APHG Chapter 8 Test Bank
104) In the geopolitical sphere, a balance of power is A) a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two equally matched camps. B) always bipolar but reinforced by satellite states. C) a condition of unequal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two powerful allies, supported by a range of satellite states. D) exemplified by a League of Nations or, in the post-World War II era, the United Nations. E) the type of power shared by the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
A
106) The two Germanys A) existed separately from 1949 to 1990. B) are the newest UN member states in Europe. C) were divided by proto-Germanic languages. D) are on opposite banks of the Rhine River. E) were divided by economic and cultural boundaries until 1871.
A
108) NATO membership expanded immediately after the dissolution of the USSR to include A) former Warsaw Pact countries. B) the remaining colonies under British and U.S. control. C) Cuba to avoid another missile crisis. D) Switzerland, Austria, and Serbia. E) Ireland, Sweden, and Finland.
A
109) The European Union A) has as its main objective to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation. B) consolidates all economic planning in London, England. C) distributes large urban populations to undeveloped rural areas in order to distribute development and wealth. D) negotiates restrictive immigration policies and reduces mobility within member states. E) established English as the national language of all member states.
A
114) In 2002 the Organization of African Unity was replaced by A) the African Union. B) the African National Party. C) the African Treaty Organization. D) the Organization of African OPEC States. E) the Organization for African Economic Cooperation.
A
115) The Commonwealth is primarily A) an economic and cultural alliance of states once part of the British Empire. B) an organization of culturally homogenous nations that opposed the Warsaw Pact. C) organized to increase availability of mineral resources in perforated states that are NATO allies. D) a religious entity that sends missionaries to Africa from the United Kingdom. E) an association of countries that were once members of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact.
A
13) The first states in ancient Mesopotamia were A) city-states, which incorporated cities as well as their countryside. B) colonies, which incorporated cities as well as their countryside. C) empires, which incorporated dozens of unified colonies. D) nation-states, which incorporated city-states, colonies, and empires. E) patron-states ruled by sheiks.
A
16) Examples of major nation-states are A) Germany and Denmark. B) Australia and New Zealand. C) Russia and the United States. D) Mexico and Russia. E) Mexico and Germany.
A
18) Among the world's largest multinational states are A) Russia and the United States. B) Australia and New Zealand. C) Japan and Denmark. D) Mexico and Russia. E) Mexico and Japan.
A
21) This country is recognized as one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. A) Japan B) China C) India D) Bangladesh E) Taiwan
A
35) The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is A) colonialism. B) constitutionality. C) self-determination. D) sovereignty. E) suffrage.
A
46) The difference between a frontier and a boundary is A) a frontier is a tangible geographic area where a boundary is an infinitely thin line. B) a frontier is uninhabited and a boundary is densely populated. C) a frontier is controlled by state coalitions while a boundary is controlled by one state. D) a frontier marks the ends of a territory while a boundary is dynamic in its representation of territory.E) most boundaries have been replaced by frontier zones.
A
52) The only large land mass NOT part of a sovereign state is A) Antarctica. B) the Arctic. C) Greenland. D) Siberia. E) Borneo.
A
53) What might be the contemporary basis for conflicting claims to the Arctic? A) potential for energy resources B) old Cold War grudges C) colonial expansion D) shifting sea ice formations E) the proximity of South American and African countries
A
61) The eastern part of the border between the United States and Mexico is delineated by A) the Rio Grande. B) the Gulf of Mexico. C) the Mojave desert. D) the Mississippi River. E) the Rocky Mountains.
A
72) Which shape most easily fosters the establishment of effective internal communications for a smaller state? A) compact B) elongated C) fragmented D) prorupted E) prolonged
A
81) An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to A) grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation. B) encourage the breakup of the superpower alliances. C) govern compact states more effectively. D) deploy scarce resources efficiently. E) accommodate rightwing political parties and their demands for more representation in national elections.
A
91) The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power is called A) gerrymandering. B) stacking votes. C) hanging chads. D) redlining. E) blockbusting.
A
92) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting so that the opposition is spread across many districts as a minority is termed a(n) ________ strategy. A) wasted vote B) rightwing C) stacked vote D) districting E) excess vote
A
93) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting that concentrates opposition voters into a small number of districts, allowing the party in power to gain control of numerous other districts, is termed a(n) ________ strategy. A) excess vote B) red-state rigged C) stacked vote D) wasted vote E) in excess vote
A
95) This form of gerrymandering has been particularly attractive for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities. A) stacked vote B) wasted vote C) excess vote D) gender biased E) anti-immigration biased
A
99) The United Nations is PRIMARILY what kind of cooperative effort? A) political B) military C) economic D) cultural E) environmental
A
113) The OAS A) sought an end to colonialism and apartheid in Africa. B) promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states in the Western Hemisphere. C) is a coalition of former British colonies. D) has played an active role in ending conflicts in the Balkans. E) promoted trade in the Soviet Bloc.
B
117) Terrorism is NOT A) a systematic use of violence by a group to create fear or coerce a government into actions it would not have taken. B) a government imposing economic sanctions followed by a bombing strategy to coerce another government into behaving differently. C) an attempt to reach objectives of the group through bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, or assassinations. D) viewing violence as means to publicizing grievances. E) attacks largely aimed at ordinary people rather than military targets.
B
119) Boko Haram seeks to turn which African country into an Islamic State? A) Mali B) Nigeria C) Algeria D) Somalia E) Mauritania
B
120) Which pairing of terms and definitions is INCORRECT? A) Fatwa - Religious decree B) Jihad - Suicide C) Boko Haram - Western education is forbidden D) al-Qaeda - The Foundation E) Taliban - Religious Students
B
17) The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as A) centripetal determination. B) nationalism. C) universal suffrage. D) self determination. E) sovereignty.
B
19) A(n) ________ is a state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government. A) multi-linguistic state B) multinational state C) anocracy D) city-state E) fragile state
B
30) Which country has experienced the most extreme "balkanization" since the dissolution of the Soviet Union? A) Armenia B) Georgia C) Azerbaijan D) Moldova E) Belarus
B
32) Which country suffered from genocide in the early twentieth century by the Turks? A) Azerbaijan B) Armenia C) Georgia D) Nagorno-Karabakh E) South Ossetia
B
38) The least populated remaining colony is ruled by A) the United States. B) the United Kingdom. C) France. D) China. E) the Netherlands.
B
44) A frontier, in contrast to a boundary, A) separates two states. B) is an area rather than a line. C) has become a more common means to separate states. D) is a region of ethnic conflict. E) is the westernmost part of a state.
B
59) A feature of the physical environment commonly used to separate states includes all but which of the following? A) deserts B) geometry C) mountains D) lakes E) rivers
B
73) Democracies and autocracies differ in three essential ways; they are A) longevity of regime, citizen participation, and adoption of free market economies. B) selection of leaders, citizen participation, and checks and balances. C) longevity of regime, selection of leaders, and checks and balances. D) selection of leaders, adoption of free market economies, checks and balances. E) longevity of regime, checks and balances, membership in the United Nations.
B
74) Sub-Saharan Africa's fragile states' status may be attributed to all but which of the following? A) high population growth and poor health B) extreme poverty C) alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War D) ethnic tensions and ethnic cleansing E) problematic shapes
B
76) Which of the following democracies represents a unitary state in which power is concentrated in the hands of the central government? A) India B) France C) South Africa D) Russia E) the United States
B
80) Which of the following democracies represents a unitary state in which power is concentrated in the hands of the central government? A) India B) France C) South Africa D) Russia E) the United States
B
97) This form of gerrymandering seeks to distribute opposition supporters so they represent a minority in several districts. A) stacked vote B) wasted vote C) excess vote D) gender biased E) anti-immigration biased
B
1) The world's largest state is A) China. B) Canada. C) Russia. D) Alaska. E) India.
C
102) In addition to the United States, all countries listed are permanent members of the UN Security Council except one, which is not a permanent member. A) China B) France C) Germany D) Russia E) United Kingdom
C
105) What was a distinctive feature of the world's superpowers between the 1940s and 1980s compared to other eras? A) The United States and the Soviet Union were superpowers for the first time. B) The two superpowers were never involved in wars. C) The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past. D) The superpowers had satellites. E) The superpowers used religion to settle conflicts.
C
11) This is a sovereign state that comprises an urban area and the surrounding countryside. A) rural-state B) nation-state C) city-state D) primate-state E) homogeneous state
C
110) The Euro is a common currency A) between all nations of Europe. B) between all member nations of the European Union. C) in 19 EU member states and 6 non-member states. D) is 6 member states and 19 non-member states. E) has been retired with the economic challenges in Spain and Greece.
C
116) Terrorism differs from assassinations and other acts of political violence because A) attacks are never well coordinated. B) attacks are aimed at military targets or political leaders. C) attacks are aimed at ordinary people. D) attacks use only personal and improvised weapons. E) attacks are typically made without regard for political goals.
C
118) Terrorist activities A) are restricted to foreigners instigating violence in another country. B) are only associated with al-Qaeda. C) hold every citizen responsible and view them as culpable for the actions they oppose and therefore view citizens as legitimate targets. D) ended with the death of Osama bin Laden. E) have been reduced in frequency due to drone attacks.
C
122) Examples of state-sponsored terrorism by this country include the explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. A) Iran B) Iraq C) Libya D) the Sudan E) North Korea
C
14) Political unity in the ancient Mediterranean world reached its height in A) the Fertile Crescent. B) Egypt. C) the Roman Empire. D) Western Europe. E) the Alexandrian Empire.
C
15) The first widespread use of the nation-state concept came in A) Mesopotamia. B) the Roman Empire. C) Western Europe. D) the United States. E) Southeast Asia.
C
2) Extremely small island-states in the world, many of which are former European colonies, are called A) island nations. B) macrostates. C) microstates. D) small nation-states. E) island-colonies.
C
22) The republics of the former Soviet Union were established based on A) economic contributions. B) national resources. C) ethnic lines. D) religious values. E) linguistic lines.
C
23) The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in five groups of independent states, Russia and all but which of the following? A) Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) B) Russia's western European states (Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine) C) Russia's central European States (Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania) D) Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan) E) Caucasus states (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia)
C
33) Nagorno-Karabakh is an ethnic enclave of ________ in ________. A) Georgia; Russia B) Moldova; Romania C) Armenia; Azerbaijan D) Azerbaijan; Georgia E) Armenia; Georgia
C
36) The motives of European states in establishing colonies can be summarized as all but which of the following? A) God B) glory C) guilt D) gold E) power
C
47) This type of boundary coincides with significant features of the landscape. A) geometric B) cultural C) physical D) relic E) linguistic
C
51) The problems experienced by Cyprus during the past four decades include all but which of the following? A) a Greek-inspired military coup B) a Turkish army invasion C) a partition of the island by the British as part of independence D) an increasing spatial segregation of Greeks and Turks E) division of the capital city by a buffer zone patrolled by UN soldiers
C
60) The boundary between Argentina and Chile is an example of a A) prorupted boundary. B) geometric boundary. C) physical boundary. D) cultural frontier. E) perforated frontier.
C
63) Which is NOT true about the Law of the Sea? A) It identifies territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles as under state control. B) It identifies international waters as having no single state control. C) It identifies internal shoreline waters as international to ensure free trade. D) It identifies the exclusive economic zone as a zone of state exploitation of resources such as fish and oil. E) It identifies a contiguous zone in which a state may enforce pollution controls and levy taxes for its use.
C
7) The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands represent the contested sovereignty of these three nations. A) The Philippines, Indonesia, Australia B) Japan, Russia, The People's Republic of China C) The People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Japan D) The People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia E) The People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Russia
C
70) Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communication and difficulty defending borders. Which of the following is NOT an elongated state? A) Malawi B) Gambia C) Botswana D) Chile E) Italy
C
9) Korea is a good example of a(n) A) sovereign state. B) nation-state existing in a unified condition. C) ethnicity divided between more than one state. D) colony divided between more than one ethnicity. E) patron-state.
C
96) This form of gerrymandering seeks to concentrate opposition supporters into a few districts. A) stacked vote B) wasted vote C) excess vote D) gender biased E) anti-immigration biased
C
10) A state with control over its internal affairs has A) centripetal forces. B) nationality. C) suffrage. D) sovereignty. E) ethnicity.
D
100) Over the past 60 years, the number of sovereign state memberships in the United Nations A) has remained approximately the same. B) has increased by 30 countries. C) has decreased by 30 countries. D) has increased by more than 50 countries. E) has increased by more than 100 countries.
D
107) Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about the Cold War? A) The United States and the USSR were the only two remaining superpowers after WWII. B) The United States reinforced its political alliances and ideology through military assertion in Panama and Grenada. C) Both the United States and the USSR established a military presence via bases and troop presence in countries who were allies. D) The Cuban Missile Crisis was negotiated and settled peacefully at the United Nations. E) Countries in the Soviet Bloc were described as satellites.
D
111) Economic and political cooperation in the European Union takes the form of all but which of the following? A) Subsidies are provided to economically depressed areas. B) Transfer of finished products between countries is simplified. C) With few exceptions, citizens may live in one country but work in another without political difficulty. D) Every member country must adopt the Euro currency. E) A European Parliament is elected by member states.
D
112) The global recession of 2008 brought especially severe repercussions to economically weaker nations in the European Union, including all but which of the following? A) Greece B) Ireland C) Italy D) France E) Spain
D
20) This European country was divided post-World War II into a Democratic Republic and a Federal Republic. A) the United Kingdom B) Czechoslovakia C) Yugoslavia D) Germany E) Poland
D
24) Russia, today, recognizes ________ different ethnicities within its political borders. A) 100 B) 79 C) 50 D) 39 E) 19
D
26) The conflict in the Ukraine started as a result of A) Russia's interest in Ukraine's coal deposits. B) Russia's interest in Ukraine's Black Sea tourist industry. C) ignoring early signs of the Chernobyl disaster in the 1980s D) the Russian minority declaring they were endangered in Ukraine. E) Russia's interest in Crimea's oil deposits.
D
27) Moldova, after it became an autonomous republic sought ethnic reunification with A) Bulgaria. B) Hungary. C) Austria. D) Romania. E) Slovenia.
D
28) The Trans-Dniestria is A) a bridge spanning the Dniester River linking Moldova and Russia. B) a manufacturing region Russia controls. C) a Free Trade Zone operated by the Ukraine. D) a sliver of land on the east bank of the Dniester River in Moldova occupied largely by Russians and Ukrainians. E) a Belarussian plain.
D
29) Which of the following is NOT true about the Baltic States? A) Lithuanians are largely Roman Catholic. B) Latvians are largely Lutheran with a significant minority Roman Catholic. C) Most Estonians are Protestant. D) In all three states, Russian has remained the official language. E) Balto-Slavic and Uralic languages are the official languages in these states.
D
3) The world's smallest state is A) Monaco. B) Bahrain. C) Andorra. D) Vatican City. E) Tuvalu.
D
31) Which of the following countries has suffered in the twenty-first century from ethnic cleansing? A) Kazakhstan B) Uzbekistan C) Tajikistan D) Kyrgyzstan E) Turkmenistan
D
34) A territory tied to a state rather than being completely independent is a A) nation. B) state. C) nation-state. D) colony. E) patron-state.
D
4) An area organized into an independent political unit is a A) colony. B) nationality. C) nation. D) state. E) territory.
D
48) What was an important cultural characteristic of boundaries in nineteenth century France, Spain, and Portugal? A) religion B) economics C) kingdoms D) language E) mountains
D
49) This island's capital is the only capital city in the world divided by an international ethnic boundary. A) Crete B) Sardinia C) Sicily D) Cyprus E) Ireland
D
5) The best example of a state among the following is A) an island with a long history of self-rule and a homogeneous ethnic identity, although the island has been under the control of a colonial power for the last 30 years. B) a group of islands inhabited by a homogeneous ethnicity, although the westernmost islands pertain to the territory of one country whereas the easternmost islands pertain to another country. C) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities and divided up administratively among various independent countries. D) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities which share responsibility for maintaining an independent government and a standing army. E) a mountainous region inhabited by a mixture of peoples but recently colonized by a European nation-state.
D
78) A state which places most power in the hands of a central government is a(n) A) federal state. B) anocratic state. C) fragmented state. D) unitary state. E) compact state.
D
90) Gerrymandering A) is only done by Democrats to ensure control of the House. B) is only done by Republicans to ensure Congress is ineffective. C) is a Republican process to ensure control by the wealthy elite. D) is the redrawing of legislative boundaries by both parties. E) is the redrawing of legislative boundaries to ensure federal funds are distributed to those who need them the most.
D
98) Which U.S. state was judged by the Washington Post to have the most gerrymandering? A) North Dakota B) South Dakota C) West Virginia D) North Carolina E) South Carolina
D
101) The UN, when established after World War II, replaced an earlier global cooperation effort. What was it? A) NATO B) Warsaw Pact C) Alliance for Peace D) Organization of American States E) League of Nations
E
103) Which of the following is NOT true? A) The United Nations allows all member states to discuss conflicts rather than engage in warfare to solve problems. B) The United Nations provides an international team of peacekeeping troops to missions around the world. C) The United Nations plays a role in addressing global economic problems. D) The United Nations provides humanitarian aid and assistance. E) The United Nations experienced no substantial growth in membership since the 1960s when the colonial powers vacated African nations.
E
12) The Fertile Crescent A) followed the Nile and Euphrates rivers. B) was the key to the Roman Empire in classical times. C) was the location of the first city-states in the Middle East and the first large-scale agricultural projects of Sub-Saharan Africa. D) is sometimes considered to have extended from the Nile Valley to the Atlas Mountains. E) extended from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea and was the location of the first city-states in the Middle East.
E
121) Which of the following is NOT true about the U.S. attacks on Iraq in 1991 and 2003? A) Desert Storm (1991) was supported by nearly every country in the United Nations based on Iraq's unjustified invasion of Kuwait. B) The 2003 war with Iraq was not supported by the UN membership. C) The United States asserted Iraq had WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) as well as close links with al-Qaeda as its justification to invade Iraq. D) Kuwait's oil was a critical component to Iraq's justification for invading and the U.S. counterinvasion in 1991. E) The hostility between the United States and Iraq dates back to the 1979 Shi'ite fundamentalist uprising which deposed the U.S.-friendly leadership.
E
123) State support for terrorism is seen to include all but one of the following. A) providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists B) assisting in planning terrorist attacks C) supplying arms and materiel for terrorist attacks D) supplying both money and intelligence to terrorist groups E) establishing a political party representing terrorist grievances
E
25) Which of the following is NOT true about Russia's multiethnic state? A) Nineteen percent of its population is made up of 39 different ethnicities. B) Many ethnic groups are located along the borders such as those with Mongolia and the Caucasus states. C) Uralic speaking ethnicities are concentrated in the region between the Ural Mountains and the Volga River. D) Russia's constitution grants autonomy in local governance to the majority of its ethnic population. E) Russia prohibits secondary official languages to ensure Russian remains pure.
E
45) Cultural boundaries include all but which of the following? A) ethnic B) geometric C) religious D) linguistic E) geomorphic
E
50) Cyprus A) is not a member of the European Union. B) allows for easy integration of Greeks and Turks. C) has a northern section that is recognized by the UN as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. D) has a non-Greek, non-Turkish official language. E) has a UN Peacekeeping force patrolling the buffer zone.
E
54) The U.S.-Canadian border was established A) in its entirety by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. B) in its entirety along the 45th parallel. C) as an isogloss demarcating speech variations between Canada and the United States. D) without longitudinal geometric borders. E) through a series of treaties between the United States and the United Kingdom.
E
55) The boundary between the United States and Canada is best described by which of the following? A) geometric only B) linguistic and religious C) water and linguistic D) mountain and water E) water and geometric
E
6) This country has built a sand wall around the disputed Sahrawi Republic. A) Mauritania B) Mali C) Malawi D) Mozambique E) Morocco
E
62) The role of the International Boundary and Water Commission run by the U.S. and Mexican governments is to A) restore the original border agreement intent by physically altering the flow of the Rio Grande. B) replace physical boundaries with geometric boundaries to simplify immigration processes. C) build a wall between the two countries. D) ensure pollution controls and water sustainability. E) renegotiate borders after the Rio Grande changes course.
E
64) The Germans established the ________ known as the Caprivi Strip in present-day Namibia to access resources in central Africa, including the Zambezi River. A) causeway B) disruption zone C) railroad D) protraction E) proruption
E
77) Which of the following countries represents a federal state in which power is allocated to local governments? A) Rwanda B) France C) Kenya D) China E) Brazil
E
79) A country that is not fully autocratic or democratic is defined as a(n) A) bureaucracy. B) totalitarian state. C) kleptocracy. D) plutocracy. E) anocracy.
E
8) These two countries are committed to unifying the nation but face disagreement as to which will be the dominant political and economic ideology. A) North and South Vietnam B) Moldova and Romania C) Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa D) Morocco and Sahrawi Republic E) North and South Korea
E
