Apply what you've learned CH. 1-16 anatomy and physiology

4. The condition of rickets involves bones that have insufficient amounts of this common ion, resulting in the bones bending under a child's weight. What is this common ion? a. Nat b. Kt с. CI d. Ca2+

Ca2+

1. Tiffany had returned to her college dorm and was having difficulty breathing. She knew she was having an asthma attack. What changes in her energy level are predicted?

During an asthma attack, Tiffany's energy level is predicted to decrease due to the difficulty she experiences in breathing, similar to a car running out of gas and losing power.

3. What occurs to the amount of product formed in a metabolic pathway if negative feedback does not occur?

If negative feedback doesn't happen in a metabolic pathway, the amount of product formed would keep increasing like a runaway train, leading to an imbalance in the system.

2. Use I figure 3.13 of a general metabolic pathway to answer this question. Suppose an individual is born with a genetic disease that makes them unable to synthesize enzyme 3. For each of the following, explain whether its level would be higher, lower, or unaffected in that individual: (a) substrate B, (b) substrate C, and (c) end product.

In a metabolic pathway, if someone can't make enzyme 3, substrate B and C would accumulate, while the end product would be lower, like a traffic jam causing a buildup of cars and a shortage of the final destination.

1. Lynn was knocked off her bicycle during a race. She broke some bones in her right antebrachial region, suffered an abrasion on her mental region, and had severe bruising on her right gluteal and femoral regions. Explain where each of these injuries is located.

Lynn has broken her ulna and radius in the inferior part of her arm, an abrasion on her chin, and severe bruising on her buttocks and skin overlying the femur.

2. Carly was stung by a bee and was taken to the emergency room because she was undergoing anaphylactic shock (e.g., her breathing became more rapid and more difficult, her heartbeat increased). She was given a shot of epinephrine, which reduced her allergic reactions and brought her breathing and heartbeat back to normal. Did the dose of epinephrine result in a negative feedback mechanism occurring, or a positive feedback mechanism occurring? Explain your answer.

The dose of epinephrine resulted in a negative feedback mechanism occurring because it counteracted the allergic reactions and restored Carly's breathing and heartbeat to normal, bringing her body back into balance.

3. A patient is given a new drug that decreases blood sugar levels. This drug is regulating which specific molecule?

The new drug that lowers blood sugar levels is regulating the molecule called glucose, which is like a key that unlocks energy for our body cells.

3. Your grandmother is being seen by a radiologist to diagnose a possible tumor in her small intestine. Explain to your grandmother what imaging techniques would best determine whether a tumor exists, and which techniques would be inadequate for determining the placement of the tumor.

To determine if there's a tumor in your small intestine, the radiologist would use CT scan or MRI because they are good at capturing detailed images of soft tissues, unlike X-ray or ultrasound which are not as effective for soft tissue imaging.

2. You also could correctly describe the pain as being in which abdominopelvic region? a. right lumbar b. right hypochondriac c. right umbilical d. right iliac

d. Right Iliac

5. Brown adipose tissue contains cells that allow H to fall down the concentration gradient in the electron transport chain without producing ATP. Instead, all of the kinetic energy is converted to heat. If scientists could increase the amount of brown adipose tissue in our bodies, then what could potentially occur? a. our body temperature would be cooler than 98.6°F b. brown adipose tissue cells would be more efficient at producing ATP c. we could eat more and not gain weight d. we would be able to run faster

a. our body temperature would be cooler than 98.6°F

3. Eric goes to the doctor to determine the cause and source of the pain. The physician orders a CT scan, which shows that Eric has an enlarged and inflamed appendix (an organ associated with the digestive system). Eric asks the physician why she did not just take an x-ray of his belly region. What is the physician's reasoning for why an x-ray would not be the best diagnostic imaging tool? a. X-ray images are more expensive to produce than CT scans. b. Soft-tissue structures do not show up well on basic x-rays. c. The x-rays could inflame the appendix further and cause it to burst. d. X-rays now

b. Soft-tissue structures do not show up well on basic x-rays.

4. When you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal? a. The blood vessels in your skin constrict. b. The sweat glands release sweat. c. Nerve impulses are sent to muscles to cause shivering. d. The smooth muscle associated with hair follicles contracts, causing goose bumps.

b. The sweat glands release sweat.

5. A friend just started taking Zoloft (an SSRI) and is experiencing an upset stomach and diarrhea. Your friend asks if the drug is causing her symptoms and you respond: a. Yes, because the drug is irritating her stomach lining and that explains her symptoms. b. Yes, because serotonin is located in both the brain and the digestive tract, so the drug is altering digestive system functioning. c. No, because the drug is supposed to elevate mood and affect brain function, and it shouldn't have any effect on the digestive system. d. No, because the drug is quickly absorbed from the digestive tract and does not remain in the digestive system long enough to have any effect there.

b. Yes, because serotonin is located in both the brain and the digestive tract, so the drug is altering digestive system functioning.

1. Michael was born with Tay-Sachs disease. Which of the following organelles in Michael's cells lacks a specific enzyme that digests organic molecules? a. mitochondria b. lysosomes c. Golgi apparatus d. centrioles

b. lysosomes

3. A young woman has noticed that her thyroid gland appears enlarged. One of the diagnostic procedures used to produce an image of her thyroid gland requires this type of substance, which emits high-energy radiation. What is this substance? a. ions b. radioisotopes c. radioisomers d. isomers

b. radioisotopes

2. A young man in his 20s has a heart attack and is rushed to the hospital. Blood is drawn, and his cholesterol level is tested and found to be very high. The doctor tells him that he has a genetic condition in which he is unable to effectively remove LDL particles containing cholesterol from his blood and into his cells. Which cellular process is not functioning normally? a. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion b. receptor-mediated endocytosis c. exocytosis d. simple diffusion

b. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Your friend Eric complains of some pain in his "belly area." You ask him to point to the precise location of the pain. He points to a region that is below his umbilicus, on the lower right side of his abdomen, and just medial to his hip bones. 1. Which abdominal quadrant contains Eric's pain? a. right upper quadrant b. right lower quadrant c. left upper quadrant d. left lower quadrant

b. right lower quadrant

1. Albinism (achromia) is a genetic condition in which an individual cannot synthesize the amino acid tyrosine into melanin, a brown pigment of the hair, skin, and eyes. These individuals lack which substance? a. specific fatty acids b. a protein that contains tyrosine c. an enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin d. cofactors that convert tyrosine to melanin

c. an enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin.

5. The hormone insulin is composed of repeating units of amino acids and cannot be administered orally because the enzymes within the gastrointestinal tract will break the peptide bond through the process of hydrolysis, releasing individual amino acids. What type of biological macromolecule is insulin? a. nucleic acid b. glycogen c. protein d. steroid

c. protein

1. Which property of water is significant in children born prematurely because it causes the air sacs to collapse in the lungs, making breathing difficult? a. specific heat b. water reactivity c. surface tension d. capillary action

c. surface tension

2. A young boy playing outside on a very hot day has become dehydrated. When he enters the house, he appears lethargic. The mother is a nurse and becomes concerned that he may be experiencing a fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Which of the following are electrolytes? a. sodium ion b. chloride ion c. potassium ion d. All of these are electrolytes.

d. All of these are electrolytes.

4. Which of the following individuals should be expected to have increased production of ATP? a. an individual with impaired ability to transport oxygen in the blood, such as a person with anemia b. an individual with severe asthma c. an individual in congestive heart failure d. an athlete

d. an athlete

2. If an individual has impaired respiratory function, as occurs with emphysema, you would expect which of the following? a. production of smaller amounts of lactate b. an increased ability to make ATP c. increased aerobic cellular respiration d. low energy levels and complaints of being tired

d. low energy levels and complaints of being tired

3. Tumors involve a malfunction in this cellular process. a. transcription b. translation c. phagocytosis d. mitosis

d. mitosis