APEuro Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars

Mary I

(D) "Bloody Mary" While Queen of England she married Philip II and reestablish Catholicism as the religion of England. She exiled Protestants or killed them. (S) Because she was an unpopular leader and her marriage to the hated Philip of Spain Catholicism became unpopular in England. The reformers she exiled later came back with more reformation during the Elizabethan Age.

William of Orange

(D) "William of Nassau". He believed that the political sovereignty of the Netherlands was more important than its religion. He flipped between religion frequently to keep favorability. (S) His opposition to Cardinal Granvelle proved successful. He kick him out of office, creating a religious vacuum in the Netherlands. Many people became radical Calvinists

The Compromise

(D) A pledge created by the Dutch opposition group to ignore the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. (S) When they began rioting the Spanish called for aid to fight off the opposition. The Spanish felt that rebellion would soon follow and brought military reinforcements.

Thirty-Nine Articles

(D) A revision of Thomas Cranmer's original 42 Articles. It made moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of England. (S) Because it avoided the extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism it was incredibly unifying. It gave Elizabeth the power to control the temporal and spiritual aspects of her Empire.

Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht

(D) After the Spanish defeat at the hands of the Pacification of Ghent, two unions formed, one in the south and one in the north. The southern union, fearing the spread of Calvinism in the Netherlands, made peace with Spain. The northern union formed in response to this. (S) This gave Spain a door into the Netherlands. Conflict again arose when Spain tried to send forces to the divided Netherlands. The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English whom backed William of Orange's Son, Maurice.

Pacification of Ghent

(D) Alliance of Northern, Protestant, Dutch provinces that declared internal and regional sovereignty in decisions concerning religion. It was the Dutch version of the Peace of Augsburg. (S) It unified the Netherlands, and made a formidable foe for the Spanish. When William of Orange defeated Don John's Spanish forced, the Netherlands were rid of the Spanish, destroying Philip's intentions for using the Netherlands to stage an invasion of England.

Catholic League

(D) Alliance of the Catholic, German cities of Bavaria, Strasbourg, and Osnabrück. It was led by Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria. (S) The formation of the league made the 30 Years' War possible as it started aggression between the Catholics and Protestants of Germany.

Protestant Resistance Theory

(D) As a last ditch effort, Protestants used politics to gain the upper hand. They used the bible to justify that temporal authority was obedient to the will of the people. Calvin retained the right in Geneva to ignore other religious authority. (S) Appeared in three works: "Franco-Gallia" by François Hotman, "On the Right of the Magistrates over their Subjects" by Theodore Beza, and lastly, "Defense of Liberty against Tyrants" by Philippe du Plessis.

Fredrick III / Palantine Calvinists

(D) Calvinist who became the Elector Palatine (ruler of Palatinate). He made Calvinism the official religion of his territory, despite its illegitimacy according to the Peace of Augsburg. (S) He opened the door for Calvinism in Germany and allowed it to spread. His denunciation of transubstantiation made the Palatine Calvinists enemies of the Lutherans who saw them as threats to their political stability and legal standing.

Thirty Years' War

(D) Catastrophic conflict faught mostly in Germany from 1618 to 1648. The conflict was mainly between the Catholic Hapsburgs (Spain and the Holy Roman Empire) and the anti-Hapsburgs (Netherlands, France, Denmark, Palatinate, and Sweden). It was split into 4 phase with Catholics winning the first three but ultimately losing the 4th and subsequently the war. (S) Killed nearly 1/3 of the German population. The Catholic Church lost a lot of control in northern Europe. Religion was once again at the mercy princes. The Netherlands gained international recognition. The Hapsburg grip on Europe losened and the French gained control of continental Europe.

Elizabeth I

(D) Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and Queen of England. She was a politique, placing the political stability of England over religion. (S) Because of her goal to unify all of England she created the Anglican Church, a mix of Catholic ritual and Protestant doctrine. Also, because of her refusal to marry Philip and because she was not Catholic, she brought England at odds with the Spanish, eventually ending in the destruction of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth's leadership ushered in the English Renaissance, a cultural boom and prosperity.

Guise Family

(D) Dominant French Monarchal family. They were militant Catholics (S) They were disliked by many Protestants, leading to the unification of many in the Calvin Church.

Peace of Saint-German-en-Laye

(D) Ended the 3rd French war of religion. It granted Huguenots the freedom to practice in their territories, fortify their towns, and it also recognized the power of the Protestant nobility. (S) While it was a major short-term victory for the Huguenots, it spelled disaster for them in the near future. Because of their new power and influence over the King, Catherine de Médicis began plotting against them. It led to their downfall.

Politiques

(D) European leaders, such as Elizabeth I or Henry of Navarre, that placed political stability and sovereignty over religion. (S) These leaders tended to be more universally praised. They often unified their people and their states.

Defenestration of Prague

(D) Event in which Catholic leaders were tossed out of the windows of the Royal Palace in Prague by a mob a Protestant nobility. This was because the King of Bohemia, Ferdinand, stripped the Protestants of their freedom. (S) When Ferdinand became Ferdinand II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the Protestants in Bohemia continued their revolt, electing a Calvinist Elector, Frederick V. This conflict between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and the Calvinist Palatinates started the 30 Years' War

"Sea Beggars"

(D) Exiles, anti-Spanish, and English pirates who captured port cities in the Netherlands, fighting effectively against Alba. (S) Because they were so influential, Queen Elizabeth had to distance her empire from them as to not anger the Spanish.

Puritans

(D) Extreme group of Protestants in the Church of England that search to purify the religion. They wanted to end all Catholic traditions and rituals. They also wanted to continue the episcopal system of placing the monarch in charge of the Church. (S) They were not quite separatists, yet. They worked in Parliament to create an independent congregation of presbyteries. Of course, they later founded colonies in America to practice their religion.

Sir Francis Drake

(D) Famous English seaman, who along with John Hawkins, prayed on Spanish ships heading to the America's (S) His naval prowess and circumnavigation of the Globe (1577-1580) demonstrated how England had usurped Spain's title as king of the seas.

Huguenots

(D) French Protestants. Came from Besançon Hughues, the leader of Geneva's political revolt against the House of Savoy. (S) Their prosecution by the French monarchy drove many to Geneva, following John Calvin.

Conventicle Act of 1593

(D) Gave separatists the choice to conform, face exile, or be executed. (S) This sent many separatists to leave and settle else where, such the American Colonies.

January Edict

(D) Granted French Protestants the freedom to preach outside of town, and privately in town. (S) While it was a moment of royal tolerance, it didn't last long as the Guise family attacked and massacred a town of Protestant worshippers. This led to the 1st French religious war.

Duke of Alba

(D) He was despatched by Philip II to make an example of the rioting Protestants. He established the Council of Blood/ Troubles and reigned terror down on the Dutch. (S) Because of his crippling taxation, he destroyed the Netherland's mercantile economy and became the most hated man in the Netherlands.

Cardinal Granvelle

(D) Head of Philip's Netherland's council, formally known as Antoine Perrenot. He hoped to stop the spread of Protestantism by changing the inner workings of the Catholic Church. He also wanted to strengthen Spanish grip of the Netherlands. (S) Because he was unpopular among many Protestants in the Netherlands, he was booted from office. The vacuum he left casted the Netherlands into a spiral of radical Calvinism.

Philip II (Spain)

(D) Heir of Charles V of Spain and Hapsburg King of the Western Spanish Empire. He was incredibly Catholic, and for a brief time, he was King of England during his marriage to Mary I. (S) His pursuit to rid his Empire of Protestantism, launched many conflicts between Spain and its Netherlands. His men killed many Dutch people to cleanse his empire. Also, his unpopularity made inspired many to question Catholicism.

Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor)

(D) Holy Roman Emperor, and former King of Bohemia during the defenestration of Prague. He was a devout Catholic and wanted to squander the Calvinists. (S) His alliances with Maximillian of Bravia and John George I of Saxony made strengthened his cause. He squashed the Calvinist in a couple of years and re-Catholicized Bohemia.

Edict of Nantes

(D) It recognized minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially Catholic country. Gave the freedom of public worship, the right to assembly, admission to a public office, etc. (S) Only transformed a long hot war between irreconcilable enemies into a long cold war. It only put off the problems, for Huguenots were still separated from French society.

"Marian Exiles"

(D) Mary's tactic to kick out Protestant dissent to strengthen the Catholic Church of England. (S) Many of the Protestants Mary put into exile later returned with more ideas of Protestantism during the Elizabethan Age, weakening English Catholicism.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

(D) Massacre of Huguenots in Paris, orchestrated by Catherine. It happened the week of Henry of Navarre' wedding to Margaret. 3,000 huguenots were killed in Paris. 20,000 across France. (S) Change the nature of the struggle between the Protestants and the Catholics. It was not longer a search for religious freedom. It was a quest to survive.

Catherine de Médicis

(D) Mother of King Charles IX of France, and regent while her son was still a minor. (S) She valued the unity of France above the religion, so she granted the Protestants the January of Edict. However, she feared the Guise family so much she eventually folded and withdrew sympathy towards the movement.

Theodore Beza

(D) Partner with Calvin. He sought to advance the movement by aiding the wealthy, who in turn would give funds to the movement. (S) Because he converted Henry of Navarre's mother, Henry was born into a moderate family. He was more of a politique. This help the Protestants.

Babington Plot

(D) Plot against Elizabeth involving a man named Anthony Babington. Because Mary Queen of Scotland had ties to the plot. Elizabeth gave permission for her execution. (S) Ended all hope of Catholicism to regain control of the English Church. Pope Sixtus V had to publicly endorse Spain as a response to the killing of a Catholic Queen. Lastly, Spain mobilized their Armada because of the affair.

Henry of Navarre

(D) Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded the throne of Charles IX as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. He was a politique (S) When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. His political genius unified France.

Bourbons

(D) Political leading family of the French Protestant movement. They had Calvinist sympathy. (S) Calvin denounce the family for their dark and sneaky ways to seek power, such as kidnapping the young prince.

Presbyteries

(D) Self running congregation, created by Puritans in Parliament, in charge of governing the church. (S) This organization of the church brought the Puritans into the Queen's spot light. However, to maintain unity she dealt with them subtly to maintain absolute power over the Church of England.

Mary Queen of Scots

(D) She was the extreme Catholics replacement for Queen Elizabeth. She had a "legitimate" claim to the English throne as her Grandmother was Henry VIII's sister. (S) She represented a chance for English Catholics to regain power. In her name, many assassination attempts were plotted agains Elizabeth. However, Elizabeth hardly retaliated, putting the unity of her people before her safety and revenge.

Charles IX

(D) Son/ Puppet of Catherine de Médicis. He was King a France during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, betraying the bonds he made with the Protestants in France. (S) Because he was a puppet to his mother, her fear of the Guise family drove him to orchestrate a massacre against the Huguenots.

Gustavus Adolphus II

(D) Swedish King during the Swedish phase of the 30 Years' War. He wanted to conquer all the land surrounding the Baltic and expand Sweden's borders. He was, however, killed in the battlefield at the Battle of Lutzen. (S) While he was an incredible military mind, his death during the 30 Years' War led to Catholic victory in the 3rd Phase, and the failure of Sweden's plans for new territory.

Baroque Style v. "Protestant" Art

(D) The Catholic Counter-Reformation had the Baroque style. It was grandiose and energetic. On the other hand, the Protestant art was restrained and subtle. (S) Symbolized the juxtaposition between the two religions.

Spanish Armada

(D) The Spanish navy. 130 Ships and 25,000 Spanish seamen. (S) It destruction at the hands of the English began the end for the Spanish Empire. They never fully recover, and England gains unmatched control of the seas.

Treaty of Westphalia

(D) Treaty that ended the 30 Years' War in 1648 after the French Victory of the 4th Phase. It replaced Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution with the Peace of Augsburg's "Cuius Regios, Eius Religio". It also gave Germany's many entities borders and recognition. (S) Because the Treaty was written French, not latin, it became the new diplomatic language of mid-17th century Europe. This made France one of the most powerful and influential nations. Gave Calvinism a legitimacy in the eyes of the law. France, The Netherlands, and Brandenburg-Prussia all gain significant land expansions, and France and Sweden were given a hand in German affairs for the following decades.

Spanish Fury

(D) When Alba's successor, Don Luis de Requesens, died, the unpaid., Spanish mercenaries ran amuck in the Dutch city of Antwerp, killing 7,000 people. (S) This event caused many anti-Spanish, Dutch provinces to unite and fight back against the Catholic Spaniards. This alliance became the Pacification of Ghent

What were the causes and result of the Thirty Years' War?

Causes: - The Catholic Bohemians backed Ferdinand as King. However, Ferdinand angered the Protestants in Bohemia, whom elected Frederick III as the Palatine Elector. - The defenestration of Prague. The protestants sent the message that they willing to go to great ends to fight against Ferdinand's Catholicism. - In response to the Palatine Calvinists, Ferdinand formed the Catholic League of several city-states. This escalated tensions and led to war. Effects: -Netherlands gained international recognition -France became superpower of Europe -France, Sweden, and Brandenburg-Prussia gained significant territorial gains. -Catholicism lost a lot of power in Northern Europe. -Hapsburgs were weakened. -CALVINISM BECAME OFFICIAL LEGAL

What were the causes and the results of the religious wars in France?

Causes: -Catherine de Médicis January Edict gave too much freedom to the Huguenots. - Giuse Family posed threat to Catherine and she started plotting against the Huguenots to avoid the Giuse's bad side. - Duke of Giuse massacred a town of Huguenots. Effects: - Peace of Saint German of Laye ended 3rd French religious war. - Gave Peace of Augsburg-esque freedoms to the Huguenots. - Gave Huguenots influence over the king - Led to Catherine's plot of St. Bart's Day Massacre

What impact did the religious wars have on the monarchs and secular leaders?

Effects of 30 Years' War: - Increase centralization of France. - Hapsburg family fell from glory and significantly weakened. - The Holy Roman Emperor became obsolete. - Elizabeth used the religious unification to bring about a Renaissance for England

What was the nature of the conflict between England and Spain? What impact did the struggle have on both countries?

England and Spain held a long-term rivalry throughout the 17th Century. It stemmed primarily from Philip II's goal to re-convert Protestant, and because Henry VIII establish the Church of England, England represented Philip's enemies. Also, Henry VIII divorced Philip's aunt Catherine of Aragon. The relationship between England and Spain was driven by religious and marital differences. Impacts: -Spain lost its Armada fighting against the English - Spain would never again reach the heights reached before their conflict with England -England gained control of the seas - Catholicism lost foothold in England

What impact did the Spanish rule have in the Netherlands? How did the Dutch struggle against Spain?

Impact: - The Dutch resented the strong Spanish grip - Philip II became a symbol of oppression. - The Inquisition inspired the Protestants to fight back in the Netherlands. - Duke of Alba's regime was hated and brought the near rebellion. Dutch Response: - William of Orange unified the Netherlands to face against the Catholic Spanish. - The Pacification of Ghent formed in response to the Spanish Fury. - After the Spanish were defeated, the Unions of Arras and Utrecht