APES unit 8 AP classroom

Based on the diagram above, which of the following is the most likely reason that V. cholerae can spread rapidly through a population? 1. V. cholerae is a microscopic bacterium that can survive in various aquatic environments for prolonged periods of time and can cause a delayed onset of visible symptoms. 2. V. cholerae is a macroscopic bacterium that is easily detected in aquatic environments and causes rapid onset of symptoms. 3. V. cholerae eventually becomes airborne and is spread through the inhalation of spores, causing a delayed onset of visible symptoms. 4. V. cholerae is transmitted via an insect vector and often goes undiagnosed in isolated communities.

1. V. cholerae is a microscopic bacterium that can survive in various aquatic environments for prolonged periods of time and can cause a delayed onset of visible symptoms.

Which is NOT true of acid deposition? 1. It is primarily due to the burning of coal. 2. It is treated using limestone. 3. It can occur as a result of mining. 4. It is lethal to many aquatic organisms. 5. It causes increased solubility of many ions.

3. It can occur as a result of mining.

Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef? 1. Small pieces of plastic washed in by local currents 2. Runoff of oil from nearby urban highway systems 3. Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker 4. Excess nutrients introduced by fertilization of farmland

3. Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker

Leach fields are 1. used to remove sludge. 2. part of tertiary water treatment. 3. used to filter septage. 4. a result of sewage dumping. 5. often used with manure lagoons.

3. used to filter septage

Which of the following components, which are not shown on the diagram, are part of the tertiary treatment of wastewater? 1. Wet scrubbers 2. Filters 3. Coagulants 4. Disinfectants

4. Disinfectants

Which legislation calls for listing hazardous waste to use in cradle-to-grave tracking? Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Superfund Act National Priorities Act

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

If all four of the bacteria species shown in the graph are equally likely to contaminate agricultural products at a dose of 102 CFU102⁢ CFU, regulating which of the following species would have the greatest effect in reducing the likelihood of illness in humans? C. jejuni E. coli Salmonella spp Newly discovered bacterium

Salmonella spp

Which is NOT a cause of high concentrations of DDT in fish-eating birds? Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Persistence Synergistic interactions Solubility

Synergistic interactions

Why might hazardous waste disposal in the United States be an international issue? The lower costs of disposal elsewhere means municipalities and industries sometimes export waste. Air pollution from waste treatment often crosses international boundaries. The United States continues to dump its hazardous waste into oceans. The United States produces the majority of the world's hazardous waste. The majority of electronic waste is processed in the United States.

The lower costs of disposal elsewhere means municipalities and industries sometimes export waste.

Which is NOT a step to be taken in the future for combating diseases? Improving nutrition The use of many antiseptic cleaners Increased education Proper sanitation Increased physical activity

The use of many antiseptic cleaners

A disease that rapidly impairs a body's function is infectious. acute. chronic. pathogenic. epidemic.

acute

The LD50LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds1kg=2.2pounds] a. 140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg b. 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg c. 13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb d. 13mg1kg×1kg2.2lb×140lb1

b

A pesticide was applied to a population of roaches, and it was determined that the LD50 was 55mgkg. If the average mass of a roach was 0.02kg, which of the following approaches will determine the dose in mg per roach? a. 55mg1kg×10.02kg b. 55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg c. 55mg1kg×0.02kg d. 0.02kg1×55mg1kg50%

c

The graph below shows the LD50 for two different species of mice after being exposed to a mutagen for 30 days. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following should be used to calculate the difference in LD50 for the two different species of mice? a. (200mg−100mg)/2 b. 490mg/50−575mg/50 c. 575mg−490mg d. (600mg×50)/30 days

c

Some drinking water standards allow bacteria in water at dosages up to the 10% probability of illness. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph? a. If there are fewer than 10 to the power 2 colonies for all species in a drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink. b. If C. jejuni is the only species of bacteria present in the drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink at all doses. c. E. coli and Salmonella spp would have the highest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards. d. The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.

d. The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.

If 1 mg/kg of mass of a pesticide is the LD50 for rats in an experiment, what would be considered the safe exposure for humans? 10 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.01 mg/kg 0.001 mg/kg

0.001 mg/kg

Based on the diagram, which of the following is associated with the primary treatment of sewage? 1. Grit chamber 2. Aeration tank 3. Effluent 4. Activated sludge

1. Grit chamber

Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism? 1. White blood cells 2. Hormones 3. Iron content 4. Oxygen levels

2. Hormones

Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes how a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment? 1. The oxygen concentration in the aeration tank would increase. 2. The settling of large debris, such as wood, from the water would be prevented. 3. Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank. 4. The sludge pump would return activated sludge to the aeration tank at a slower pace.

3. Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank.

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Water from which of the following locations on the map would best serve as a control group for the study? A B C D

A

An individual is exposed to the water in the stream from which the sample show in the graph was taken. If the individual was exposed to the highest dose of the bacteria, which of the following bacteria would have the lowest probability of causing illness if ingested? C. jejuni E. coli Salmonella spp Newly discovered bacterium

C. jejuni

Atrazine and DDT are examples of neurotoxins. carcinogens. teratogens. allergens. endocrine disruptors.

endocrine disruptors.

Tuberculosis is transmitted by mosquitoes. has been almost entirely eliminated in the world. is caused by a virus. has strains that have developed resistance to antibiotics. is almost never fatal.

has strains that have developed resistance to antibiotics.

Hazardous waste costs much more to recycle than regular waste. is primarily generated by individuals and small businesses. should be disposed of in landfills separately from MSW. includes many household items such as certain paints and oil. cannot be treated to make safe.

includes many household items such as certain paints and oil.

Teratogens interfere with embryo and fetus development. disrupt the circulatory system. alter the function of hormones. suppress the immune system. cause inflammation and cell damage

interfere with embryo and fetus development.

The Brownfields Program includes hazardous locations with the highest risk to public health. attempts to prevent pollution in sites near agricultural lands. is managed primarily by state and local governments. has made significant progress in cleaning the 450,000 identified sites. includes fines and legal consequences for polluters who do not contribute to cleaning.

is managed primarily by state and local governments.

Prions are pathogens that are responsible for AIDS. Ebola hemorrhagic fever. mad cow disease. bird flu. SARS.

mad cow disease.

A prospective study determines synergistic interactions of toxins. measures the effect of a particular event after it has occurred. monitors individuals who might be exposed to harmful chemicals in the future. determines the number of individuals who might be effected by a particular chemical. determines the lethal dose of a chemical or toxin.

monitors individuals who might be exposed to harmful chemicals in the future.

Which is a point source of pollution? 1. Farm runoff 2. A sewage treatment plant 3. Storm runoff 4. A suburban community 5. A harbor

2. A sewage treatment plant

Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor? 1. An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease. 2. An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal. 3. An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. 4. An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.

2. An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal.

Mercury 1. is harmless once converted into methylmercury. 2. exposure often occurs through shellfish. 3. is most concentrated in herbivores. 4. can be safely trapped during the production of concrete. 5. damages the immune system.

2. exposure often occurs through shellfish.

Eutrophication 1. is the result of excess carbon. 2. causes low BOD. 3. can cause dead zones. 4. is rarely caused by human activities. 5. only occurs in fresh water.

3. can cause dead zones.

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Researchers suspect that sewage leaked into the Moose River. Rates for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage? 1. Dysentery 2. Mesothelioma 3. Asthma 4. Malaria

1. Dysentery

Arsenic is 1. found naturally in groundwater. 2. often discovered due to its rapid health effects. 3. inexpensive to remove from drinking water. 4. found in rainwater. 5. primarily found in water in North America.

1. found naturally in groundwater.

Fecal coliform bacteria 1. is used as an indicator of water quality. 2. is the cause of many waterborne diseases. 3. is another name for Cryptosporidium. 4. usually causes diarrhea. 5. is rarely found in septage.

1. is used as an indicator of water quality.

What caused the eggshells of some birds to become thin and break? 1. Heavy metal concentrations in prey species 2. An inert ingredient in herbicides 3. A pharmaceutical in the water supply 4. An insecticide ingested by prey species 5. A pesticide used to control pest birds such as crows

4. An insecticide ingested by prey species

Based on the diagram, which of the following is the most likely reason that a community with good sanitation could still have individuals who contract cholera? 1. Disease transmission for cholera is through direct contact with infected individuals and is independent of sanitation conditions. 2. V. cholerae grow rapidly in clear, moving water that has limited nutrients or wastes. 3. Waste water treatment facilities that use high levels of chlorine to treat the outgoing municipal water supply have an increased risk of cholera outbreaks. 4. Runoff from a nearby agricultural field pollutes a reservoir used for drinking water.

4. Runoff from a nearby agricultural field pollutes a reservoir used for drinking water.

A manure lagoon is being built for a dairy with 700 cows, each of which produces 40 L of manure each day. How large must the lagoon be to hold 30 days' worth of manure? 1. 21,000 L 2. 28,000 L 3. 120,000 L 4. 560,000 L 5. 840,000 L

5. 840,000 L

Which hazardous material is known to cause cancer? 1. Lead 2. DDT 3. Mercury 4. Perchlorates 5. PCBs

5. PCBs

Which of the following best describes why DDT is classified as a persistent organic pollutant? 1. DDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application. 2. D D T can be used to control diseases, such as malaria and typhus, that are spread by insects. 3. DDT is detected in food worldwide and the general human population is most commonly exposed to the toxin through food. 4. DDT has both short-term acute and long-term chronic health effects in both humans and wildlife.

1. DDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application.

Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms? 1. Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms. 2. Increased temperature causes an increase in metabolic rates of fish and insects. Increased metabolism results in increased waste from aquatic organisms, which provides energy for the algae to grow rapidly. 3. Increased temperature and low dissolved oxygen drive aquatic animals out of the area. The lack of competition gives the algae more nutrients for reproduction. 4. Increased temperature leads to an increase in dissolved oxygen. The higher oxygen content increases the rates of cellular respiration and reproduction, resulting in an increased population of algae.

1. Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms.

Which of the following is the best example of a point source pollutant? 1. Oil tanker spill 2. Farm field 3. Golf course 4. Parking lot

1. Oil tanker spill

Which of the following best explains why top predators can have up to 60 times as much of persistent organic pollutant (POP) as their prey and up to 600 times as much of the pollutant as producers? 1. POPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. 2. POPs can travel over long distances by wind or water. Predators have greater access to different locations than do producers and therefore have higher concentrations of POPs. 3. POPs are not carbon-based compounds, so animal digestive systems lack enzymes capable of breaking them down. POPsPOPs biomagnify in the fatty tissues of animals but not in plants. 4. POPs are solids, which only animals can ingest. Therefore, POPs have a greater effect on secondary and tertiary levels of food chains.

1. POPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain.

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Which of the following water quality tests would best indicate if sewage from the wastewater treatment plant has contaminated the Moose River? 1. Dissolved oxygen measured at site A 2. Fecal coliform measured at site B 3. Nitrates measured at site C 4. Temperature measured at site D

2. Fecal coliform measured at site B

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond? 1. Decreased turbidity in the pond 2. Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond 3. Increased mutualistic relationships between fish and frog populations in the pond 4. Increased dissolved oxygen in the pond

2. Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond

Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands? 1. Increase desalination to reduce the effects of prolonged drought in mangroves. 2. Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management. 3. Construct dams in mangroves to increase sediment load and decrease pollution. 4. Employ irrigation methods to address potential desertification of mangrove habitats.

2. Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquaculture practices with mangrove management.

A scientist is studying PCBs in tertiary consumers. She wants to determine if PCBs can be found in tertiary consumers even though these compounds were banned in the United States in the 1970s. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study? 1. PCBs are highly soluble in water, so it is unlikely that the compounds will be found in the liver or kidneys of tertiary consumers because the compounds have been banned. 2. PCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades. 3. PCBs have synergistic effects with other toxins in the environment and are broken down in water and soil, so most tertiary consumers are not directly exposed to them. 4. PCBs are acutely toxic to most forms of life and quickly kill most organisms upon exposure; therefore, tertiary consumers today would be expected to have high levels of the compound in their tissues.

2. PCBs are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades.

A beach community was recently negatively affected by a hurricane. Community leaders are looking for a potential solution to prevent damage from future hurricanes. Below is a list of their concerns as well as how important each issue is to the community. Which of the following solutions would best address the issues of greatest concern in the community? 1. Construction of a seawall 2. Planting mangrove forests 3. Construction of an offshore breakwater 4. Adding large sand dunes

2. Planting mangrove forests

Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas? 1. Regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture 2. Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats 3. Increasing the capacity of the sewer lines so they can handle a larger volume of water 4. Straightening stream channels to increase stream flow

2. Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats

Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study? 1. Tissue from fish in the lake will have a higher level of selenium than tissue from fish in a nearby lake. 2. Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey. 3. Fish will have a higher concentration of selenium than mercury in their tissues. 4. Selenium will be at a higher concentration in acid mine drainage than in fish tissues.

2. Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey.

When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result? 1. Biodiversity of aquatic life in the adjacent waterways would decrease because the used coolant water is radioactive. 2. The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution. 3. Salinity in the adjacent waterways would increase because of dissolved solids in the used coolant water. 4. Nutrient levels in the adjacent waterways would increase because of phosphorous in the used coolant water.

2. The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.

A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? 1. The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. 2. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. 3. Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. 4. Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

2. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

Based on the diagram, which of the following is an expected consequence of runoff and sewage in an aquatic environment? 1. Decreased oxygen levels in surface water as a result of a decrease in photosynthetic rates by algae 2. Increased oxygen levels in bottom water from increased rates of cellular respiration in decomposers 3. Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity 4. Increased oxygen production by decomposition of dead fish and other aquatic organisms

3. Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity

Mercury concentrations were measured in freshwater shrimp populations in two different ponds, one polluted with mercury and one unpolluted, with a similar food web in each pond. Which of the following best identifies the scientific question that would guide this investigation? 1. How do different species of shrimp excrete mercury from their bodies? 2. How does the food web in a pond affect biomagnification of toxins? 3. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond? 4. How much mercury is found in the tissues of shrimp predators in an unpolluted pond?

3. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

Which of the following best describes a way that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause harm in the environment? 1. Persistent organic pollutants release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere when buried for disposal. 2. Persistent organic pollutants release radioactivity during decay. 3. Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organism's fatty tissues. 4. Persistent organic pollutants have magnetic signatures that confuse birds during migration.

3. Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organism's fatty tissues.

Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes why a population in an area that has poor sanitation can be particularly at risk for a cholera outbreak? 1. V. cholerae is a parasitic bacterium often found in moving water, such as rivers and streams. 2. Symptoms of the disease can appear anywhere from 2 hours to 5 days after initial ingestion of contaminated food or water. 3. The bacterium that causes cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated water or food. 4. V. cholerae can survive in feces and aquatic environments for up to 2 months.

3. The bacterium that causes cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated water or food.

Long Island Sound is a body of water off the northeast coast of the United States. Over nine million people live in the small watershed area that feeds into the sound. To determine the effect of the population density on the watershed, scientists measured the oxygen content of bottom waters in the sound. The data from late summer 2013 are displayed in the map below. Based on the image, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn to describe the conditions in Long Island Sound? 1. The sound has high levels of dissolved oxygen as a result of stormwater runoff from urban areas. 2. The sound has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen from an increase in the number of producers. 3. The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria. 4. The sound has high numbers of respiring fish populations and very low turbidity.

3. The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria.

Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? 1. A factory smokestack and a sewage overflow 2. Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields 3. Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites 4. Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

4. Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

Long Island Sound is a body of water off the northeast coast of the United States. Over nine million people live in the small watershed area that feeds into the sound. To determine the effect of the population density on the watershed, scientists measured the oxygen content of bottom waters in the sound. The data from late summer 2013 are displayed in the map below. Which of the following factors would most likely contribute to the conditions observed in the Long Island Sound? 1. Overfishing 2. Plastic pollution 3. Sewage treatment 4. Restricted circulation

4. Restricted circulation

An infectious disease is always transmitted directly between humans. caused by a virus. transmitted between humans and animals. treatable with antibiotics. caused by a pathogen.

caused by a pathogen.