APK3100C Exam 1 Ch.3

mitochondria (i.e., electron transport chain) in a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

Aerobic production of ATP occurs in the: cytoplasm mitochondria in a process called glycolysis mitochondria in a process called beta oxidation mitochondria (i.e., electron transport chain) in a process called oxidative phosphorylation

cytochrome oxidase.

A ratelimiting enzyme in the aerobic synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria is: myosin ATPase phosphofructokinase cytochrome oxidase ATP synthase

increasing enzyme activity

Body temperature increases slightly during exercise. This would have the effect of: denaturing enzymes decreasing enzyme activity none of these increasing enzyme activity

a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place.

By definition, an endergonic reaction is: -a chemical reaction that gives off energy -a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place -a chemical reaction that results in products containing less free energy than the original reactants -an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction

Coupled reactions are defined as: A. reactions that are linked together via the same enzyme. B. reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction. C. reactions that are not directly linked together but are related to the same enzyme. D. reactions that are linked via common substrates.

2.5 ATP

Each pair of electrons passed through the electron transport chain from NADH to oxygen releases enough energy to form: 10 ATP 5 ATP 1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP

Myocardial Infarction

Elevated blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase may assist in the diagnosis of which medical condition?

lowering the energy of activation

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by: pulling two substrates together lowering the energy of activation binding to a substrate and producing energy binding to a substrate and releasing protons

triglycerides

Fats that are stored in muscle and adipose tissue that play an important role as an energy substrate are: lipoproteins cholesterol triglycerides phospholipids

3

If muscle glycogen is the initial substrate, ____________ ATP can be produced via glycolysis. 3 32 33 2

anaerobic energy production

In general, the higher the intensity of the activity, the greater the contribution of: aerobic energy production anaerobic energy production the electron transport chain to the production of ATP the Krebs cycle to the production of ATP

Glycogen

Stored polysaccharides in muscle and other tissues in animals are called: cellulose fructose glucose glycogen

False

T/F: In order to be oxidized for the eventual formation of ATP, amino acids must first be broken down into proteins.

false

T/F: Once pyruvic acid has been converted to lactic acid, it cannot be turned back into pyruvic acid.

ATP

The accumulation of _________ would slow glycolysis by inhibiting its rate limiting enzyme.

it accounts for the fact that an additional H+ is required to move ATP into the cytoplasm.

The actual ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose is different from the theoretical yield because: A. the net production of ATP is higher than previously thought. B. it accounts for the fact that an additional H+ is required to move ATP into the cytoplasm. C. it eliminates the ATP derived from NADH and FADH2. D. of all of these.

ADP concentration in the cytoplasm

The breakdown of creatine phosphate is regulated by:

34% Efficiency of Respiration = (32 moles ATP/ mole glucose x 7.3kcal/mole ATP)/ (686 kcal/mole glucose) x 100% = 34%

The calculated efficiency for aerobic respiration is approximately: 0% 100% 66% 34%

4 kcal/g

The caloric (kcal) yield of one gram of protein is: 4kcal/g the same as that of one gram of fat 7 kcal/g 9kcal/g

both of these

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate requires: A. the enzyme LDH. B. NADH + H+. C. both of these. D. neither of these.

Creatine Kinase

The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the immediate energy system is: creatine kinase adenylate cyclase myosin ATPase lactate dehydrogenase

best described by the lock and key model

The enzyme-substrate complex is: not influenced by pH best described by the lock and key model a terminal point for both the enzyme and substrate (neither can be reused) more likely to occur in a 20 degrees C environment than a 40 degrees C one

cannot be created or destroyed

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy: cannot be created nor destroyed cannot be stored transformations result in an increase in entropy cannot be converted into other forms

ATP

The most important high-energy phosphate compound in the muscle cell is:

phosphofructokinase

The most important rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is: phosphofructokinase lactate dehydrogenase hexokinase pyruvate kinase

complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form NADH and FADH).

The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to: A. complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form NADH and FADH). B. produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. C. prime glycolysis for the production of ATP. D. produce H2O and ATP.

complete the oxidation of foodstuffs using NAD and FAD as hydrogen (electron) carriers.

The primary purpose of the Krebs cycle is to: A. complete the oxidation of foodstuffs using NAD and FAD as hydrogen (electron) carriers. B. catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP from creatine phosphate. C. oxidize foodstuffs and transfer those electrons to pyruvic acid. D. consume lactate.

isocitrate dehydrogenase

The rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is: cytochrome oxidase hexokinase succinate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase

greater

The shorter the activity, the ____________ the contribution of anaerobic energy sources. lesser greater

32 ATP

The total ATP production via aerobic breakdown of glucose is: 39 ATP 38 ATP 36 ATP 32 ATP

NAD and FAD

The two most important hydrogen (electron) carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are: NAD and LDH FAD and ATP NAD and FAD NAD and ATP

enzymes that catalyze reactions in which the cleavage of bonds is accomplished by adding water.

Which of the following definitions describes the function of the "hydrolase" category of enzymes? A. enzymes that catalyze reactions that result in the rearrangement of the structure of molecules B. enzymes that catalyze reactions in which groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or are added to an existing double bond C. enzymes that catalyze reactions in which the cleavage of bonds is accomplished by adding water D. enzymes that catalyze the transfer of elements from one molecule to another

The electrons passed down the chain will eventually be used to help form water.

Which of the following is true concerning the electron transport chain? A. The associated oxidation and reduction reactions provide the energy needed to pump H+ ions into the mitochondrial matrix B. The flow of H+ ions from the inter-membrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix powers the (aerobic) production of ADP C. The electrons passed down the chain will eventually be used to help form water D. The end result of the electron transport chain is the formation of oxygen

glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvic acid or lactic acid

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct? glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvic acid or lactic acid glycolysis doesn't produce any ATP glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix glycolysis can start with glucose of fatty acids