APHUG UNIT 4 TEST

Territoriality

the perceived connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

Race

the physical differences between groups of people, especially their skin color

Balkanization

the process of a country breaking into smaller pieces that are hostile to each other

Electoral college

the system used in American presidential elections that assigns a number of votes to states by population. It encourages candidates to not only focus on populated areas

Supranationalism

two or more countries joining together for a common puporse such as economics or defense

Terrorism

using violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims

Theocracy

when a country is ruled by religious leaders

Democratization

when a government makes changes to give all citizens have a greater voice in the country

Colonialism

when a more powerful country acquires full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Balance of power

when competing forces (or countries) come to a level where no single one is strong enough to dominate the others

Imperialism

when one country dominates colonies far from their home country and often imposes their culture on them

The cultural composition of the Philippines and its constituent islands affects the political stability of the country. Which of the following patterns is best explained by the data in the tables?

A concentration of the majority of the country's Muslim population on one island, leading to ethnic separatism

Monarchy

A country ruled by a king or queen

Which of the following technological examples is best used to compare the effects of local-scale and global-scale political challenges to state sovereignty?

Cell phone use weakening corrupt governments

Which of the following statements accurately compares the processes of devolution and supranationalism that challenge the sovereignty of Canada?

Centrifugal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico challenges the Canadian government's independence on a national level.

South Sudan gained its independence in 2011, reshaping the boundaries of Sudan. Which of the following best explains the implications of the shaded area shown on the map in Darfur?

Darfur is a region of ethnic difference and political instability where devolution is likely.

The geopolitical setting of which of the following countries can be explained by its membership in the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War and its location along the European shatterbelt?

bulgaria

In locations such as the Caribbean Sea, international borders between island states are determined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. These maritime boundaries can best be described as

superimposed borders

Sovereignty

the ability of a country to govern itself without outside influence

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group

Ethnonationalism

the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political, economic, and social affairs

Maritime boundary

the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them

Self determination

the idea that nations should rule themselves instead of being controlled by others

Which of the following describes a unitary state?

A state in which government decisions are made at the national level and applied uniformly across the state

Which of the following features is a common characteristic of unitary states?

A strong central capital

Despite the rise of supranationalism in Europe from 1955 to 1993, the number of independent political entities increased. Based on a comparison of the two maps shown, which of the following processes occurred in Europe during that time period?

Devolution of large states into smaller nation-states

In 1993 Belgium divided much of its internal government into three semiautonomous regions. Based on the data shown in the map, which of the following best explains the political divisions within Belgium?

Divisions are based on language, providing ethnic groups some self-governance and preserving Belgium as a federal state.

Which of the following best explains the primary function of international political boundaries?

Boundaries limit sovereignty and determine the extent of a state's power within the global political system.

Local and regional autonomous governments and a separatist militia group have been established within the Basque region shown on the map. How do these local and regional governments compare with the national governments of Spain and France?

Local and regional governments create the potential for conflict and act as a centrifugal force within the larger independent states.

Based on the map data, which of the following best explains a factor that has led to ethnic separatism in Belgium?

Many who speak Flemish as their first language also speak French, but few people who speak French as their first language also speak Flemish.

FALKLAND ISLANDS United Kingdom Name: Falkland Islands Distance to the United Kingdom: 6,250 nautical miles Dates of Control: 1765-1767, 1771-1774, 1833-1982, 1982 to present Argentina Name: Islas Malvinas Distance to Argentina: 182 nautical miles Dates of Control: 1770-1881 (as Spanish Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata), 1829-1831 (Argentina, onward), 1832-1833, three months in 1982 Source: Britannica.com The Falkland Islands War took place in 1982 between Argentina and Great Britain, when Argentina's military invaded the small British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. British forces reclaimed the islands after a short war. Using the information shown, which of the following geographic principles explains the conflict in the Falkland Islands?

Overlapping claims of sovereignty

Which of the following best explains why the countries shown in the table experienced increases in economic productivity?

Self-determination following decline of communism and admission as member states to the European Union

The map shows the world's newest country, South Sudan, formerly part of Sudan, and the Islamic region of Darfur, which is seeking some level of political autonomy within Sudan. In comparison with the east-west divide between Darfur and the rest of Sudan, which of the following centrifugal forces led South Sudan to seek independence from Sudan?

Sudan and South Sudan's border is a transition zone between Africa's Islamic northern region and the Christian and animist regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

Some communities along the internal border between Flanders and Wallonia are required by Belgian federal law to have bilingual local governments, with road signs and government publications in Flemish and French. Some nearby communities refuse to permit a census of language users because they are concerned that the results will trigger federal requirements for a bilingual local government. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the efforts to preserve a single official language in such communities?

Territoriality, because communities are expressing power and political control over the landscape.

The photograph shows guards at the Truce Village of Panmunjom within the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that divides the Korea Peninsula into North Korea and South Korea. The DMZ border was agreed upon as part of Korean Armistice Agreement at the end of the Korean War in 1953. Which of the following best explains the effect of the DMZ on the Korean Peninsula as a culture region?

The Korean people are divided into a multistate nation that has a common heritage and ethnicity.

The map shows the Taiwan Strait. Which of the following best explains the global geopolitical significance of the Taiwan Strait?

The Taiwan Strait is a militarily strategic chokepoint that China and Taiwan claim as territory.

The population counts shown in the table would most likely be used for which of the following purposes?

The reapportionment and redistricting of the of the United States House of Representatives that occurs every 10 years

Which of the following statements is helpful in explaining why Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are able to assert some control over the export of oil from the Persian Gulf oil-production region?

Their location along the choke point of the Strait of Hormuz allows them to influence ship movement into and out of the Persian Gulf.

Neocolonialism

gaining indirect control of another country through economic or cultural pressures (as opposed to colonisalism which generally used military power)

Which of the following types of political boundaries best describe the border between the United States and Canada?

geometric

Which of the following is the best example of centrifugal forces operating at the local scale as compared to the national or international scale?

Uneven development

Which of the following describes a typical spatial relationship between federal and unitary states?

Unitary states tend to be smaller than federal states.

Which of the following identifies the scale of governance that would be most affected by an individual local voter in Purcellville?

Virginia House of Delegates

Subsequent boundary

a border drawn after an area is settled

Antecedent boundary

a border that has divided people since before history was written

Geometric boundary

a border that is a straight line and drawn without taking into account the physical and cultural features of the land

Boundary

a border that separates administrative units such as countries or provinces

Superimposed boundary

a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns

State

a country that has sovereignty (not what we think of in the United States!)

Multinational state

a country that has substantial amounts of more than one ethnicity

Failed state

a country where the government has become so weak it has lost control and can no longer provide basic government functions

Federal

a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are also strong so the share power

unitary state

a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are weak

Nation-state

a country where the vast majority of the people are of the same ethnicity (nationality)

Centripetal force

a cultural trait that adds to the unity of a country

Centrifugal forces

a cultural trait that divides people within a country

Democracy

a form of government in which the ultimate power rests with the people

Relic boundary

a former border between countries that can still be detected on the cultural landscape

Residents of Maryland's Third District could legally challenge the redistricting of the area shown on the map because they identify it as being

a gerrymandered boundary that guarantees a political party's seat within the United States House of Representatives

Separatist movement

a group advocating for independence for a nation inside a state

Ethnicity

a group of people (often of the same race) who have a shared culture; the cultural component of race

Apartheid

a harsh system of racial segregation enforced in South Africa from 1948 - 1994

Irredentism

a movement to reclaim land by a group who feels they have a claim on that land

Multistate nation

a nation that controls at least one country but that a substantial portion of that group lives in an adjacent country

Devolution

a national government allowing a regional government to more power to self govern

Stateless nation

a nationality that does not have a country and isn't the majority in any country which implies that they "should" have a country

Ghetto

a neighborhood where an ethic minority is forced to live by law or circumstances

Ethnic cleansing

a powerful ethnic group pushing aside a weaker one to create an area with only their ethnicity, can lead to genocide

Shatterbelt

a region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, often fragmented by aggressive rivals

The area shown with the dark shading is best identified as

a stateless nation

Chokepoint

a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

Republic

a system of government that places the power on the people through their elected leaders and which the executive is elected, not a monarch

Consequent boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that tries to divide the existing groups of people between two countries

Nation

a very cohesive ethnicity - the distinction between the two is not clear

Frontier

a zone (instead of a traditional line) that separates two states with neither state having control

Semiautonomous region

an area inside of a country that has some power to control itself more than other areas in the country

Autonomous region

an area of a country that has degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority.

Demilitarized zone

an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed.

The political boundaries of North Africa and the Middle East can best be described as the product of which of the following processes?

imperialism

Redistricting

in the United States, after each census redrawing voting districts due to population changes

Which of the following identifies the primary building blocks of the world political map shown?

independent states

Nationalism

loyalty to a nation even over allegiance to country, often seen as patriotism taken to an extreme

Based on the information shown in the map, Nigeria can be identified as a

multinational state

Independence movement

people that are trying to gain political independence for some area that they think should be its own country

Gerrymandering

redrawing voting district boundaries to benefit one political party over another