APME Unit 2 Assessment

This document granted limited toleration to Huguenots by Henry IV of France.

Edict of Nantes

A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to

Emphasis on Predestination

True or False: In the Pacification of Ghent (1576), Spain lost control of the Netherlands, but refused to to withdraw their troops from the Low Countries.

False

True or False: The politiques and the Catholic League were united in their methods of combating the spread of Protestantism.

False

True or False: Under Mary I, the English were secretly providing aid to French and Dutch Protestants, leading Philip II to invade England with the Spanish Armada.

False

Habsburg heir to Holy Roman Empire; devout Catholic, educated by Jesuits, who persecuted Protestants causing them to flee into Bohemia during early 17th century.

Ferdinand II

Jesuit priest; traveled to Far East to gain converts to Catholicism

Francis Xavier

Calvinist monarch; Known as "Winter King" and ruled over the Palatinate

Frederick V

Staunchly Catholic family who controlled the army and Church in France during the 17th century

Guises

Swedish monarch (1611-1632) known for his military prowess and one of the leading Protestant princes of his time.

Gustavus Adolphus

French monarch (1589-1610) who converted to Catholicism to order to establish peace and known for the Edict of Nantes.

Henry IV

French Calvinists and victims of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572.

Huguenots

Preacher based in Zurich who stressed that the mass was a commemorative event that did not include the real presence of Christ.

Huldrych Zwingli

Granted by Catholic Church for performing religious acts and sold to raise money for the papacy

Indulgences

Religious order known for their schools and missionary work throughout the world; Founded by Ignatius Loyola

Jesuits

Archbishop of Toledo; Inquisitor-General of Spanish Inquisition

Jimenez de Cisneros

"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of

John Calvin

Christian reformer known for preaching the doctrine of predestination

John Calvin

Also referred to as sola fide; A fundamental principle of Luther's theology

Justification by Faith

French monarch who renewed war against Spain in 1635, under advice from Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII

Former Catholic priest who founded new Christian belief system based on the tenets of sola fide, sola scriptura, and the priesthood of all believers

Martin Luther

1st woman to rule England; Vowed to restore Catholic Church in England

Mary I

This 1555 document made the religion of the subjects the same as their ruler's religion

Peace of Augsburg

Series of agreements that established the outlines of the political geography of Europe at the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War

Peace of Westphalia

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?

Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.

Part of the radical Reformation, Protestant groups that varied in belief but agreed on the principle of adult baptism

Anabaptists

Protestant French princes of the blood who were rivals of a prominent Catholic family under the reign of Francis II.

Bourbons

This map shows religious divisions in Europe around 1600; Which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism does it illustrate?

Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans.

Religious order founded by Teresa of Avila who believed that women had to totally withdraw from the world in order to achieve true devotion to Christ

Carmelites

Meeting of Catholic officials during Counter-Reformation that affirmed the truth of scripture and traditions of the Church

Council of Trent

May 1618 incident which sparked a Protestant counteroffensive throughout Habsburg territory; noblemen marched to the king's palace and threw two chief advisors out of a window

Defenestration of Prague

Assembly that demanded retraction of Luther's teachings

Diet of Worms

A fundamental principle of Calvin's theology: the belief that all Christians are predestined to either heaven or hell from the act of creation.

Predestination

Belief that all who believe in God's righteousness and achieve their faith through study of the Bible are equal in God's eyes

Priesthood of All Believers

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?

Recognized the rights of French Protestants.

Meaning "by the word alone"; emphasized scriptural authority over doctrine of Catholic Church

Sola Scriptura

1572 event where Huguenots were slaughtered in Paris, as they gathered to celebrate the marriage of Henry of Navarre and Margaret

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Those who are predestined to salvation

The Elect

Archbishop of Canterbury that agreed to annul Henry and Catherine's marriage

Thomas Cranmer

Chief minister of Henry VIII; Guided English Parliament to make Henry head of the Church of England.

Thomas Cromwell

This document allowed the princes of Germany to establish the religion of the people in their territory, ending 40 years of religious struggle in Germany

Treaty of Augsburg

Event that occurred in 1585, marking the final civil war in France during the 17th century; Struggle for inheritance of French throne

War of the Three Henries

Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574 Vasari's painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari's painting, the artist's most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as

an example of divine retribution

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to

devastate the German states' economies

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists

had a complete separation of church and state

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following?

independence of small German states

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as

leading to dangerous civil disorder

The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the

rise of France as a great power

During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of

supporting the Protestant princes against the Hapsburgs

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it

used indulgences as a fund-raising device