plants contains radioisotopes and carbonic acid, which increase the rate of cancer in aquatic species. c. Warm water discharged into rivers and streams decreases the oxygen content of the water, which reduces the number of fish species. d. Warm water runoff that reaches lakes and ponds slows down the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, which decreases primary productivity.

c. Warm water discharged into rivers and streams decreases the oxygen content of the water, which reduces the number of fish species.

Major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include commercial fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution, and a. ocean dumping of trash b. use of persistent pesticides c. discharge of sewage to surface waters d. oil spills like those in the Gulf of Mexico

c. discharge of sewage to surface waters

hardness

calcium/magnesium dissolved in water, can cause problems cleaning clothes bc soap won't bubble, affects fish eggs/bone development

tar sand location

canada

disadvantages nuclear power

cancer, catastrophic, birth defects, war, hard to find places to store

Collect CO2 and pump it into the ground and the ocean.

carbon capture and sequestration

storm sewer

carries rainwater/surface runoff into nearby streams

Dried to remove water vapor Cleansed of poisonous hydrogen sulfide and other impurities

ch4

distributed by pipeline

ch4

chlorine

cheap/easy, causes cancer

inorganic compounds

chemicals are contaminants that contain elements other than carbon (acid, salt, heavy metals, lead, mercury)

endocrine disruptors

chemicals that mimic/interfere w hormones

country with largest coal

china

ranks #1 in coal usage and coal reserves

china

effluent disposal

clean water

CERCLE/superfund

cleans up/contains abandoned toxic waste sites, money comes from taxes from that that produce toxic waste, authorizes actions for response based on nature of threat, punishes those that produce

Found in China, US, Russia, India

coal

Primary source for electricity production in the US.

coal

early 1900's

coal

solid, mostly combustive carbon

coal

levels of coal (worst to best)

coal, bituminous, lignite, anthracite

sewers

collect water that is take care of by waste water treatment

can contaminate ground water

con of deep well injection

if spills/leaks can contaminate surrounding land

con of surface impoundment

smell, fire, attracts rodents

cons of composting (3)

still have to get rid of ash, don't encourage people to be less wasteful

cons of incinerators(2)

water quality act

controls toxic pollutant discharge, controls non point source pollution, spent lots of money getting wastewater treatment up to par, focused on problems in coastal estuaries (great lakes/chesapeake bay)

Coral bleaching can be hazardous to some fish species because

coral reefs provide unique habitats for fish

early 1950's

crude oil

Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? a. Ultraviolet-light array b. Bar screen c. Chlorination tank d. Activated-sludge tank

d. Activated-sludge tank

Mercury concentrations were measured in freshwater shrimp populations in two different ponds, one polluted with mercury and one unpolluted, with a similar food web in each pond. Which of the following best identifies the scientific question that would guide this investigation? a. How does the food web in a pond affect biomagnification of toxins? b. How much mercury is found in the tissues of shrimp predators in an unpolluted pond? c. How do different species of shrimp excrete mercury from their bodies? d. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

d. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

Of the following, which is the most serious immediate problem associated with sanitary landfills? a. Release of disease organisms b. Incomplete degradation of wastes c. Generation of CO2 gas d. Leachate contamination of groundwater

d. Leachate contamination of groundwater

Which of the following strategies will best help to protect mangrove habitats? a. Increasing subsidies for hydroelectric dam construction b. Increasing aquaculture operations to reduce overfishing c. Encouraging land use changes in areas surrounding mangroves to shift to agriculture d. Limiting coastal development and maintain a shoreline buffer zone

d. Limiting coastal development and maintain a shoreline buffer zone

(4) types of oil

diesel, car fuel, jet fuel, ashplat

activated sludge system

dirty water is constantly churned to allow oxygen to remain in solution

pathogen

disease causing organism

secondary

disease still exists in wastewater until what point

point sources

distinct locations or things

New crust is formed at these boundaries

divergent plate boundaries

Aqueducts prevent problems in areas they're located. This is due to...

diversion from the natural river channel;, loss of water due to evaporation, political problems due to location of water bodies (all of the above most likely)

water pulled from river, turbid water treated w aluminum sulfate, water filtered through sand to remove solids/organisms, if city has money water pumped through granulated carbon to remove organic compounds, water is disenfected, flouride is added to water to prevent tooth decay

drinking water treatment(6)

nitrates

due to fertilizer, can harm body if not filtered out in drinking water of rural areas

birth defects, developmental disorders, gender imbalances of fish

effects of endocrine disruptors (3)

fisherman cannot fish, fish that can move away survive but those that can't die, can make humans sick by releasing toxins

effects of hypoxia(3)

eutrification, hypoxia

effects of plant nutrient pollution(2)

free of toxins

effluent disposal must be... per clean water act

e waste

electronics, contains lead and mercury

attracts particulate matter. uses electrodes Negatively charged particles are attracted to a grounded collecting surfaces (that is positively charged)

electrostatic precipitators

The ability to do work.

energy

enrichment, increase in biological oxygen demand in order for bacteria to decompose waste

environmental problems of oxygen demanding waste(2)

What causes dead zones?

excess fertilizers that run off farms and lawns -> leads to eutrophication-> dead zone

plant nutrients

excessive algae growth/other species (nitrates/phosphates)

oxygen-demanding waste

feeds the growth of microbial decomposers

Late 1700's to 1800's

firewood

Coal being burned to produce electricity to power you refridgerator is an example of what law?

first law of thermodynamics

Heat steam removes CO2 and SO2

fluid bed combustion

most abundant fossil fuel

fuel

2 types of nuclear

fusion/fission

What is the worst form of radiation?

gama

10% ethanol and 90% gasoline

gasohol

sulfates

gets in water from industrial process/mining, too much can kill fish, correlates w acid deposition

how oil is refined

giant distillation column

surface impoundment

giant pool of liquid hazardous waste

micro plastics

grab mercury, bio accumulate/bio magnify in animals

hypoxia

harmful algae blooms (HAB) caused by explosive growth due to eutrification (ex: gulf of mexico)

deep well injection

hazardous waste injected into rock (fracking for hazaradous waste)

typhoid fever, chloera, dysentary, hepatisis

health effects of infectious agents(4)

cancer, mutations, immune system issues, reproductive disorders, birth defects

health effects of pops(5)

dirt carries toxic materials (pesticides, fertilizers), disease causing agents can be transported, bad water quality

health effects of sediment pollution(3)

thermal pollution

heated water produced during certain industrial processes is released into waterways

Coal, Gasoline,Aluminum Can, Egg Sandwich, Salt

high energy

sewage lagoon, activated sludge system, trickling filter system

how are bacteria supplied w water during secondary treatment (3)

test for e coli using fecal coliform test

how are infectious agents monitored

sewage water sent through wetland during process, purified

how are wetlands used to treat sewage(2)

pumped to well, to power grid

how can methane in landfills be used for heat(2)

acid mine drainage

how can ph kill fish

fish eggs, bone development

how does hardness effect fish (2)

chlorine, ozone, uv rays

how is drinking water disinfected(3)

aluminum sulfate

how is turbid water treated

leachate collected in pipes, treated, dumped, clay/plastic barrier above water supply, cube shaped landfill so so leachate draines

how is water contamination in landfills prevented(5)

moving streams

how is water naturally oxidized

gray water, water saving shower heads, low flushing toilets, xerioscaping

how to conserve water at home(4)

stir

how to prevent cons of composting

stockholm convention

how to test for POPs

test for PCB, DDT, BPA

how to test for endocrine disrupters in water(3)

hg test

how to test for mercury in water

N and P

how to test for nutrient pollution in water

BOD, DO

how to test for oxygen demanding waste in water(2)

Method to extract natural gas deep from earth.

hydrofracking

disavantage natural gas

hydrofracking can poison water supply, releases some levels of co2, flammable

dead zone

hypoxia aka

BOD high too

if CO2 is high...

lots of oxygen demanding organisms in water

if DO is high....are present

lots of fertilizer, sewage

if DO is low.... is present(2)

acid drainage, industry runoff

if ph is too low this means (2)

endocrine disruptors

if there are too many female fish in water, this is a sign that.... are present

hazardous waste

ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic

turbid water, blocks sunlight so plants cannot photosynthesize so water is not oxygenized so fish die, can clog fish gills, fills waterways

impacts of sediment pollution (3, 4....)

Where are 60 percent of the US's oil reserves?

in hurricane prone areas

oxygen

in order for secondary treatment to take place what must be supplied

toilets, washing clothes, showers

in order, most water is used at home(3)

Most data indicate that, during the past 100 years, mean global annual temperature has A) decreased by 5°C B) decreased by 0.5°C C) stayed the same D) increased by 0.5°C E) increased by 5°C

increased by 0.5°C

fecal coliform test

indicates presence of pathogenic organisms

3 nuclear disasters

japan, 3 mile island (partial meltdown), chernobyl

movemnent

kinetic energy

xerioscaping

landscaping using plants adapted to arid conditions

what season is the worst for the gulf of Mexico dead zone?

late spring, early summer ( Run off in spring from rain, effects are seen in summer)

inorganic compounds, nuerotoxins

lead, mercury are examples of...(2)

recycle

least impactful R of recycling, no market for recycled goods

High BOD means...

less oxygen availability for organisms

Lower BOD=

less pollution

As Earth slowly cooled

lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core

184 degrees C (-300 degrees F)

lng

Highly flammable

lng

Shipped to other countries in refrigerated tanker ships

lng

Does nuclear energy have a high or low net yeild?

low

Heat, ash, smoke, Exhaust, Heat, Ore (bauxite), Heat, waste, Ocean

low energy

Propane and butane gases are liquefied and removed

lpg

Stored in pressurized tanks for use in rural areas

lpg

bbq grills

lpg

The major human health problem related to radon accumulation is A) lung cancer B) heart disease C) pancreatic cancer D) cataracts E) malignant melanoma

lung cancer

The correction vertical zonation of Earth above the core is

mantle - asthenosphere - lithosphere - soil

where we get natural gas

marsella shale

(6) types of energy

mechanical, nuclear fission, heat, chemical, electrical, light

Learning disabilities

mercury

minamata disease

mercury

neurological problems

mercury

Conducts electricity and heat are commonly used in technology.

metal mineral

Where is natural gas generally found?

methane gas is often found above oil reserves

trickling filter system

microorganisms live in gravel while dirty water is sprayed on top of gravel

A solid chemical substance with a uniform structure that forms under specific temperatures and pressures.

mineral

pros tar sand

money alot produce jobs no war

nonpoint sources

more diffused areas or locations, more difficult to control

refuse

most important R of recycling

packaging

most municipal waste comes from

Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from A) burning coal B) burning fuel for cooking C) producing electric power D) industrial emissions E) motor-vehicle exhaust

motor-vehicle exhaust

Whay is sanitary landfill? What do they consists of?

municipal landfill consists of a bottom liner (plastic or clay), a storm water collection system, a leachate collection system, a cap, and a methane collection system. Have a clay or plastic liner. A system of pipes is constructed below the landfill to collect leachate. A cover of soil and clay, called a cap, is installed when the landfill reaches capacity.

50-90% methane (CH4)

natural gas

Burns cleaner Reduces smog

natural gas

Found in coal beds, ice deposits, deep zones of hot water

natural gas

Small amounts ethane, propane, butane, and hydrogen sulfide (highly toxic)

natural gas

municipal waste

neighoborhood waste

has a high energy

net yield

What nutrients, sediments, and chemicals are found in estuaries?

nitrogen and phosphorus, animal waste, fertilizer (causes algal blooms), sediments from erosion, chemicals from pesticides and pharmaceuticals

IS a BTU an SI unite (in the metric system)?

Is the watt a unit of energy?

no, power

Coal Gasoline Oil Natural Gas Nuclear

nonrenewable energy resources

Dead zones

occur where oxygen is too low to support life (which means more decay)

Buried under sediment 100's of years ago Subjected to high temps and pressures (metamorphic)

oil

Decomposition of dead organic matter from plants (primarily plankton) and animals

oil

Hydrocarbon

oil

Small amounts of S, O, and N impurties

oil

Where is the US storing all nuclear waste?

on site

11 countries have 67% of the world's crude oil (mostly middle east)

opec

food production (irrigation), industries, residences

order most water supply goes to(3)

Concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable minerals can be extracted.

ore

infectious agents

organisms causing disease

concerns for contaminated drinking water

oxygen demand, algal blooms, pathogens

In the United States, the largest single component of municipal solid waste is A) glass B) paper C) food scraps D) wood and other construction debris E) plastic

paper

chloride

part of salt, too much creates salt in water (salinization), can come from pollution/irrigation water

6.5-9.5

ph that fish like

plant nutrients from algal blooms, detergents, human waste, fertilizer

phosphate sources(4)

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

place w lots of micro plastics, accumulates plastics, not biodegradable

leachate

polluted liquid produced by water passing through buried wastes in a landfill, trash juice

Externality

positive or negative side effect of process

positional energy

potential

The rate at which work is done

power

time X energy

power

oxygen demanding waste

presence encourages depletion of dissolved oxygen needed by aquatic species (bacteria)

reduce

prevent waste

can resist erosion

pro of composing

green grass bc waste fertilizes

pro of septic tank

costs less than traditional treatment

pro of using wetlands to treat sewage

ground water contaminated by leachate

problem of landfill w water

not in my backyard (no one wants landfills near), landfills aren't built to biodegrade, tires

problems of landfills (3)

if company does not remove, sludge can back up into home, harsh cleaning products can get through system and clean bacteria so wastewater isn't cleaned and builds up to surface

problems of septic tank (2)

catch fire and can't be put out, mosquitos lay eggs so lots of disease

problems of tires(2)

methane

produced by microbes decomposing in landfills

can reduce landfill capacity, waste heat can be turned to electricity

pros of incinerators(2)

National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

protects rivers with due to aesthetic, recreational, wildlife, historical, or cultural reasons.

cancer

radioactive substances in inorganic compounds cause(1)

what has improved water quality done in the Chesapeake bay?

recovered the blue crab population

advantages natural gas

releases lowest co2 levels of all natural gases, cheap, abundant, high net yield

Wind Water Solar Brodies Wood Fecal Matter

renewable energy resources

country with largest oil reserves

saudia arabia (26%)

Injected crushed limestone or lime slurry into emission, makes less acidic, "cleans coal"

scrubbers

anthropogenic

sediment pollution is...

erosion, exposed forest soil due to logging, degraded stream banks, overgrazing, strip mines, construction

sediment pollution sources (6)

iron

separates out of water to form particulates (sediment), tastes bad in water, coats fish gills, groundwater problem in wells due to natural minerals in rock

pipe from house goes into tank, sludge settles to bottom, scum rises, wastewater stays in middle, wastewater pumped to drainfield, pipes w holes lets water seep out on gravel w bacteria, bacteria eats sewage

septic pipe system(7)

safe drinking water act

set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health.

clean water act

set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Aim: to make surface waters swimmable and fishable.

sewage lagoon

sewage pond w fountain (used in smaller communities)

fertilizer, landfills, incinerated, let bacteria eat to produce methane, burned, dumped in ocean

sludge canbe used for (6)

components of slurry

so2, h20, gypsum, hg

Photovoltaic cells

solar cells with thin layers of purified silicon that allow them to produce energy

electrostatic precipitators

solution to incinerator pollution

incinerators

solution to municipal waste but high in pollution and expensive

drip irrigation

solution to too much irrigation water used but expensive

deep well injection, surface impoundment, toxic waste landfill, bioremediation, pytoremediation

solutions to hazardous waste(5)

landfill, incinerator, recycle plant, compost

solutions to municipal waste(4)

DDT, industry, households, farms, PCBS, gas, seepage from landfills, oil, pesticides, plastics

sources of POPS(10)

disinfection byproducts, fluorinated water, pesticides, BPA, phthalates, birth control

sources of endocrine disruptors(6)

human/animal waste

sources of infectious agents(1/1)

industries, mines, irrigation runoff, urban runoff from storm sewer

sources of inorganic compounds(4)

sewage, animal feedlots, food processing facilities, paper pulp mills

sources of oxygen demanding waste(4)

sewage, waste, fertilizer

sources of plant nutrient pollution(3)

electric power, industrial plants

sources of thermal pollution (2)

Pollution can come from...

specific sites or broad areas

prelim, primary, secondary, advanced/tertiary, effluent

steps of wastewater treatment (5/6)

acid rain

sulfur

What is produced from burning coal?

sulfur oxides and mercury

sediment

suspended soil that eventually settles out/accumulates in water

Changing solid coal into gas by coal gasification

synthetic natural gas

oil seperated from sand

tar sand

how can you internalize an externality?

tax or give an allowance to mitigate the problem

cold

temp of water is best for DO

turbidity/total suspended solids

tests for sediment (2)

What country has the most coal?

the US has 27% of the worlds proven coal reserves

What is net energy?

the amount of high quality energy usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy you used to get the energy.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

the amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over time at a specific temperature, inversely related to dissolved oxygen

Watershed refers to...

the area of land claimed by a river

***net energy yield

the usable amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource

reproductive cycles, digestion rates, respiration rates, warm water holds less oxygen, decomp of waste occurs faster which depletes more oxygen and kills wildlife

thermal pollution effects (5,6...)

human wastewater is produced by:

toilets, bathing, dishes, laundry, etc. (any way that water leaves a house)

too high/too low kills fish

paper, yard/food, plastic, paper/plastic recycle, food compost

top 3 municpal waste and where they can go

The polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive from the Sun in the course of a year. However, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year primarily by the A) absorption of ultraviolet radiation by snow B) transport of heat through the atmosphere and oceans C) concentration of Earth's magnetic field lines at the poles D) release of latent heat to the atmosphere when the polar ice caps melt E) generation of heat by glacial movement

transport of heat through the atmosphere and oceans

What accounts for 43% of the CO2 emissions?

transportation

composting

turning waste into humus

Ozone in the stratosphere is most important to life at Earth's surface because it absorbs A) gamma rays B) microwaves C) ultraviolet light D) visible light E) x-rays

ultraviolet light

Ozone in the stratosphere is important to organisms at Earth's surface because ozone molecules are very strong absorbers of A) infrared rays B) ultraviolet rays C) microwaves D) visible light rays E) x-rays

ultraviolet rays

composting toilet

use bathroom, sawdust on top, toilet paper trashed, compost comes out of bottom, used in developing countries

repurpose

use something for a new purpose

reuse

use something for same use more than once

Cogeneration

uses a combined heat and power system (CHP)..in such a system two useful forms of energy (such as steam and electricity) are produced from the same fuel source.

gray water

wastewater from baths, showers, bathrooms, and washing machines

cons tar sands

waterlogging releases greenhouse gases toxic waste wildlife die

irrigation, replenish groundwater, released into waterways

what can effluent disposal be used for (3)

chemicals used to pull nitrates/phosphates out of dirty water, water is chlorinated to kill off disease carrying bacteria/viruses, chemical treatment

what is being taken out of wastewater, how, and what type of process is advance/tertiary

uses bar screen to trap large materials(wipes) and send to landfill, physical treatment

what is being taken out of wastewater, how, and what type of process is prelim

suspended particles (raw sludge) settle in containment tank, oils are skimmed off top, sludge is taken to landfill/fertilizer, physical treatment

what is being taken out of wastewater, how, and what type of process is primary

micro-organisms eat suspended material, dissolved waste is turned into CO2/clean water, biological treatment

what is being taken out of wastewater, how, and what type of process is secondary

water is chlorinated

what part of advance/tertiary treatment always happens

fish die

when DO is low...

when did "waste dumping" become a problem?

when the population became more dense

point source

which type of pollution is easiest to fix

when it rains a lot the plant can't keep up w the intense treatment so sometimes they dump raw sewage into creeks

why are combined sewers not good for waste water treatment plants

cheaper to send to other countries without environmental laws

why is e waste sent away

truck has to take several trips once full

why must landfills be close to civillization

heavy metals, non biodegradable organics

will never be removed from waste water(2)

fast growing renewable source of energy

wind

Can coal be converted to other forms of energy like gas and a liquid form to burn cleaner?

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