APK3400 quizzes

The average elite athletic career lasts around _____________ years. 10 15 25 20

20

conducted influential research and applied sport psychology work for the Soviet Union that has only recently been "discovered" by western academic institutions.

Avksenty Puni

was fundamental in establishment of International Society of Sport Psychology.

Ferruccio Antonnicci

was influential in establishing sport psychology as a recognized academic field.

Franklin henry

conducted seminal research in sport psychology by studying cyclists and human performance in laboratory competition simulations.

Norman Triplett

Joe is always concerned with comparing his ability to others and to winning. Joe thus has a: Mastery goal orientation Outcome goal orientation Task goal orientation Attributional goal orientation

Outcome goal orientation

Which of the following performance situations would a low achiever be most likely to seek out? Performance environment where they have a 75% chance of success Performance environment where they have a 25% chance of success Performance environment where they have a 60% chance of success Performance environment where they have a 10% chance of success

Performance environment where they have a 75% chance of success

Your friend is an athlete seeking the services of a Sport Psychology Professional, but the athlete does not know who to turn to. The athlete tells you they've never been happier in their life, but when they are in competition something happens to them during the biggest moments of the competition and they can't seem to accomplish what they are able to do in practice. Which training background would most likely be the most appropriate for your friend? Clinical Psychology Sport Sciences - Sport Psychology specialization No Training Counseling Psychology

Sport Sciences - Sport Psychology specialization

Females are more likely to transition away from sport due to ____________ when compared to men. absence of professional options injury poor coaching relationships educational concerns

absence of professional options

In the HMIEM, individuals' motivation is predicted to elicit _______, _______, & ______ consequences at each level of motivation. affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic know, accomplish, experience stimulation

affective, cognitive, behavioral

Which of the following is not considered an effective arousal regulation strategy in sport / performance contexts? yoga meditation alcohol consumption controlled breathing

alcohol consumption

An athlete's performance issues can be caused by what kind of problems? biomechanical All answer choices are possible physiological psychological

all answer choices possible

The Modality characteristic of Imagery indicates that mental imagery can involve the __________ sense. auditory visual olfactory all are correct

all are correct

Which of the following are correct concerning summarized findings related to Need Achievement Theory? High achievers have high motive to achieve success and low motive to avoid failure. All are correct Low achievers often become preoccupied with failure thoughts. High achievers enjoy evaluating their abilities.

all are correct

Self-determination Theory (SDT) identifies three types of motivation including: _______, _______, & ______. amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic affective, cognitive, behavioral autonomy, competence, relatedness reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease global, contextual, situational know, accomplish, experience stimulation

amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic

With ___________ learning, the coach provides the athlete an example or an illustration of what the movement should be like. explicit discovery errorless analogy

analogy

According to Hardy (2009), self-talk is influenced by personal and situational __________. However the research informing this hypothesis is limited and retrospective. consequences antecedents overtness mechanisms

antecedents

Affect is a global term that includes three major components including _____, _____, and _____. arousal, emotion, mood stress, depression, physiology holistic medicine, eastern medicine, western medicine anger, sadness, joy

arousal, emotion, mood

In a laboratory setting, emotions can be systematically manipulated by presenting participants stimuli (e.g. pictures, videos, drawings) that elicit states of calmness, _______, _______, & ______. time, form, content reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) stress, emotion, mood emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness

arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness

_________ is a state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information. perception attention distractor concentration

attention

According to hypotheses of the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER), ______ is the most efficient regulatory strategy. Therefore, this strategy is the most likely to provide optimal regulation without disrupting performance in temporally constrained and unpredictable performance contexts. response modulation attentional deployment situation selection cognitive change

attentional deployment

Self-efficacy training aimed at improving performers explanations of why successes or failures occurred is self-efficacy training based on principles of __________. verbal persuasion embodied cognition social learning attribution theory

attribution theory

In the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM), the influence of Global, Contextual, and Situational factors is predicted to be mediated by individuals' perceptions of _______, _______, & ______. reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease know, accomplish, experience stimulation global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness affective, cognitive, behavioral amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic

autonomy, competence, relatedness

If a QB attends to receivers as they run routes, and simultaneously assesses the defensive backfield's coverage scheme, the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. broad-internal broad-external narrow-internal narrow-external

broad external

If a QB is considering multiple plays to call while in the huddle, and the QB is evaluating which play would be best given the defenses past schemes and the likelihood of the scheme they will use on the next play, the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. broad-internal broad-external narrow-internal narrow-external

broad internal

was a clinical psychologist and applied sport psychology professional.

bruce ogilvie

Due to the uncontrollable nature of attributing a performance outcome to Luck, such an attribution would never be completely ideal. However if a Failure outcome was attributed to a case of "bad luck," the performer's self-efficacy would likely benefit, at least short-term, because the source of the failure is likely to _________ in the future and the performer's ego would likely be _________. occur again; protected change; protected occur again; depleted change; depleted

change; protected

According to Hardy (2006), automaticity, frequency, overtness, valence, and interpretation are __________ of self-talk. sub-functions outcomes characteristics functions

characteristics

Which of the following models explicitly focuses on a coach's preconceptions (e.g. beliefs, goals, etc.) as a major factor influencing coaching behavior, athlete experiences and performance? Coaching Effectiveness Moderational Multidimensional Pursuit of Excellence

coaching effectiveness

worked as a sport psychology consultant with the Chicago Cubs in the 1930s.

coleman griffith

"A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with a standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others" is the definition of: Achievement motivation Self-esteem Self-confidence Competitiveness

competitiveness

_________ is a state of focused attention on task and is resistant to distraction from irrelevant external or internal stimuli. attention distractor perception concentration

concentration

According to Hardy (2009), self-talk elicits cognitive, motivational, performance, motor behavior, and affective __________. overtness antecedents mechanisms consequences

consequences

Irregardless of whether a performance was successful or unsuccessful, Attribution Theory asserts that all desirable attributions will possess a __________ component. measurable stable internal controllable

controllable

Several factors have been proposed to moderate the influence of stress on the risk of athletic injury including athlete personality, history of stressors, ___________, and interventions. coping resources coaching style nutrition

coping resources

Understanding of the stress and anxiety relationship with risk of athletic injury is based on _________ research. experimental correlational observational clinical

correlational

According to the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER), as the demands (e.g. time, physiological, attentional, strategic, etc.) of sport performance contexts increase, the number of beneficial emotion regulation strategies _______. decreases increases remains constant is difficult to identify

decreases

Expertise in sport performance requires ______________ to adequately develop each of the components of expert performance (e.g., physical attributes, technical skills, tactical-cognitive skills, perceptual-cognitive skills, emotional awareness, and psychological skills). deliberate practice advantaged environments innate ability luck

deliberate practice

Information delivery that relies on observational learning is known as ____________. demonstration implicit discovery verbal instruction implicit feedback

demonstration

in the cyclical perspectives of team formation, __________ is a stage that is not considered in linear perspectives and involves the end of a team. Forming Storming Disbanding Norming Performing

disbanding

With ___________ learning, athletes are given time to figure out, on their own, how to successfully perform a skill. analogy errorless explicit discovery

discovery

A _________ is an environmental stimulus that diverts attention away from performance-relevant cues. perception distractor concentration attention

distractor

was part of the modernization movement of Sport Psychology research and incorporated advanced technologies (such as EMG) into research program.

dorothy harris

Individuals' physiological stress response can be measured by heart rate (HR), _______, _______, ______, or galvanic skin response (GSR). arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness stress, emotion, mood reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning

electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG)

Self-efficacy training aimed at modifying performers' perceptions by adjusting their overt behaviors (postures, dress, expressions, etc.) is self-efficacy training based on principles of __________. social learning verbal persuasion embodied cognition attribution theory

embodied cognition

Hanin proposes that emotional experiences comprise of _______, _______, & ______. stress, emotion, mood reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion

emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion

The objectives of Psychological Skills Training include increasing enjoyment of activity, achieving greater satisfaction, and ___________. dealing with adversity getting bigger, faster, stronger enhancing performance winning at all costs

enhancing performance

With ___________ learning, a task is modified to increase the likelihood of successful performance. analogy explicit discovery errorless

errorless

With ___________ learning, the coach provides the athlete with specific, step by step instructions on how to successfully perform a skill. explicit errorless discovery analogy

explicit

The objective of stress inoculation training is to ___________________. teach people that stress is predominantly in their minds sensitize individuals to stress, increasing their ability to obtain increased arousal states help individuals obtain states of hypoxia by attenuating breathing expose individuals to increasing amounts of stress in order to enhancing their "immunity" to stress

expose individuals to increasing amounts of stress in order to enhancing their "immunity" to stress

Which of the following is a common problem when setting goals? failure to evaluate and adjust goals not setting enough goals systematically setting goals setting goals that are too specific

failure to evaluate and adjust goals

__________ roles are those explicitly dictated by an organization. Task Informal Formal Social

formal

When career transition is caused by ___________, athletes typically experience a more adaptive transition. deselection free choice injury age

free choice

According to the PETTLEP imagery model, performers should imagine completing tasks _____________. in slow motion from the 1st person perspective in the absence of emotion in a quiet, isolated room

from the 1st person perspective

The overarching principle that guides PETTLEP based imagery interventions, is that mental imagery should aim to be ______________ actual performance. functionally equivalent to safer than completed during completed prior to

functionally equivalent to

In the HMIEM, individuals' motivation is predicted to vary at _______, _______, & ______ levels. Motivation at these levels is also predicted to influence motivation in the higher and lower levels (i.e., influence the other levels). know, accomplish, experience stimulation reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic

global, contextual, situational

____________ is a mode of instruction that facilitates athlete generated solutions during skill acquisition. Explicit instruction Implicit instruction Guided discovery Prescriptive instruction

guided discovery

_________ levels of life stress substantially increase athlete risk of injury. no low moderate high

high

Eduardo enjoyed playing basketball. In his sophomore year of high school he grew 6 inches, and another 5 inches his Junior year. At 6'8" tall, his ball handling skills, along with his shooting skills caught the attention of NBA scouts. Now, he's preparing for the NBA draft after 1 year of NCAA basketball and finds himself working harder than ever to improve his game. Although he doesn't enjoy the training program he is engaging in currently, he knows it will get him one step closer to his goals to become a starter for an NBA team. Eduardo's motivation is currently regulated at the _________ level. Integrated Introjected Intrinsic Identified

identified

Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in detrimental performance outcomes? imagery scripts that systematically direct the performers attention to relevant cues during performance imagery scripts that emphasize imagining performance situations in real time imagery scripts that create a high degree of vividness imagery scripts that direct the performers attention to a multitude of environmental stimuli while they imagine executing important movements

imagery scripts that direct the performers attention to a multitude of environmental stimuli while they imagine executing important movements

____________ is a mode of instruction that facilitates rule-free skill acquisition. Prescriptive instruction Explicit instruction Implicit instruction Guided discovery

implicit instruction

Emotion regulation is defined as the processes utilized to ___________ emotions. decrease and maintain increase and maintain increase, decrease, or maintain naturally experience

increase, decrease, or maintain

As the number of people in a group increases, group productivity __________ Ceases Remains Constant Decreases Increases

increases

Stress and anxiety are proposed to increase risk of athletic injury by ___________, increasing distractibility, and physiological modifications following chronic increase in cortisol production. disrupting eating habits increasing anger increasing muscle tension decreasing practice time

increasing muscle tension

__________ roles are those that develop naturally in a team culture. Informal Task Formal Social

informal

According to Hardy (2006), the general functions of self-talk include _________ and __________. mastery; persistence instructional; motivational cognitive specific; cognitive general

instructional: motivational

According to SDT, three types of intrinsic motivation regulatory processes exist including: motivation to _______, _______, & ______. affective, cognitive, behavioral autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease global, contextual, situational know, accomplish, experience stimulation

know, accomplish, experience stimulation

Focusing on performance (as opposed to outcome goals) during competition has been shown to be associated with _____ anxiety and _____ performance. less; superior more; poorer more; superior less; poorer

less; superior

IZOF proposes that the anxiety - performance curve varies at an individual level. Hanin provides three examples of what a performance curve might look like for individuals with a _______, _______, or ______. low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning time, form, content stress, emotion, mood emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG)

low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning

Breath control works by _________ and _________. increasing CO2 in the brain; decreasing muscle coordination deregulation of blood oxygen concentrations; improving muscle contraction forces managing blood oxygen concentrations; contributing to muscle contraction/relaxation coordination decreasing CO2 in the brain; increasing muscle tension in the legs

managing blood oxygen concentrations; contributing to muscle contraction/relaxation coordination

According to Hardy (2009), self-talk several __________ are responsible for the influence that self-talk has on performance. mechanisms antecedents overtness consequences

mechanisms

The mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of goal setting includes _______. mobilizing and directing efforts towards improvement identifying the importance of winning emphasizing outcome focused goals understanding one's teammates better

mobilizing and directing efforts towards improvement

If a QB's attention is focused on 1 single receiver the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. narrow-external broad-external broad-internal narrow-internal

narrow external

If a QB is mentally rehearsing (imagining) the proper throwing motion, the QB is utilizing ___________ attention. broad-external narrow-external broad-internal narrow-internal

narrow internal

Experimental studies have shown similar activation of brain regions when participants imagine completing a task and when participants actually perform the task. These studies indicate that ____________ is one mechanism by which mental imagery influences future performances. neural adaptation vividness neuromuscular adaptation physiological arousal

neural adaptation

__________ is the mechanism that drives expertise attainment in all human performance domains. An advantaged environment Genetic predisposition Physical superiority Neural adaptation

neural adaptation

Experimental studies have shown increased muscle activation in performance related muscles when participants imagine completing a movement task. These studies indicate that ____________ is one mechanism by which mental imagery influences future performances. neuromuscular activation physiological arousal vividness neural adaptation

neuromuscular activation

In the linear perspectives of team formation, __________ is a stage that involves group buy-in and acceptance of roles. Performing Disbanding Norming Storming Forming

norming

An athlete sets a goal to "do my best." What limitation best describes the biggest weakness of this goal? The stated goal is _______. not specific enough too objective not challenging enough a short-term goal

not specific enough

Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n) ______ goal. outcome; performance process; outcome outcome; process process; performance

outcome; performance

The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments comes from _______________. verbal persuasion past performance accomplishments vicarious experiences emotional states

past performance accomplishments

Which of the following is not a stage of achievement motivation development? Autonomous Competence Social Comparison Perceived Competence Integrated Stage

perceived competence

_________ involves the processes that organize and interpret sensory information as having been produced by the properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world. attention concentration perception distractor

perception

Substantial research indicates that although these two factors influence one another, __________ exerts more influence on __________ . performance; psychological skills performance; self-efficacy attention; motivation self-efficacy; performance

performance; self efficacy

Chelladurai identified five dimensions of leadership including all of the following except __________. prescriptive feedback training & instruction democratic behavior social support

prescriptive feedback

Successful career transition programs include ____________ and crisis-coping programs. Both of which focus on developing skills in athletes that will enable them to be successful in life after sport. augmented programs experimental programs preventative programs free programs

preventative programs

An athlete's goal setting program should encourage them to have a higher proportion of _______ goals, in their blend of the three goal types. process performance outcome subjective

process

The three goal types vary in their controllability, adaptability, and the aspects of the performance experience to which they direct focus (attention). Based on what you know about the different goal types, which of the following goal types should help an athlete direct their attention away from aspects that cause emotional stress and disrupt performance? process goals objective goals performance goals outcome goals

process goals

In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set ___________. process, performance, and outcome goals performance goals process and performance goals outcome goals

process, performance, and outcome goals

Motivation, emotion, attention, attributions, and confidence are all examples of ___________ that can influence performance. psychological factors clinical psychology positive psychology psychological skills

psychological factors

Goal-setting, mental imagery, emotion regulation, and pre-performance routines are examples of ____________. positive psychology psychological skills psychological factors clinical psychology

psychological skills

__________ influence the psychological factors that can facilitate or disrupt motor performance, and when performed appropriately, enable performers to get one step closer to their performance potential. Thoughts Psychological skills Muscle physiology Neurons

psychological skills

The ___________ of practice refers to the degree of predictability between consecutive practice trials; where as the ___________ of practice refers to the degree of predictability within each individual practice trial. high variability; low variability variability; randomness randomness; variability low variability; high variability

randomness; variability

According to the lecture, emotions influence motor performance in terms of modifying _______, _______, & ______. time, form, content electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force stress, emotion, mood low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion

reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force

Although not explicitly stated in SDT, SDT's "regulatory processes" act as _________ & __________ that __________ the frequency of behaviors, respectively. reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease autonomy, competence, relatedness amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic know, accomplish, experience stimulation affective, cognitive, behavioral global, contextual, situational

reinforcements and punishments; increase or decrease

Research has shown that leadership styles influence all but the following factors that contribute to athlete performance. motivation goal setting collective efficacy rookie salaries

rookie salaries

The most autonomous (for the athlete) style of coaching feedback is __________ feedback. question & answer bandwidth prescriptive self-controlled

self controlled

Psychological Skills Training programs can be dissected into four phases including: the education; acquisition; practice, implementation, & evaluation; and _____________ phases. champion self-regulation expertise final

self regulation

In the pendular perspectives of team formation, the team forming process is proposed to oscillate across stages like a pendulum swings, and not progress in a __________ fashion. Informal Formal Sequential Norming

sequential

__________ cohesion involves cohesion in the interpersonal domain of sport. Informal Formal Task Social

social

Self-efficacy training aimed at modifying performers' perceptions of efficacy by having them observe ideal, modeled behaviors, is self-efficacy training based on principles of __________. verbal persuasion social learning attribution theory embodied cognition

social learning

Of all studied coping resources, an increase in ____________ has been the most predictive factor in reducing risk of athletic injury. medication social support emotion regulation nutrition

social support

According to the Process Model of Emotion Regulation, ____________ emotion regulation strategies must be applied at each stage of the emotion generation process (i.e. Modal Model of Emotion) to achieve effective emotion regulation. varied two non-specific specific

specific

Breath control strategies should be ________. conducted only when supervised by boarded medical professionals applied universally utilized only by expert athletes specifically designed for each sport context

specifically designed for each sport context

According to the APA Division 47's publication Graduate training and career possibilities in Exercise and Sport Psychology, which academic departments typically house faculty and graduate programs providing training in sport psychology? sociology education intercollegiate athletics sport sciences psychology

sport sciences

Ability is considered a(n) _______ and ________ attribute Stable and external Stable and internal Unstable and external Unstable and internal

stable and internal

In the linear perspectives of team formation, __________ is a stage that involves the competition, dissent, and resistance among team members. Forming Storming Performing Norming Disbanding

storming

J.J. Gross organizes affect into three categories including: _______, _______, & ______. electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) stress, emotion, mood time, form, content emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness

stress, emotion, mood

Hardy (2006) identifies five _________ of self-talk, which include cognitive specific; cognitive general; mastery, arousal, and persistence. outcomes sub-functions functions characteristics

sub functions

__________ cohesion involves cohesion in the technical domain of sport. Formal Social Informal Task

task

Goal-directed actions are planned, initiated, and controlled by _________ . muscles the brain and nervous system an athlete's motivation joints and ligaments

the brain and nervous system

IZOF proposes that 5 dimensions of psychobiosocial states exist including: intensity, _______, _______, ______, & context. reaction time, force output magnitude, and maintenance/control of force electromyography (EMG), pupil dilation, electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal, pleasantness, unpleasantness emotional state, emotionality, meta-emotion time, form, content low intensity zone of optimal functioning, moderate intensity zone of optimal functioning, high intensity zone of optimal functioning stress, emotion, mood

time, form, content

Coaches can vary feedback in terms of the precision, frequency, and ________. regularity specificity sophistication timing

timing

The purpose of progressive muscle relaxation is to ____________. train individuals to only relax muscles and never tense (i.e. contract) muscle fibers train individuals to obtain relaxation in the presence of a consultant train individuals to care less about stressful situations, leading to automatic relaxation train individuals to know when they are excessively tense, and to efficiently relax their muscle tension

train individuals to know when they are excessively tense, and to efficiently relax their muscle tension

Biofeedback may be utilized to __________. directly improve performance in competition train individuals to attend to and regulate all physiological activity in competition train individuals to regulate measured physiological activity win at all costs, including costs to physiological health

train individuals to regulate measured physiological activity

Coach Albert is an experienced coach. The practices Albert organized as perceived as demanding, but highly effective in developing sport specific skills. Albert's athletes are describing Albert's abilities along the _____________ dimension of leadership. social support "positive" feedback autocratic behavior democratic behavior training & instruction

training and instruction

Self-efficacy training aimed at influencing performers' perceptions of efficacy by controlling the feedback they receive, is self-efficacy training based on principles of __________. verbal persuasion attribution theory embodied cognition social learning

verbal persuasion

Expert performers possess ideal physical characteristics for their domain of expertise. Of all the physical characteristics mentioned in the lecture, ___________ is the least trainable. visual acuity coordination flexibility bone structures

visual acuity

Two of the physiological sensations associated with relaxation and emphasized in autogenic training include feeling ______ and ______ in the extremities. lightness and heaviness warmth and lightness warmth and heaviness warmth and cold

warmth and heaviness