APES Unit 8 Test
The LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds] Responses A 140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg B 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg C 13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb D
B
LD50 Graph are the answer choices
A. Y intercept - 50 X intercept - in between low and medium
Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor? Responses A An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease. B An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal. C An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. D An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following gases. Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Methane Radon Sulfur dioxide Is a flammable gas produced by landfills Responses A Carbon dioxide B Carbon monoxide C Methane D Radon E Sulfur dioxide
C
Which of the following identifies an unintended result from recycling programs? Responses A Recycling is a cost-effective and low-energy process that turns waste into usable goods. B Recycling plastic wrappers from food allows for increased compost material. C When items are placed in recycling that cannot be recycled, the cost of recycling increases. D When materials are recycled, it reduces the need for extracting and processing raw materials.
C
Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef? Responses A Small pieces of plastic washed in by local currents B Runoff of oil from nearby urban highway systems C Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker D Excess nutrients introduced by fertilization of farmland
C
Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the United States? Responses A They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage. B They use stormwater runoff to assist in the treatment process. C They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater. D They have largely eliminated cultural eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay. E They release wastewater that is not regulated by the Clean Water Act.
C
Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as Responses A buffered B climax C eutrophic D oligotrophic E stratified
D
Of the following strategies to decrease the landfill volume of packaging material from food and other consumer products, the most energy efficient is Responses A recovering plastic packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it B recovering metal packaging material from the waste stream and recycling it C limiting the size of individual beverage containers made from metal, glass, or plastic D using more packaging materials that are manufactured from raw materials that are renewable E promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods
E
A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetlands in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act in 1972, and agreed to create another wetland. This trade-off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as Responses A mitigation B restoration C preservation D remediation E sustainability
A
Alligators in a Florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins (chlorinated hydrocarbons) had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following? Responses A Endocrine disrupters B Growth hormones C Carcinogens D Immune-system suppressors E Mutagens
A
A beach community was recently negatively affected by a hurricane. Community leaders are looking for a potential solution to prevent damage from future hurricanes. Below is a list of their concerns as well as how important each issue is to the community. Which of the following solutions would best address the issues of greatest concern in the community? Responses A Construction of a seawall B Planting mangrove forests C Construction of an offshore breakwater D Adding large sand dunes
B
Which of the following describes a component of a modern sanitary landfill? Responses A A series of screens and grates to prevent large objects from entering the landfill B A bottom liner of plastic or clay to prevent groundwater contamination C Aerated tanks in which bacteria break down organic matter D Chemical or ultraviolet light systems that kill pathogens
B
A pesticide was applied to a population of roaches, and it was determined that the LD50 was 55mgkg. If the average mass of a roach was 0.02kg, which of the following approaches will determine the dose in mg per roach? Responses A 55mg1kg×10.02kg B 55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg C 55mg1kg×0.02kg D 0.02kg1×55mg1kg50%
C
Which of the following best describes a way that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause harm in the environment? Responses A Persistent organic pollutants release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere when buried for disposal. B Persistent organic pollutants release radioactivity during decay. C Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues. D Persistent organic pollutants have magnetic signatures that confuse birds during migration.
C
Which of the following human health issues is linked to exposure to pollutants released during the incineration of plastic waste? Responses A Dysentery B Mesothelioma C Asthma D Cholera
C
Many synthetic chemicals, such as PCBs, act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem, these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following? Responses A Decomposers B Primary producers C Parasites D Secondary consumers E Autotrophs
D
In the United States, most municipal solid waste is disposed of by Responses A composting B recycling C incineration D ocean dumping E landfilling
E
Three common methods employed in the cleanup of oil spills are Responses A aeration of water, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria B aeration of water, phytoremediation, and genetically engineered bacteria C skimmer boats, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation D large floating booms, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation E large floating booms, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria
E
A local citizen science group is monitoring the water quality of a nearby lake. They gather water samples once a week on Wednesday between the hours of 7 A.M. and 9 A.M. from the same location. One day in August they were unable to sample within that time frame and collected the sample at 3 P.M. How might this modification to the sampling procedure affect the results? Responses A Water sampled later in the day may be warmer and therefore have lower dissolved oxygen levels. B Water sampled later in the day may be warmer and therefore have higher dissolved oxygen levels. C Water sampled later in the day may have decreased macroinvertebrate respiration and therefore lower dissolved oxygen levels. D Water sampled later in the day may have increased macroinvertebrate respiration and therefore higher dissolved oxygen levels.
A
An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be Responses A produced from recycled metal using much less energy than is required for its production from aluminum ore B produced from ore that is chemically reactive and dangerous to transport, store, and process C produced from ore that is scarce and found primarily in remote, inhospitable regions at high latitudes D absorbed by plants and then biomagnified in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains E leached from landfills in the form of Al3+ ions that could increase the pH of lakes and streams
A
An ecologist examining several different ponds discovers that in one pond all the frogs are female. Which of the following most likely led to the all-female population of frogs? Responses A An endocrine disruptor B A carcinogen C Nitrogen fertilizers D Heavy metals
A
Based on the diagram, which of the following is associated with the primary treatment of sewage? Responses A Grit chamber B Aeration tank C Effluent D Activated sludge
A
Of the phenomena that correlate with the data above, the one that is the most direct consequence of the trend in air travel is Responses A the increase in the spread of infectious diseases B the increase in urban sprawl C the decrease in biodiversity D the increase in hypoxic aquatic ecosystems E the decrease in the total fertility rate of developed nations
A
Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. A B C D
A
Researchers suspect that sewage leaked into the Moose River. Rates for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage? Responses A Dysentery B Mesothelioma C Asthma D Malaria
A
Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms? Responses A Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms.
A
The diagram illustrates a sewage treatment plant. The different processes at the plant are labeled A to D. Large objects, such as sticks and rocks, are screened out and removed during this process. Responses A B C D
A
The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp Responses A increase in the biological oxygen demand B increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen C increase in the population size of fish that require high levels of oxygen D decrease in coliform bacteria counts E decrease in the temperature of the river water
A
Which of the following best describes why ��� is classified as a persistent organic pollutant? Responses ��� = DDT A ��� is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application. B ��� can be used to control diseases, such as malaria and typhus, that are spread by insects. C ��� is detected in food worldwide and the general human population is most commonly exposed to the toxin through food. D ��� has both short-term acute and long-term chronic health effects in both humans and wildlife.
A
Which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguin eggs in the Antarctic? Responses A Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region. B The large number of penguins in Antarctica has resulted in a depletion of their preferred foods. C Although DDT is toxic to adult birds, it has no effect on developing embryos. D Chemicals like DDT are volatile and eventually make their way to the ozone layer.
A
Which of the following best explains why top predators can have up to 60 times as much of persistent organic pollutant (POP) as their prey and up to 600 times as much of the pollutant as producers? Responses A POPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. B POPs can travel over long distances by wind or water. Predators have greater access to different locations than do producers and therefore have higher concentrations of POPs. C POPs are not carbon-based compounds, so animal digestive systems lack enzymes capable of breaking them down. POPs biomagnify in the fatty tissues of animals but not in plants. D POPs are solids, which only animals can ingest. Therefore, POPs have a greater effect on secondary and tertiary levels of food chains.
A
Which of the following is the best example of a point source pollutant? Responses A Oil tanker spill B Farm field C Golf course D Parking lot
A
Which of the following is the greatest component (by weight) of municipal solid waste in the United States? Responses A Paper B Yard waste C Plastics D Glass E Food
A
hemical compound that can cause algal blooms and cultural eutrophication in streams Responses A Nitrates (NO3−) B Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C Nitrogen oxides (NOx ) D Carbon dioxide (CO2)
A
Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below.
A Dissolved oxygen measured at site A B Fecal coliform measured at site B C Nitrates measured at site C D Temperature measured at site D
Scientists are interested in measuring the effect of pollution on the water quality of a stream. They will use observations of various bottom-dwelling insects, or macroinvertebrates, collected in the stream as indicators of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions within the stream. Which of the following best describes why macroinvertebrate sampling can be used to assess the overall health of a stream? Responses
A Macroinvertebrates live in an aquatic ecosystem for a long enough time to show the chronic effects of pollutants, and many tend to remain in the same area throughout their life span.
Cholera is an acute infection of the digestive system that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Infected individuals can experience a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and extreme thirst. If symptoms persist and severe dehydration results, an infected individual can die within hours of symptom onset. The diagram below shows how cholera is transmitted
A V. cholerae is a microscopic bacterium that can survive in various aquatic environments for prolonged periods of time and can cause a delayed onset of visible symptoms.
At which of the following locations in the stream was there most likely a discharge of excess organic matter into the water? Responses A B C D
B
Based upon the data, what is the best description of this relationship? Responses A As the concentration of anastrozole increases, the percent induction of breast cancer also increases. B As the concentration of anastrozole increases, the percent induction of breast cancer decreases. C There is a direct relationship between the concentration of anastrozole and induction of breast cancer. D It is more advantageous to be exposed to low amounts of anastrozole. E Anastrozole has no effect on breast cancer induction.
B
Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism? Responses A White blood cells B Hormones C Iron content D Oxygen levels
B
Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of Responses A toxic pH levels in the water B asphyxiation from lack of oxygen C toxic levels of mercury in the water D toxic concentrations of salt in the water
B
Integrated waste management employs all of the following EXCEPT Responses A using refillable soft-drink bottles B using disposable diapers instead of cloth diapers C using reusable canvas bags instead of plastic or paper bags D using tires for the construction of artificial reefs
B
Major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include commercial fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution, and Responses A disposal of refrigeration units B discharge of sewage to surface waters C ocean dumping of trash D use of persistent pesticides E oil spills like those in the Gulf of Mexico
B
Of the following, which is the primary method of waste disposal in the United States? Responses A Incineration B Landfilling C Composting D Recycling E Ocean dumping
B
Rachel Carson's contributions to the environmental movement include which of the following? Responses A Alerting the public to the hazardous waste problem at Love Canal B Increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides C Starting the first Earth Day in 1970 D Discovering the thinning of the ozone layer in polar regions E Being the first female administrator of the EPA
B
Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study? Responses A Tissue from fish in the lake will have a higher level of selenium than tissue from fish in a nearby lake. B Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey. C Fish will have a higher concentration of selenium than mercury in their tissues. D Selenium will be at a higher concentration in acid mine drainage than in fish tissues.
B
The following questions refer to this list of pollutants. (A) Radon (B) Mercury (C) Lead (D) Copper (E) Iron Poses a health risk to humans who eat large quantities of marine fish such as swordfish and tuna Responses A Radon B Mercury C Lead D Copper E Iron
B
When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result? Responses A Biodiversity of aquatic life in the adjacent waterways would decrease because the used coolant water is radioactive. B The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution. C Salinity in the adjacent waterways would increase because of dissolved solids in the used coolant water. D Nutrient levels in the adjacent waterways would increase because of phosphorous in the used coolant water.
B
Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands? Responses A Increase desalination to reduce the effects of prolonged drought in mangroves. B Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management. C Construct dams in mangroves to increase sediment load and decrease pollution. D Employ irrigation methods to address potential desertification of mangrove habitats.
B
Which of the following is the best description of bioaccumulation? Responses A The uptake of essential nutrients by plant roots B The absorption of a substance by an organism at a rate greater than the rate of elimination C The transfer of persistent pollutants like PCBs from one generation to the next D A process that occurs exclusively in marine ecosystems E A high mortality rate in organisms that have been exposed to a toxin
B
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond? Responses A Decreased turbidity in the pond B Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond C Increased mutualistic relationships between fish and frog populations in the pond D Increased dissolved oxygen in the pond
B
Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas? Responses A Regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture B Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats C Increasing the capacity of the sewer lines so they can handle a larger volume of water D Straightening stream channels to increase stream flow
B
A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? Responses
B The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.
Based on the LD50 values, which of the following best describes the toxicity level of the household substances shown in the table? Responses A Aspirin is less toxic than vinegar. B Table salt is more toxic than vinegar. C Antifreeze is more toxic than aspirin. D Table salt is the most toxic substance in the table.
C
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following should be used to calculate the difference in LD50 for the two different species of mice? Responses A (200��−100��)2 B 490��50−575��50 C 575mg−490mg D (600��×50)30 ����
C
Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes why a population in an area that has poor sanitation can be particularly at risk for a cholera outbreak? Responses A V. cholerae is a parasitic bacterium often found in moving water, such as rivers and streams. B Symptoms of the disease can appear anywhere from 2 hours to 5 days after initial ingestion of contaminated food or water. C The bacterium that causes cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated water or food. D V. cholerae can survive in feces and aquatic environments for up to 2 months
C
If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result? Responses A Chlorination B Decomposition C Eutrophication D Oxygenation E Methylation
C
Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process? Responses A Synergism B Compound contamination C Biomagnification D Threshold effect
C
The diagram illustrates a sewage treatment plant. The different processes at the plant are labeled A to D. This process uses chlorine, ultraviolet radiation, or ozone as part of the disinfection of wastewater. Responses A B C D
D
The diagram shows a power plant designed to generate electricity for a nearby city. A The released water is radioactive and is lethal to a variety of organisms in the reservoir. B Chemical pollutants in the released water cause algal blooms in the reservoir. C Ash from the power plant is dissolved in the released water and will precipitate out into the reservoir. D The temperature of the released water causes a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir.
D
The graph below depicts the dose response curves for three common bacteria and a newly discovered bacterium found in streams near certain agricultural properties. A If there are fewer than 102 colonies for all species in a drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink. B If C. jejuni is the only species of bacteria present in the drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink at all doses. C E. coli and Salmonella spp. would have the highest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards. D The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.
D
The graph below represents the dose response curves of insect pests for four different pesticides. A B C D
D
The graph below represents the dose response curves of insect pests for four different pesticides. A 50�/cm3 B 500�/cm3 C 1,000�/cm3 D
D
West Nile virus was identified in the Western Hemisphere during the summer of 1999 and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths. This virus is acquired by Responses A ingesting certain imported foods B coming in contact with polluted water C coming in contact with a sick horse or bird D being bitten by an infected mosquito E inhaling contaminated airborne droplets
D
Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands? Responses A Wetlands serve as a source of aesthetic inspiration for art and literature. B Wetlands provide opportunities for ecotourism, which provides revenue to the local economy. C Wetlands serve as a major reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle. D Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms.
D
Which of the following characteristically produces non-point-source pollution? Responses A Seepage from a landfill B Industrial effluent C Testing of nuclear weapons D Erosion from agricultural land E Overflow from a sewage treatment plant
D
Which of the following correctly orders the methods of solid-waste management in terms of energy required? Least energy -> Most Energy Responses A Reuse Recycle Reduce B Recycle Reuse Reduce C Recycle Reduce Reuse D Reduce Reuse Recycle E Reduce Recycle Reuse
D
Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? A A factory smokestack and a sewage overflow B Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields C Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites D Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant
D
Which of the following would encourage recycling? Responses A Decreasing government purchases of recycled materials B Decreasing subsidies for recycling C Decreasing taxes on resource-extracting industries D Decreasing taxes on recycled material E Decreasing fees for using landfills
D
Cholera is an acute infection of the digestive system that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Infected individuals can experience a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and extreme thirst. If symptoms persist and severe dehydration results, an infected individual can die within hours of symptom onset. The diagram below shows how cholera is transmitted.
D Runoff from a nearby agricultural field pollutes a reservoir used for drinking water.
All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT Responses A applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants B dredging out lakes to deepen them C pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water D introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants E adding nitrates
E
For a certain insecticide, the LD-50 dosage level for rats is determined to be 250 milligrams per kilograms of body mass. On the basis of this information, which of the following is the best prediction regarding the consequences of receiving this dosage of the insecticide? Responses A Fifty percent of any rat population would be sickened. B Fifty percent of the population of any warm-blooded animal would die. C Fifty percent of any population of mosquitoes would die. D Five hundred out of every one thousand people would experience acute effects. E Five hundred out of every one thousand rats would die.
E
Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? Responses A Overflow from a sewage treatment plant B Outgassing from a municipal landfill C Dumping at a food-processing plant D Drainage from an abandoned mine E Runoff from agricultural fields
E
When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is Responses A mitigation of anoxia B decreased nutrient levels C decreased input of sediments D increased oligotrophic conditions E increased water temperature
E
