aPHR Practice Exam

You are an HR professional at an accounting firm. The finance department at your firm handles 230 employees over the period of a year. During that period, 29 employees left the company, including one from the finance department. A payroll officer has been enlisted for the finance department, but after three months it's evident the workload is too much. The finance department manager has requested the hire of two new payroll assistants. As part of the recruiting process, you want to review company's strategic plan in context of demographic shifts in the accounting industry and within the company. What was the attrition rate in the finance department that year?

0.1261

A sales position opens at a publishing company on March 31st. Applicants are interviewed three weeks later and the successful candidate is hired on April 30th . She has a one-month notice period at her current position, so she remains at her current job for another 31 days and starts her new job on June 1st. What is the time-to-hire for the sales position?

61 days

Employers are required to communicate information about compensation and benefits programs to their employees. Which examples are techniques employers can use to ensure employees receive all the information they need about compensation and benefits programs? (Choose three.)

A company uses a third party to provide employee self-service applications An employee asks a supervisor to clarify how retirement contributions are calculated Employees receive detailed information about how their performance will be appraised

As an HR professional, part of your role involves managing employee personnel files. What type of information would you include in these files? (Choose four)

A copy of the employee's resume, and work permit, if required A copy of the employee's salary structure Any reports from disciplinary hearings, including written warnings Documentation about the employee's current and past work performance

The manufacturing company you work for has recently lost some big clients and sales figures have dropped considerably. You have put together a business case that outlines the change needed to resolve the underlying issue. What elements should you include to help management make an informed decision? (Choose three)

A description of what the problem is and how it affects the company's strategic objectives The scope of the suggested change, including the time and resources required An explanation of how the change will address the problem

In today's labor market, it's common for companies to utilize flexible staffing solutions. As an HR professional, you need to be familiar with the various employment options that are available. Which option best describes an independent contractor?

A mediator is hired for a special project requiring distributor negotiations

There are several steps that take place before a bill is turned into law by the US Congress. Which of the following steps are performed directly after the bill is numbered, referred to a committee, and examined by a committee. (Choose two)

A subcommittee makes necessary amendments and recommends the bill to a full committee A subcommittee listens to the views of experts, officials, supporters, and opponents of the bill

What are some actions you would take when implementing an affirmative action plan? (Choose four)

Addressing obstacles to achieving placements Outlining internal audit and reporting systems Providing details on placement problems Establishing objectives to increase minority representation

You work as an HR professional in a software development company. Over the past two years, the employee turnover of mid-level programmers has increased considerably, which had a negative impact on productivity and client relations. What should you do to improve staff retention?

Align compensation based on what other successful software companies are doing for similar positions

Which efforts help promote inclusion and diversity within the organization? (Choose two)

An HR team carries out annual monitoring and diversity audits at a company A company encourages its employees to call each other out on any personal biases that affect strategic thinking

As an HR professional in a large metal manufacturing organization, you must apply your knowledge in choosing the right benefits program for employees. The workforce is comprised primarily of low-wage production line workers who build and assemble machine parts. Many of them come from poor backgrounds with a history of emotional and mental issues. Another important consideration is that workplace injuries occur fairly frequently, since most employees operate dangerous machinery. Which benefits program is most suitable for supporting the psychological wellbeing of employees?

An employee assistance program

As an HR professional, you need to be aware of what constitutes an employment contract. Which example best describes an implied contract?

An employee handbook states the only reason the company fires employees is for misconduct

As HR manager of a software company, you have been tasked with developing a strategic compensation plan for the business. You're busy with the third step of the process, which involves forecasting the compensation market. Which activities should you perform? (Choose three)

Analyze current pay rates and business strategies Complete a cross-impact analysis to assess the impact of interacting trends on the compensation strategy Conduct pay surveys to gather data for evaluating and ranking job positions

You're a newly hired HR professional tasked with creating an employee handbook for a computer software developing company. When you submit the first draft, your supervisor asks to discuss some problems with the handbook. Specifically, he's concerned about a particular part of the disclaimer, which reads: "While you're employed at will and you or the Company may terminate employment at any time and for any reason, every reasonable effort will be made to retain Company employees." In writing the employee handbook, which legal consideration wasn't applied in this instance?

Appropriate language

What are some of the key legal considerations associated with employee handbooks? (Choose three)

Appropriate language Controlled distribution Effective disclaimers

Which standardized test is described by the following statement: You assess how quickly a candidate is able to learn the fundamentals of a new programming language.

Aptitude

To hire the appropriate individual to fill a role, you need to identify the knowledge and skills needed to perform the job effectively. How can you perform a job analysis? (Choose three)

Ask managers to complete an open-ended questionnaire related to the position Observe existing employees who are performing the same job function and record your findings Ask employees to maintain a diary to track their day-to-day work activities

You are the HR manager of a startup clothing retailer. Business is booming and the company is looking to expand its product range and open several new stores. However, your human capital is limited and taking this step will require professional growth and development at the management level. To discuss how best this can be achieved, you consult the financial advisor, retail manager, and business owner. What is the best approach for determining the professional requirements for your business growth?

Benchmarking with larger retail companies to understand what skills and qualifications their leaders have

Corporate governance involves the relationship between a corporation's stakeholders. Which key stakeholder represents the shareholders' interests?

Board of directors

As a result of recent pay-related disputes, you've been put in charge of classifying jobs according to their relative value to the company. To do this, you'll need to choose a suitable job evaluation method to help develop an equitable compensation system. Which job evaluation method uses objectively-based job descriptors help group jobs based on shared characteristics?

Classification

Your company is considering taking on a large project. While it offers exciting new opportunities for growth, there is also the risk that the current workforce won't meet the tight deadline. Which risk response serves the business's best interests?

Commit to the project and hire additional staff on short-term contracts

The pay structure establishes the base salary and salary range for all roles in an organization. Which pay structure compares an employee base pay to the midpoint of the pay range?

Compa-ratio

Risk is the potential that negative events will lead to an unwanted outcome. Wrongful termination is an example from which risk category?

Compliance risks

You are an HR professional at an accounting firm. The finance department at your firm handles 230 employees over the period of a year. During that period, 29 employees left the company, including one from the finance department. A payroll officer has been enlisted for the finance department, but after three months it's evident the workload is too much. The finance department manager has requested the hire of two new payroll assistants. As part of the recruiting process, you want to review company's strategic plan in context of demographic shifts in the accounting industry and within the company. What tool would you use to collect the data for analyze shifting demographics?

Conduct a PEST audit

Which example represents Skinner's Behavioral Reinforcement Theory?

Conduct is fueled by its consequences, so management can control future behavior by using various reactions to current behavior

Which succession planning strategy should you use to ensure that employees gain enough expertise to immediately fill key positions once they become available?

Conduct ongoing training for potential vacant positions

There are several regulations related to benefits that HR professionals should be familiar with. Which federal benefits regulation provides employees who have lost benefits with continuation of their group health plan?

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)

Consider a scenario in which an employee reports the company's corrupt CFO for fraud, gets demoted as a result, and is then forced to quit. Which employment rights doctrine is applicable in this instance?

Constructive discharge

It's not uncommon for employees or unions to pursue legal action against their employers in a process known as litigation. And as you may know, HR professionals perform a number of tasks during each of the first four steps in the employment litigation process. Of the steps in this process, the first is notification. Which role does HR perform during this step?

Consult with the company's legal counsel

You work as an HR professional in an agricultural organization. The company has come under pressure due to a severe drought and is in the process of developing next year's labor budget. Which accounting practices are best suited to working within a tight budget? (Choose two)

Continually auditing expenditures in areas such as policy compliance and administrative duties Making personnel decisions based on a prescribed budget

You're creating a detailed job description for a new trainee position. To do this, you need to understand what tasks the job will involve and the skills they will require. Which are steps in the task process analysis? (Choose three)

Create a task flowchart detailing each step and decision point Ask employees to complete a job-analysis form Observe employees to see what tasks they perform

Which of the following actions relate to an organization's responsibilities? (Choose two)

Creating products or services and delivering them to customers Receiving and managing customer work or service orders

As an HR professional, you will often conduct various tests to help map the type of resources an organization will need to meet business needs now, as well as in the future. What types of internal workforce assessments can you use to do this? (Choose three)

Demand analysis Supply analysis Gap analysis

As an HR professional in a large metal manufacturing organization, you must apply your knowledge in choosing the right benefits program for employees. The workforce is comprised primarily of low-wage production line workers who build and assemble machine parts. Many of them come from poor backgrounds with a history of emotional and mental issues. Another important consideration is that workplace injuries occur fairly frequently, since most employees operate dangerous machinery. Which benefits program is offers the best coverage for workplace injuries?

Disability insurance

Due to a recent economic downturn, a manufacturing company is experiencing a sharp reduction in sales. Management decides to sell off a branch of the company to recoup its losses. To help sustain the remaining business arms, the company decides to open a smaller branch in another country, where labor costs are cheaper. The company sends a lawyer to the new location to determine if such a move is viable. Which technique has been used to resolve the company's dilemma?

Divesting a business

You're concerned because a substantial number of employees left your company voluntarily this past year, including several high-performing employees. You'd like to assess the impact of employee relations programs at the company using turnover rate as a metric. How can you do this?

Divide the number of employees who exited the company during the year, by the average number of employees during the year, and then multiplying that amount by 100

As an HR professional, you're responsible for developing a mentoring program to support the professional development of employees. Which are characteristics of an effective mentoring program? (Choose four)

Effective coordination Effective assessments Trained mentors and matched participants Support from leaders

An IT company is seeking the services of a Java developer who has at least 20 years of experience. The candidate should have knowledge of team management and be familiar with the expected work demands in terms of working hours and travel. Current employees are from a range of diverse cultures and background, which contributes to the company's unique organizational culture. The company would prefer a senior candidate who has the ability to mentor junior employees who are inexperienced in management. In your search for the ideal candidate, you use various techniques. For instance, you advertise on Facebook and LinkedIn. You also ask employees if they know people who fit these precise requirements. What sourcing method is the best, in this instance, to identify suitable candidates?

Employee referrals

Which is an example of a focus group when assessing employee relations in organizations?

Employees are chosen to represent the organization's diversity

You are conducting succession planning, focusing on a period of one to three years into the future. What information should you base your planning on?

Employees with potential to tackle cross-functional tasks

Having struggled to connect with its intended target audience, and gain a competitive advantage, your company meets with a marketing expert to find out what could be going wrong. They suggest that you rethink what the organizational branding reflects about the company. Which of the following statements describe the purpose of organizational branding? (Choose two)

Establishes a unique company identity that consumers can easily recognize Brings together an organization's purpose, values, and strengths

You can use various techniques to ensure that the right knowledge, skills, and abilities can be drawn on when needed to meet key organizational objectives. What are the main types of analysis you can perform to assess the internal workforce? (Choose three)

Evaluate the human capital requirement needed to address future organizational objectives Examine the movement of staff within the company to determine current organizational needs Compare current and future needs to determine limitations

Good onboarding programs provide employees with a better understanding of the organization, and foster a sense of belonging. As an HR professional, it's your responsibility to help coordinate onboarding activities. What steps can you take to ensure effective employee onboarding programs? (Choose four)

Extend activities over a long period of time Ensure a two-way flow of information Include a general introduction to the organization Involve multiple staff members

An IT company is seeking the services of a Java developer who has at least 20 years of experience. The candidate should have knowledge of team management and be familiar with the expected work demands in terms of working hours and travel. Current employees are from a range of diverse cultures and background, which contributes to the company's unique organizational culture. The company would prefer a senior candidate who has the ability to mentor junior employees who are inexperienced in management. In your search for the ideal candidate, you use various techniques. For instance, you advertise on Facebook and LinkedIn. You also ask employees if they know people who fit these precise requirements. Which type of recruiting method is best, in this instance?

External recruiting

You've been asked to review your organization's compensation system to ensure it supports organizational objectives. You'll need to evaluate each job in terms of its relative value to the organization. Which method is used to rank and map jobs to dollar values?

Factor comparison

Employees at a small company are grouped either in the operations, sales, marketing, human resources, or IT department. What type of organizational structure does this company use?

Functional

Tracking and reporting compensation policies and programs is important to help control costs. Which accounting practices should you follow for tracking and reporting purposes? (Choose two)

Have managers make adjustments to stay within budget Monitor expenditures continually

Which strategies can organizations use to build positive employee relations? (Choose four)

High employee involvement Meaningful employee reward programs Continuous communication Cooperative employee-management connections

The inability of a business to continue operating in the case of an unexpected event or disaster, is a risk that organizations must mitigate by developing business continuity and disaster recovery plans. What does a disaster recovery plan set out to achieve? (Choose two)

Identify backups for recovering vitally important data Identify and recover IT-based storage systems

The ADDIE (Assessment, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) training development model helps ensure that employee training activities and strategies align with and complement organizational goals. Which steps are involved in the design phase? (Choose four)

Identify necessary content Determine training objectives Identify the target audience Choose an instructional designer

You need a good understanding of the current market situation and talent pool availability in order to implement effective workforce planning. What should you consider when examining the labor market? (Choose four)

If new competitors are entering the market The number of new graduates joining the workforce in the next year The current employment and unemployment rate in the area and industry The current rate of compensation, based on skills and region

A female employee has laid a claim of negligent retention after being sexually assaulted by a supervisor at an office party. The offender was known to have previously made unwelcome sexual advances towards two other female employees. However, the incidents were considered to be misunderstandings and never officially documented. What actions should have been taken to avoid negligent retention in this case? (Choose three)

Initiate a progressive discipline process after the second incident Document the issues in the supervisor's evaluations Acknowledge the inappropriate behavior promptly with the supervisor

Mary, a recent psychology graduate, has been offered a counsellor's position at a school. She's apprehensive about accepting the offer because she has limited experience and doesn't know if she can handle the pressures of the job. She explores other opportunities but realizes that she loves helping children and that she could make a difference in their lives, so she accepts the offer. Which stages in career development does Mary apply? (Choose four)

Investigation Assessment Commitment Preparation

Senior management at a relatively new financial institution is in the process of expanding the amount of employee data available for analysis. The overall intention is to gain valuable insight from employees on a range of subjects as efficiently and quickly as possible to gauge the extent of employees' job satisfaction during a six-month review period. What method should HR use to collect this data under the circumstances?

Issue a series of employee surveys or questionnaires

Training delivery methods can be categorized as either traditional, technology-driven, on-the job, or blended learning. Which of the following is an example of self-directed training?

Maria relies on a set of workbooks and job aids

Which statement best describes content validity?

Measures how effectively the selection tool's subject matter describes the knowledge and expertise needed to do a specific job

Which roles do performance improvement plans play in helping managers to address employee performance problems? (Choose four)

Monitor and review the employee's progress Specify consequences if performance isn't improved Identify the performance to improve and set clear expectations for the desired performance Identify the support needed to correct performance

Patent infringement is using or copying inventions without the inventor's permission. Which are examples of direct patent infringement? (Choose two)

Morgan copies a patented trailer hitch and starts a company to manufacture the hitch Scott adapts a patented graphic design so the image is still recognizable but adds his own twist

The Occupational Safety and Health Act was designed to be extremely comprehensive, and it's crucial to know when it applies. Consider an example. While performing routine maintenance on a boiler at a farm, the farmer's son is severely injured when a gas line catches fire as he enters the area where welding is being done. Is this scenario covered under the OSH Act, and why?

No, if only immediate members of the employer's family are employed on the farm

HR professionals can utilize qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. Which types are examples of qualitative analysis?

Observations Interviews

Identify the key standards under the OSHA. (Choose four)

Occupational noise exposure may not exceed 90 decibels for more than eight hours Emergency exits or additional exits must be provided Personal protective equipment must be provided and hazardous energy must be controlled Process safety management needs to be in place to prevent injury from handling chemicals

Training new employees takes time and weakens productivity. As an HR professional, it's your responsibility to ensure that employees are satisfied and remain with the company for a long as it suits both parties. What are some examples of effective retention strategies? (Choose three)

Offer a competitive benefits package that includes health care and life insurance Allow flextime and telecommuting to provide a healthier work/life balance Make improvements based on information gathered from stay interviews

You work for an electronics company that is struggling to maintain its edge in the market. Your competitors are adapting better to changing technologies and offering more innovative products. What techniques can you use to increase creativity and innovation in the workplace? (Choose three)

Offer challenging but flexible jobs Establish a company culture that values problem solving Implement a performance-based rewards program

Suppose an employee, Shannon, has been employed at your company for three years, during which time Shannon's performance appraisals - which form part of the company's performance management process - confirm her standard of performance has consistently been more than acceptable. Which performance management outcome is appropriate in this scenario?

Offer the employee an opportunity for promotion

Organizations offer various types of benefits programs to their employees. What example describes an employee assistance program?

Offers might include legal support or financial advice

What are some features of corporate restructuring? (Choose four)

Often involves changes to a company's debt-servicing schedule Helps an organization adjust to current economic conditions Redefines job requirements and expectations of employees Moves from a top-down hierarchical structure, to a flatter organizational structure

An employer decides to include several employees nearing retirement age in an impending layoff, reasoning that they don't have many years left at the company anyway. Which federal law prevents employers from discriminating against employees in this manner?

Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA)

As part of your organization's human resource development program, you're planning a list of activities for the sales team. It's important that they take away key skills and competencies to help them deal with future job demands. To best ensure this, you need to be familiar with a selection of theories on how to motivate adult learners. Which example represents the McGregor's Theory X of Theory Y motivation theory?

One type of manager believes that people are motivated by basic needs, where others assume people are competitive

You want to implement a pay system in your company's R&D department based on the level of skill and knowledge of employees. Which base-pay system should you use?

Person-based

When HR professionals understand risk they're better able to develop business continuity and disaster recovery plans. These plans also go hand-in-hand with clear health and safety policies, security procedures, and risk mitigation insurance. What are the elements of a business continuity plan? (Choose four)

Plan development Recovery strategies Business impact analysis Testing and exercises

You want use compensable factors, such as skill and working conditions, to evaluate the relative value of a job. Which evaluation method should you use?

Point factor method

You are conducting PEST analysis to determine the impact of trade restrictions on the organization. Which PEST factor should you focus on?

Political

Liability insurance allows organizations to transfer risk to the insurer at a premium and usually covers both legal costs and any legal payouts if the organization is found liable. Consider the example of a mining company whose share price keeps plummeting. Shareholders are bringing a class action suit against the directors, claiming they knew about seismic activity in the region and failed to inform investors about potentially unsafe working conditions at the mine. Which liability insurance applies in this situation?

Professional liability insurance

You work as an HR manager in a construction business. In an effort to bring the company up-to-date with shifting industry regulations, senior executives have made changes to its corporate policies and contract agreements. Which of the following are key elements of corporate governance? (Choose two)

Protection of whistleblowers Independence of auditors

Employees should be educated on when drug tests can be performed and the consequences. Consider a scenario in which an employee displays erratic and threatening behavior towards a line manager. The line manager then escalates the issue to HR, after which the employee is asked to take a drug test. For what reason has a drug test lawfully been issued in this instance?

Reasonable suspicion and cause

What are some features of an applicant tracking system? (Choose three)

Records information about each applicants' gender and race Helps streamline the recruitment, selection, and hiring processes Helps companies easily locate applicants who match specified job criteria

You work for a relatively young company in the e-commerce industry that is looking to increase its market share. What are the best ways to evaluate and improve your business practices? (Choose two)

Research e-commerce publications and trade journals Benchmark your business processes against top competitors who yield the best results

Poor retention strategies lead to high employee turnover that's costly to a company. What strategies should you implement to ensure high retention rates? (Choose four)

Respect all employees regardless of position Clearly communicate expectations and responsibilities to employees Treat all employees in a fair and equitable manner Provide personal development opportunities to help employees advance

There are a number of legislations related to benefits that HR professionals should be well informed about. Which benefits legislation protects an employee that reports suspected unethical and illegal activities within his department?

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), 2002

You're interviewing candidates for the position of an account executive. Due to the number of qualified individuals, you decide that the best way to shortlist candidates is to ask each person a standard set of questions. During an interview, the candidate's answers lead you to ask questions that probe further into his background and past work experience. Which interview style best describes this situation?

Semi-structured

To combine a number of different systems and help make the management of human resources easier, your organization has rolled out a Human Resource Management System (HRIS). Which functions are typically performed by an HRIS? (Choose three)

Storing data related to employee productivity Automating payroll and accounting activities Identifying required employee skills and experiences

A company's compensation strategy determines how it will attract, keep, and encourage its employees, and demonstrate its core objectives, in a cost-effective way. Which steps are involved in the strategic compensation process? (Choose three)

Strategically evaluate the compensable factors relevant to the business strategy Consider the requirements of the business strategy Analyze current pay rates and business strategies

A risk management process is the method an organization chooses to address negative events to avoid unwanted outcomes. Which is the third step in the risk management process?

System development

Sometimes, despite an organization's best efforts to comply with various employment and labor legislation, an employee may file a discrimination complaint. What is the second step of the EEOC complaint process?

The EEOC notifies the employer that a complaint has been filed

An employee does not want to provide survivor benefits to his spouse in the event of his death. Identify the benefit regulation that applies.

The Retirement Equity Act (REA) of 1984

There are a number of steps involved in getting a bill through the US Congress and passed into law. Which of the following steps occur before a subcommittee studies the bill and conducts hearings? (Choose two)

The bill is numbered and referred to a committee A committee examines the bill and determines its chances of passage

You are an HR professional at an accounting firm. The finance department at your firm handles 230 employees over the period of a year. During that period, 29 employees left the company, including one from the finance department. A payroll officer has been enlisted for the finance department, but after three months it's evident the workload is too much. The finance department manager has requested the hire of two new payroll assistants. As part of the recruiting process, you want to review company's strategic plan in context of demographic shifts in the accounting industry and within the company. What data should you include when calculating the cost per hire to fill the payroll assistant positions?

The cost of referral agencies, advertising, and travel

As you may know, employers are required by law to ask an employee to complete an I-9 form within three days of being hired to verify the employee's identity and right to work in the US. However, some pre-employment records also need to be retained for a period of three years. Identify four pre-employment record types that HR should retain. (Choose four)

The employee's application for employment along with their résumé A copy of records associated with an employee having been demoted, promoted, transferred or terminated Any records pertaining to a request by the employee for reasonable accommodations Notes taken during the applicant's job interview

As an HR professional, you should be familiar with the methods used to regulate employee compensation and benefits. One such method is benchmarking. Identify the most accurate definition of benchmarking.

The practice of comparing job salaries and benefits against similar jobs in the industry

VUCA refers to unclear, chaotic situations in which an organization faces information gaps and unpredictable results. Which of the following is an example of volatility?

There are uncontrollable market fluctuations

HR professionals are required to be knowledgeable about the regulations related to benefits. Which benefit regulation imposes a 20% federal income tax withholding requirement on retirement plan proceeds?

Unemployment Compensation Amendments (UCA), 1992

Controlling costs is an important aspect in accounting practices related to compensation and benefits. What accounting practices should HR professionals use for tracking and reporting on compensation policies and programs? (Choose two)

Upper management sets budget expectations Departments are monitored to ensure policy compliance

The Copyright Act is a law that governs the use of content and intellectual property. Which scenarios infringe on the Copyright Act? (Choose two)

Valerie creates a marketing brochure for personal hygiene products and appends a registered white paper on the impact of poor personal hygiene without consent. Kate develops an employee performance rating system specifically for her organization. When she leaves the company, she makes use of this system in her new job.

What key organizational strategy element can best be described as where an organization wants to be?

Vision

Your employer offers several benefits and compensation programs, in which hundreds of employees are enrolled. Despite being at the company for some years, most employees have very little knowledge about what these programs entail. What information should you make employees aware of regarding the company's benefits and compensation programs? (Choose four.)

What happens to employee benefits upon termination of employment How the employer notifies employees about changes to a benefit When payouts contain employer and employee contributions The proportion the employer pays toward benefits

As an HR professional in a large metal manufacturing organization, you must apply your knowledge in choosing the right benefits program for employees. The workforce is comprised primarily of low-wage production line workers who build and assemble machine parts. Many of them come from poor backgrounds with a history of emotional and mental issues. Another important consideration is that workplace injuries occur fairly frequently, since most employees operate dangerous machinery. Under ERISA, what communications requirement must you follow in relation to employees' benefits and compensation programs?

Whether employees can adjust the benefits during the year

In the event of a strategic plan being implemented, what is an important consideration for HR?

Whether employees possess the skillset to execute the planned activities

You can implement various selection techniques to ensure that the best candidate fills a position. Which option is an example of a situational interview?

You ask the candidate to describe how he would deal with an irate stakeholder

Which example describes the calculation for the cost per hire?

You calculate the sum of advertising and recruiting agent expenses, plus the referral compensation, divided by the number of people employed over a given period.

Outsourcing is where work responsibilities are delegated to external or third-party vendors that have no relationship to the company. Which option is an example of onshoring?

You outsource a public relations event for a new product to a company located in the same town