APHG ch. 8 key issue 1-4

When was the United Nations established? by whom?

- 1945 - Victorious Allies

List places in which Americans were attacked by terrorists in the late 20th century.

- N.y, world trade center - Alfred p. murrah federal building Oklahoma city bombing

multinational states often adopt unitary systems for what reasons? Also, describe an example

- To impose one nationality/ethnicity on other states. -ex. Kenya has nabled one ethnic group to extend dominance over weaker groups

describe the purpose of NATO

- designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe - purpose to prevent Soviet Union from overrunning West Germany and other (small) countries

What problems do landlocked states have?

- need a form of transportation to and from the sea - need to use another country's seaport to transport goods

Why has tiny Belgium adopted a federal system?

- to accommodate the two cultural groups, the Flemish and the Waloons

Summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies

- to promote Christianity - to receive resources and serve as captive markets for products - to establish power through their colonies

list 4 facts about the OSCE

-56 members, including u.s, canada, russia, and most european countries -although it cannot directly command troops, it can call upon members to supply troops if necessairly. -founded in 1975, was mostly w. european countries and had limited aids -After cold war in 1990, expanded to included warsaw pact countries and became a more actives foruem to stop conflict in europe especially in the balkans and caucausus.

Purpose of Warsaw Pact

-Provide mutual help if any of the members were attacked -provided a buffer of allies between it and germany to discourage a third invasion of the ussr in the 20th

Which country had the largest empire? second Largest?

1. Britain, 2. France

List the 6 largest states in order

1. Russia 2. Canada 3. United States 4. China 5. Brazil 6. Australia

Regarding the federal state, what are 3 geographic conditions that tend to favor it for a country?

1. large states 2. local government boundaries can be drawn to correspond iwth regions inhabited by different nationalities. 3. sepearate religions

what are the three types of gerrmandering

1. wasted vote 2. excess vote 3. stacked vote

identify the reason for which membership in the Un grew significantly in each of the following periods:

1995: 16 countries, mostly those that were liberated from nazi germany 1960: 17, 16/17 are former british/french african colonies 1990's: 27, mostly came from the breakup of USSr & Yugoslavia, also the admission of microstates.

How many microstates are recognized? What do many have in common? list 6 that you can find on a map

24 | They all have small area of land (mostly Islands) | Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Niue, And Vatican city

Language Boundary

A boundary drawn a map using language differences; Can be effective if the language boundaries are well defined and the population has a tradition of nationalism; Problematic when boundaries change Ex. After ww1 the versailles conference placed serveral similar S. Slavic languages that were placed together in the New country of Yugoslavia

Religious Boundary

A boundary that separates different religions. ex: Northern Ireland/Ireland

Define Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Note in which of the above ways each of the following states have supported terroism and then very briefly describe it. Iran

A. - U.S accused Iran of harboring al-qaeda members and trying to gain influence in Iraq.

Note in which of the above ways each of the following states have supported terroism and then very briefly describe it. Afghanistan

A. The taliban leader shelted al-qaeda members including bin-laden. The taliban were soon removed in 2001 after an invasion.

where are most of the world's landlock states?

Africa

Federal Statepowers to units of local government.

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

Complete the graphic organizers on the topics indicated below as they relate to the history fo the concept of political states and their developments. (Anchient states)

Ancient states- - Perodically some city tribes would gain military dominance, and form empires - origin (fertile crescent) - First state to evolve in mesopotamia are called city-state -Walls clearly delicnated the boundaries of the city - outside of the walls, the city central agricultural land to provide food for urban residents. The country side also provided the city with an outer line of defence.

Note in which of the above ways each of the following states have supported terroism and then very briefly describe it. Iraq

B. - U.S accused Iraq of creating biological and nuclear arsenals, and more importantly a alleged close link between Iraq's government and Al-qaeda. - U.S attacks against Iraq for terroism ending and religoin change reasons were met with little ethuasim.

Describe the internal political organization France in the box below.

Basic local government unit is the department -Each of the 96 department has an elected council - The adminstrative head is a powerful prefet appointed by the national government. - Commun (second tier local government) -each of the 36,686 communes are a elected local mayor and council, the mayor can be a national parliment at the same time -median size of the commune is 380 inhabitants, too small to govern effectively NOW- French gov have granted additional legal power to the departments and communes in recent years. - local government can borrow money freely to fund projects - national government gives a block of funds to localities with no strings attached. - 22 regional councils who had minimial authority, have been converted into full-fledged local government units with elected councils and the power to levy taxes

Why is the idea of two superpowers a relatively new one?

Before cold war many countries have the same power (many superpowers)

shade and label all of africa's landlocked states

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

CASE STUDY: Cyprus

Bullet in the most singnificant facts regarding the boundary and ethnic situation in Cyprus. Annotate (label) the map as appropriate. -contains 2 nationalities- Greek & Turkish -physically closer to turkey -18% of Turks comprise the country -Greek-78% -1960 independence from Britian allowed Turkish minority substantial share of elected officies, and control over its own education, religion, and culture -Greek cypriot military officers seized control of government in 1974 -Shortly after Turkey invaded to protect turkish minority -greek coup leaders were removed within a few months, and an elected government was restored -Northern 36% declared itself turkish republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983, however, it is only recognized by turkey as a soverign state. -A wall was built, preventing mingling -the two sides have been brought closer in recent years. -1/3 of Greeks were forced to move by the Turkish controlled military -1/4 of Turks from the region are now considered to be the Greek side. -Eu accepts cyprus as a member in 2004. - Un plan for reunification was accepted by turkish but not the Greek side. - south (greek), North (turkish)

Note in which of the above ways each of the following states have supported terroism and then very briefly describe it. Libya

C. Accused of sponsoring a 1986 bombing in Berlin, Germany. U.S. military personel were there and 3 people died. Including 1 u.s soldier. This is due to unrest, from when U.S aircraft shot down libyan warpjlannes in 1981

There is some disagreement about how many states there actually are in the world because of regions which may, or may not, actually be states. Complete the table to demonstrate three cases. CHINA AND TAIWAN

China and Taiwan Nationalist still ruled China as prcolaimed by them. And supported by the U.S during 1950s and 1960s until 1971. Two states: 1999- Taiwan's president announced that Taiwan would regard itself as a soverign idependant state

Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?

China, France, Russia, U.K., and the U.S

why there?

Colonial legacy- boarders established by Europeans who built railroad systems to reach water

use the table below to contrast the basic colonial policies of these two countries.

Colonial pratices of: English - Created different governments and policies for various territories of their empire. Colonial pratices of French: -Assimiliate its colonies into French culture, and educate an elite group to provide local adminstrative leadership.

Use the table below to list major colonies

Colonies of Britain: - Former 13 colonies -Eastern and southern Africa, s. Asia, middle east, Australia, and canada Colonies of France: - West Africa - S.E. Asia

Complete this table based on your reading. Compact states

Compat Greatest advantage... For smaller states as it provides good communications to all established regions, especially if the capital is located in the center Ex. Kenya

The leading superpower since the 1990s is not a single state. What is the leading economic superpower in the world today

EU

Complete the graphic organizers on the topics indicated below as they relate to the history fo the concept of political states and their developments. (Early european state)

Early European state- - The roman empire controlled 38 provinces, most from europe, N. Africa, SW asia, and from modern day spain to Iran and from egypt to england - The 38 provinces all used the same laws as the ones created in rome -Massive walls helped the roman army defend the frontiers. However, it collapsed from internal disputes, causing attacks from people living on the frontier. -The european portion broke into large number of estates ran by kings, barons, dukes, etc. -In 1100, a handfull of kings respectively ruled over large estates. Under the influence of a king large estates became the basis for modern western countries.

Where are unitary states most common?

Europe

How is this type of boundary redrawing different in the US than in Europe?

Europe= independant commissions U.S- Government determines boundary redrawing

How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use?

Ex. in the U.S A.Americans and Hispanics tend to vote for democrats, stacking is used by republicans to have more favorable outcomes to their cadiates.

in what different ways has Zimbabwe historically had access to seaports

Historically- The government gave them access, and colonial railroads

Complete this table based on your reading. Perforated states

How is the preforator state dependent on the preforatee? The perforator state depends on the perforatee for acces to bodies of water mainly the ocean, a main designation of exports and imports. ex. south africa covers losotho

it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a group is a terroist group or a legitimate political entity in rebellion. For each of the following countries, identify a group which they consider to be terroists but which others may believe to be a legitimate political entity

Israel - palestanian suicide bomber

Identify some of the problems the UN faces as it attempts to operate and influence world affairs.

It must rely on individual countries to supply troops one of the 5 can veto a peacekeeping operation have difficulty keeping neutrality.

List typical methods/acts of terrorists.

Kidnapping Hijacking Hostage taking Bombing Assassination

There is some disagreement about how many states there actually are in the world because of regions which may, or may not, actually be states. Complete the table to demonstrate three cases. KOREA

Korea (N & S)- One state if you agree that: They were once the same state two state if you agree that: Korea was sepearted by the U.S and the USSR at 38 N. Latitude 1940- The two created own gov due to influence of U.S and USSR 1950- N. Korea invaded S. korea ( 3yr long war, and cease-fire line near the 38th parallel) 1992- UN Stated the koreas as separate Now- Recent development of Nukes by N. Korea

complete the table below to describe the advantage of each type of physical boundary.

Mountains- Sparsely inhabited, hard to cross, permanent Deserts- Sparsely inhabited, hard to cross water- - advantages: State could concentrate defence on the landing point. - Disadvantages: rivers can slowly change their cource. - ocean boundaries are claimed out at sea causing disputes among states.

in what ways does al-qaeda, its religious, and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to...

Muslims? -They wish to express the disagreements with the politcies of government in the U.S and Europea, and yet disavow the use of terroism Americans? - Distinguish the peaceful but unfamiliar principles and pratices of the world's 1.3 billion muslims and the misuse and abuse of islam by a handful of terroists.

label the countries surrounding Zimbabwe. Do not show all rail routes shown on page 250, but only those discussed in the text as part of Zimbabwe's history of attempts to reach the sea through her neighbors.

Namibia, Botswana, S.Africa, mozambique, Malawai, Tanzania, Dem. Rep of Congo, Angola

complete the chart on notable non-military regional organizations

OAS- 34 western hemisphere states / promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among members OAU- 53 countries in Africa / promote economic intergration of Africa Commmonwealth of Nations- Uk and 52 former british colonies / seek economic and cultural cooperation

There is some disagreement about how many states there actually are in the world because of regions which may, or may not, actually be states. Complete the table to demonstrate three cases. WESTERN SAHARA

ONe state if you agree that: Morocco claims territory with 2,700 kilometer wall Morocco and Mauritania annexed the Northern and Southern part respectively of the Sahrawi Repbulic created by the Polisario Front. Three later, Mauritania withdrew and Morocco claimed the entire territory No state if you agree that: UN failed to reach a resolution among the parties.

List the largest remaining colonies in the world.

Peurto rico- 4 million, 8.870 sq kilometers Denmark- Greenland

geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines. ex. Part of the northern U.S boundary with Canada is a 2,100 kil.omter straight line along 49 degrees north latitude, running from Lake of the Woods between Minnesota and Manitoba to the Strait of Georgia between Washington state and British columbia.

Complete this table based on your reading. Propruted states

Reasons for prorupting the shape of a state... 1. prvide access to resources 2. separate two states that would otherwise share a boundary Ex. Congo has a 500- kilometer propruption to the west along the Zaire river. The belgians created the proruption to give their colony access to the Atlantic. Ex2. Namibia has a 500-kilometer proruption to the east called the Caprivi Strip. When Namibia was a clonoy of Germany, the proruption disrupted communications among the British colonies of southern Africa. It also provided the Germans with access to the Zambezi, one of Africa's most important rivers.

by definition, what is a colony?

Territory legally tied to a sovereign state

Why are boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is this done in the US?

To ensure that each district have approximately the same population House of rep- Redrawn every 10 yrs

Why has enormous China adopted a unitary system?

To promote communist values

List good examples of federal states that fulfill these conditions rather well.

U.S.A, Russia, Canada, Brazil, India

what states have joined the superpowers based on their economic success? what former power has slipped from its earlier stateus

UP: China, Germany, Japan Down: Russia

what specific obstacles has each presented

White rule- They used railway straight through S.Africa (Caused later issues) Black rule- went around S.africa but in the long run they went back to going straight through S.Africa. Because of civil war.

Define balance of power

a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

identify each of the following terms as they relate to the terroist organizations known as Al-Qaeda

a) OSama bin-laden - founder b) afghanistan - Taliban controlled government, housed bin-laden c) Yemen and somalia - mohammad bin-laden was a native Yemen - Bin-laden attack U.S troops in Yemen % Somalia d) the base - alternate name of Al-qaeda e) majis al shura - council f) cell - when planners and attackers don't have direct contact g) fatwa - religious decree

list the tree ways in which states have given support to terroists

a) provide sanctuary b) supply weapons, money, and intelligence c) planning attacks using terroists

regarding the European union

a) when was it formed? - 1958 b) by what states? - belgium, France, Italy, luxemburg, netherlands, federal republic of germany (west germany) c) for what purpose? - heal western europe's scars from ww2 d) what are some important changes in recent years? - Seek political and economic cooperation - From 6 to 27 countries - Euro - Removed barriers to free trade - prompt devlopment within members through economic and political cooperation. e) what former communist east european states have joined the Eu? - Czech rep, latvia, lithuania, poland, slovak rep, estonia, slovenia. f) why these - what separated them from the others? - Made most progress in converting to market economies g) what other states are waiting and anxious to join? - Croatia and Turkey h) for what reasons is the Eu relucatant about new memebers- too many already

regarding the concept of a frontier..

a. define it: zone where no state excersise complete poltical control b. list the characteristics of frontiers: Tangiable area of separation that is unhabiated.

regarding unitary states, what are the two geographic conditions that tend to favor it for a country?

a. require effective communication with all region B. small states

why is terroism different from other acts of political violence?

aimed at ordinary people rather then at military officials and political leaders.

define state

area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

Complete this table based on your reading. elongated states

biggest problem -poor internal communication best way to minimize the problem... Spread important (government) locations throughout the territory. Or have 1st world communication systems such as message. Ex. Chili, Malawi

Complete this table based on your reading. fragmented states

different kinds.... separated by water, other states ex. 1964) Tanzania, which was created as a union of the island of Zanzibar with the mainland terriotry of Tanganyika. Ex2. Angola, which is divided into two fragments by the Cnogo propruption. An independence movement is trying to detach Cabinda as a separate state from ANgola, ith the justification that its population belongs to distinct ehtnic groups.

Define sovereignty

independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

What is gerrymandering?

manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class.

Define colonialism

the effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

What is terrorism?

the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

define the following types of internal organization of states

unitary: An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials Federal: An internal organization of a state that allocates strong power to units of local government