Appraisal I Final
Severity
"Specify current severity..."; Choose the most accurate level of symptomology
Specifier
"specify if..."; pick as many as apply
Subtype
"specify whether..."; only choose one
Choosing an Appropriate Assessment
1. After the interview, think about purpose of assessment, 2. Breadth and depth of other needed information, 3. Assessment of intellectual and cognitive functioning, 4. Career and occupational assessment
Included in the Report
1. Demographic information, 2. Presenting problem, 3. Family Background, 4. Medical/Counseling History, 5. Substance Use and Abuse, 6. Educational and Vocational, 7. Other pertinent information (sexual orientation, legal problem, etc.), 8. Assessment Results, 9. Diagnosis, 10. Mental Status Examination (MSE)
Miller Analogy Test
120 analogies; measures your ability to recognize relationships between ideas, your fluency in the English language, and your general knowledge of the humanities, natural sciences, mathematics, and social sciences
What is the mode of the following groups of scores: 15, 4, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 12, 15, and 14?
15
Carl Jung (1904)
156 stimulus words to which individuals would respond, used to detect "complexes"
What is the median of the following groups of scores: 4, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12,10,8, and 14?
8.5
Achievement Testing
A type of ability test that measures what one has learned (survey battery tests, diagnostic tests, and readiness tests)
Aptitude Testing
A type of test that measures what one is capable of doing (Intelligence tests, neuropsychological assessments, cognitive ability tests, special aptitude tests, and multiple aptitude tests)
What is true as a result of PL94-142 and IDEA?
All students with a learning disability must be given accommodations for their disability within the least restrictive environment, Individual Education Plans must address accommodations for students with identified learning disabilities, Diagnostic testing has become increasingly important in identifying children with learning disabilities.
Which of the following does NOT offer an accreditation standard that helps to drive curriculum guidelines in assessment?
American Board of Forensic Psychology
Organizations that create curriculum standards
American Psychological Association, National Association of School Psychologists, Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
This act or law assures proper test administration, that accommodations be made for individuals with disabilities who are taking tests for employment and that testing be shown to be relevant to the job in question.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Which law states that accommodations must be made for individuals who are taking tests for employments and that testing must be shown to be relevant to the job in question?
Americans with Disabilities Act
Which of the following mental disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence for U.S. individuals? a. Mood disorders b. Anxiety disorders c. Eating disorders d. Impulse-control disorders
Anxiety disorders
Mental Status Exam (MSE)
Appearance and behavior, Emotional state, Thought Components, and Cognition
Diagnostic Tests
Assess problem areas of learning (e.g., learning disabilities)
Psychosocial and Environmental Consideration
Assess the clients' psychosocial and environmental stressors; Holistic view of the client; Provide important information; Help identify important issues in treatment planning; Problems with education, social environment, housing, economic; "In other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention"
Informal Assessment Instruments
Assessment instruments that are often developed by the user and are specific to the testing situation. All of these instruments can be used to assess broad areas of ability and personality attributes in a variety of settings (observation, rating scales, classification methods, environmental assessment, records and personal documents, and performance-based assessment).
Which of the following is NOT true regarding assessment? a. It is the larger process of looking at multiple measures to draw a conclusion. b. Assessment is a subset of testing. c. Personality instruments that are objective and/or projective may be used. d. An interview, observation, or personal documents may all be part of an assessment.
Assessment is a subset of testing
Which of the following is NOT suggested in the text as guidelines to be cognizant of in order to adequately interview a client? a. Establish trust and rapport. b. Provide an environment that is comfortable and assures confidentiality. c. Be confrontational if necessary regarding substance use and abuse. d. Focus on verbal and nonverbal cues in an effort to gather all of what the person is communicating to you.
Be confrontational if necessary regarding substance use and abuse
Records and personal documents
Biographical Inventories; Cumulative records; Anecdotal information; Autobiographies; Journals and diaries; Genograms
Career and employment
Can happen at any point in an individual's life but is most critical at transition points.
Which model or theory of intelligence is mostly closely aligned to the WISC-IV and WAIS-IV?
Cattell-Horn-Carroll
Which of the following is NOT true as a result of the No Child Left Behind Act? a. Federal funding is tied to the success of school districts relative to achievement test scores b. All states must have a plan to show how, by the year 2014, all students will have obtained proficiency in reading/language arts and math c. Pressure is on the lower performing school districts to improve test scores. d. Certain groups of children who have traditionally not done well are given a longer time period than others to show gains in achievement.
Certain groups of children who have traditionally not done well are given a longer period than others to show gains in achievement
Chapter 11
Clinical Assessment: Objective and Projective Personality Tests:
Likert-Type Scales (Graphic Scales)
Contain a number of items being rated on the same theme and anchored by both numbers and a statement that corresponds to the numbers
Which of the following is NOT one of the Holland Codes? a. Realistic b. Enterprising c. Contemporary d. Social
Contemporary
ACA, Section E.2.b
Counselors are responsible for the appropriate application, scoring, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments relevant to the needs of the client, whether they score and interpret such assessments themselves or use technology or other services.
The COPSystem is known for _______.
Eight career clusters primarily determined by an ability placement survey
Relative to Kitchener's Ethical Decision-Making Model, which is NOT a value a test examiner should consider when making ethical decisions? Autonomy, Beneficence, Empathy, Nonmalfiecense
Empathy
Galton (mid to late 1800's; Darwin's cousin)
English biologist studied relationship of sensory motor activities to intelligence, instrumental in others developing correlation coefficient
Test security
Ensure integrity of test content and test itself
American Psychological Association (APA)
Evaluation, measurement, and statistics.
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation? a. Caloric intake and a person's weight b. Exercise and a person's weight c. Height and a person's weight d. All of these are examples
Exercise and a person's weight
What are the dichotomies or dimensions on the Myers-Briggs?
Extroverted or introverted; Sensing or intuiting; Thinking or feeling
This act or law affirms the right of all individuals to their school records, including test records.
FERPA
True or False? A client has a heart attack that results in an adjustment disorder with depression. When writing the diagnosis, the adjustment disorder should be listed first and the heart attack should be listed second.
False
True or False? Approximately 2 percent of people do lower than 3 standard deviations below the mean.
False
True or False? Diagnostic tests (like the WRAT4) can be considered a type of intelligence tests.
False
True or False? Due to confidentiality guidelines, therapists are not allowed to discuss their client's issues; however, test data does not apply to those codes.
False
True or False? If an individual's percentile rank is 84, he or she got 84 percent of the items correct.
False
True or False? Neuropsychological assessment is most generally associated with identifying students who are either gifted or have a learning disability.
False
True or False? On all normally distributed curves, the mean, median, and mode are not the same.
False
True or False? Reliability and validity of diagnostic tests is often quite poor.
False
True or False? Self-injury is typically a result of suicidal ideation
False
True or False? The square root of a correlation coefficient gives the coefficient of determination, otherwise known as the shared variance.
False
True or false? Test worthiness is generally only an issue in the selection of a test, not the scoring and interpretation of a test.
False
A neuropsychological assessment is most likely to be used in what situation?
For a client who may have suffered a traumatic brain injury
Wundt (1879)
Founded 1st psychological laboratory, looked at sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and reaction time.
This law assures the right of individuals to access their federal records, including test records. Most states have similar laws that assure the right to access of state records.
Freedom of Information Act
This readiness test stresses personal and social skills as well as adaptive behavior much more than some of the others
Gesell Readiness Test
This act or law assures the privacy of client records, including testing records, and the sharing of such information.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Clinical assessment can:
Help client gain greater insight; Aid in case conceptualization and diagnostic formulations; Assist in the decision-making concerning psychotropic medications; Assist in treatment planning; Assist in court decisions (e.g., custody decisions; testing a defendant in a child molestation case); Assist in job placement decisions (e.g., high security jobs); Aid in diagnostic decisions for health related problems (e.g., Alzheimer's); Identify individuals at risk (e.g., to identify students at risk for suicide or students with low self-esteem)
Alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence tend to be differentiated by ________?
Increased tolerance, More severe withdrawal symptoms and their management, More severe impairment in social, academic, and occupational functioning
Spearman's Two-Factor Approach
Individuals who performed well on cognitive tests tend to perform well on others
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the structured interview? a. It offers broad enough areas of content to cover topics a practitioner may otherwise have missed. b. It increases the reliability of results due to the fact that all prescribed items will be covered. c. It allows the client the freedom of response to discuss other items, if need be. d. It helps the examiner to focus on specific items that may otherwise be missed or difficult to cover during an unstructured interview.
It allows the client the freedom of response to discuss other items, if need be.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the unstructured interview? a. It assures all topics are adequately discussed. b. It creates an atmosphere that is conducive to rapport building. c. It allows the client to feel as if he or she is directing the interview thus allowing the client to discuss items that he or she deems important. d. It offers the potential for greater depth of information and the uncovering of underlying issues that the client might otherwise avoid revealing.
It assures all topics are adequately discussed.
Which of the following does NOT describe validity? a. It is the degree to which all of the accumulated evidence supports the intended interpretation of test scores for the intended purpose b. It is a unitary concept c. It examines how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure d. It tells you whether or not test scores are consistent
It tells you whether or not test scores are consistent.
Which of the following is NOT true about the MMPI? a. It is the most widely used diagnostic personality test. b. The MMPI-II has close to 600 items. c. One should have taken at least a basic graduate testing course and a course in psychopathology to administer it. d. Its focus is on personality disorders (Axis II disorders of DSM-IV-TR).
Its focus is on personality disorders (Axis II disorders of DSM-IV-TR)
One of the greatest advantages in using the MMPI-II is ______?
Its helpfulness in identifying possible clinical disorders (formerly Axis I) and psychopathology
Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT)
K-12 for a broad range of subjects such as reading, language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies
The Cognitive Ability Test (CogAT)
K-12, provides verbal, quantitative, nonverbal ability, and composite score
Kaufman Batteries
Kaufman battery for children; Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test: depending on the age range test times can vary from 25-70
APA's three-tier system:
Level A: Non-psychologist with reading test manual and familiar with overall purpose of teaching; Level B: Require technical knowledge; Level C: Require an advanced degree in psychology or licensure; test of intelligence, diagnostic tests
The following quote refers to what level test: "[This level] require[s] technical knowledge of test construction and use and appropriate advanced coursework in psychology and related courses (e.g., statistics, individual differences, and counseling)..."
Level B
What is the most common mood disorder?
Major depressive disorder
Range
Maximum value - Minimum Value
Survey Battery Tests
Measure broad content areas. Often used to assess progress in school
Readiness Tests
Measure readiness for moving ahead in school. Often readiness to enter First grade
Other Medical Considerations - Important to check if:
Medical condition was cause of a disorder; Medical condition was the result of a disorder; Medical condition was concurrent with the disorder
Which scale of measurement is being used if assigning numbers based on different professional affiliation
Nominal
Cognitive Abilities Tests
Often based on what has learned in school. Measure broad range of cognitive ability. Useful in making predictions (e.g., success in school or in college)
Cultural Considerations:
People form diverse cultures may express themselves in different ways; Culture gender ethnic difference; Many diverse clients have been misdiagnosed as a result of clinician ignorance and/or bias; DSM-5 offers a section entitled Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) that provides an outline on how to interview clients from diverse backgrounds; DSM-5 offers some definition of cross-cultural symptoms and identifies how cross-cultural issues impacts diagnosis
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (Third Ed.) (WIAT-III)
Pre-k through 12th grade, determines the academic strengths and weaknesses of students to inform for educational services
Which of the following is a type of criterion-related validity?
Predictive validity
Competence in the Use of Tests
Professionals should have knowledge about testing including test and results
Which scale of measurement would you use if measuring height and weight differences among ethnic groups?
Ratio
When a test has been shown to produce consistent test results, it has which of the following?
Reliability
Terman (At Stanford)
Revised Binet scale - Stanford-Binet, I.Q. = MA/CA
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a step to selecting and administering a good test? a. Determining the goals of your assessment b. Accessing information about possible instruments c. Examining the validity, reliability, cross-cultural fairness, and practicality of possible instruments d. Running a "pilot study" to assess the instruments you have chosen
Running a "pilot study" to assess the instruments you have
Relative to assessment, which of the following is NOT addressed in ethical codes? a. The use of diagnosis in the assessment process b. Proper test administration c. The importance of test security d. Specific ethical decision making models (e.g. Corey, Remley, & Herlihy)
Specific ethical decision making models (e.g. Corey, Remley & Herlihy)
What are four types of reliability?
Split-half, Internal consistency, Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha, Kuder-Richardson
Edward Thorndike (1923)
Stanford Achievement Test, early assessor of interests
Correlation
Statistical expression of the relationship between two sets of scores (or variables)
Which of the following is NOT related to test worthiness? a. Reliability b. Statistical formation c. Cross-cultural fairness d. Validity
Statistical formation
Strong (1927)
Strong Vocational Interest Blank
Test scoring and interpretation
Take into consideration problems with tests
Which of the following is NOT a positive aspect to the use of tests of educational ability? a. Tests allow us to identify children, classrooms, schools, and school systems that are performing poorly. b. Without diagnostic testing it would be difficult to identify those children who have a learning disability. c. Test accuracy has become so good that often wise decisions can be made using only one assessment instrument d. Testing allows a child to be accurately placed in his or her grade level.
Test accuracy has become so good that often wise decisions can be made using only one assessment instrument.
Assessment of ability
Test that measures what a person can do in the cognitive realm. Achievement and aptitude tests are types of ability tests.
In assessing the reliability of a new test, a sample of 1,000 examinees take the test, and then are asked to take the same test again one week later. This is an example of which type of reliability?
Test-retest
Personality Assessment
Tests in the affective realm uses to assess habits, temperament, likes and dislikes, character, and similar behaviors (interest inventories, objective personality tests, and projective personality tests)
According to the text, which cognitive ability test attempts to measure ability based on Vernon's hierarchical abilities and Cattell's fluid and crystallized abilities?
The Cognitive Ability Test (CogAT)
Which diagnostic test measures the fundamentals, or the basic codes, related to reading (pronunciation), spelling, and arithmetic?
The Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT4)
In assuring that the information gathering process for the report is adequate, clinicians need to take into account ________.
The breadth and depth of the assessment, The type of interview being conducted, The kinds of assessment instruments that will be used
Provisional Diagnosis
The clinician has a strong inclination that a client will meet the criteria but do not have enough information to make the diagnosis.
On a negatively skewed curve, which of the following is true? a. The mean is lower than the mode, which is lower than the median. b. The mean is lower than the median, which is lower than the mode. c. The mode is lower than the mean, which is lower than the median. d. The median is lower than the mode, which is lower than the mean.
The mean is lower than the median, which is lower than the mode.
On a normally distributed curve, which is true? a. The mode is lower than the mean, which is lower than the median b. The median is lower than the mode, which is lower than the mean c. The mean is lower than the median, which is lower than the mode d. The mean, median, and mode are the same.
The mean, median, and mode are the same.
On a positively skewed curve, what is the order of mean, median, and mode?
The mode is lower than the median, which is lower than the mean
Which of the following is NOT true about the ASVAB? a. It consists of 10 power tests for which separate scores are given. b. The power tests have been shown to measure similar qualities than are measured in intelligence tests. c. Combinations of the power tests form three composite scores are in the areas of verbal skills, math skills, and science and technical skills. d. The three composite scores tend to be important for success in a number of jobs.
The power tests have been shown to measure similar qualities than are measured in intelligence tests.
Examiners must remember the impact that their decisions will have on clients and monitor:
The quality of the tests they use; Their level of competence to administer tests; Their ability at making accurate interpretations of client material
Henry Murray's
Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
Which of the following is NOT true about criterion-referenced testing? a. They are used when one whishes to compare a test score to a predetermined value or a set criterion. b. Many states have gone to using criterion-referenced testing as a result of the recent passing of No Child LeftBehind legislation. c. They are useful when one is wishing to compare a score to an individual's peer group. d. As compared to norm-referenced testing, they are an alternative way of understanding test scores.
They are useful when one is wishing to compare a score to an individual's peer group
Which of the following is true about the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence? a. Cattell, Horn, and Carroll believe a g factor mediates their multiple abilities. b. Cattell, Horn, and Carroll worked together and alone to develop this theory in a single year. c. They used factor analysis to parse out or separate their multiple abilities. d. Their model disputes and is contrary to the work of Gardner and Sternberg.
They used factor analysis to parse out or separate their multiple abilities.
Intelligence Test Are Used:
To assist in determining giftedness; To assess intellectual disabilities; To identify certain types of learning disabilities; To assess intellectual ability following an accident; As part of the admission process to certain private schools; As part of a personality assessment battery
What describes the purpose of the Occupations Finder, the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes, and O*NET?
To cross-reference Holland Codes with various occupations
What is important when gathering family background information?
To gather as much detail as possible and report all that is obtained, That information is focused on the aspects of the family that may have affected the presenting problem, The hypotheses or your opinion concerning the client's family are offered in this section of the report.
Which of the following describes the purpose of the General Occupational Themes on the Strong? a. To identify an individual's top three Holland Codes b. To identify an individual's broad interest areas (e.g., science, math, music) c. To give a breakdown of client responses on the test d. To give an estimate of work style, learning environment, leadership style, risk taking/adventure, and team orientation
To identify an individual's top three Holland Codes
True or False? All tests likely carry some gender and cultural bias.
True
True or False? Approximately 84 percent of people do higher than 1 standard deviation below the mean.
True
True or False? Confidentiality is an ethical guideline, not a legal right.
True
True or False? If an individual takes a test, and if you know an individual's raw score, the mean of the group of individuals who took the test, and the standard deviation of the group, you can tell the relative position of the individual within his or her group.
True
True or False? In norm referencing, test scores are compared to a group of individuals called the norm group or peer group.
True
True or False? One of the most important aspects of the DSM classification system is to describe and communicate with other professionals.
True
True or False? School counselors can play an important role in the schools by disaggregating data and identifying those students who might need additional assistance with their learning.
True
True or False? The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) can be administered and scored in 5 to 10 minutes.
True
True or False? The Jaffe v. Redmond case assured the right of licensed therapists to privileged communication.
True
True or False? The NAEP is often referred to as the National Report Card
True
True or False? The NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO PI-3) is based on the Big Five personality traits?
True
True or False? The WISC-IV is a downward extension of the WAIS-IV, and the WPPSI-III is a downward extension of the WISC-IV.
True
True or False? Women are more likely to report symptoms characteristic of mental health disorders than men.
True
True or False?Histograms and frequency polygons are visual representations of frequency distributions.
True
True or False?Measures of central tendency tell you something about the middle of a series of numbers but hardly anything about the variability of a set of numbers.
True
Which of the following is suggested when writing reports? a. Use shorter rather than longer words. b. Maximize the number of difficult words. c. Use the jargon of your professional associations. d. Use acronyms to save space.
Use shorter rather than longer words.
Although achievement testing has been criticized by some, many positive aspects of them include all of the following EXCEPT a. They offer a broad spectrum of how students are achieving in the schools. b. They offer a number of different kinds of profile sheets to examine how students are doing. c. They tend to have high reliability and fairly good validity. d. Used on their own, they are excellent at identifying students with learning disabilities.
Used on their own, they are excellent at identifying students with learning disabilities.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence - the ability to utilize language; Mathematical-Logical Intelligence - ability to process and compute logical problems and equations; Musical Intelligence - ability to produce rhythm; Visual-Spatial Intelligence - capacity to think images and pictures; Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - ability to control one's body; Interpersonal Intelligence - capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods; Intrapersonal Intelligence - capacity to be self-aware; Naturalist Intelligence - ability to recognize and categorize plants; Existential Intelligence - sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions
Frank Parsons (early 1900's)
Vocational counseling, multiple aptitude tests (Group Tests of Ability Focused on Job Attainment)
As per ethical codes, which is the most likely case in which one can break confidentiality?
Your supervisor wants to talk to you about a difficult case you are having.
Find Your Interests (FYI)
a 90-item interest inventory designed to help students identify their work-related interests
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 for Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
a comprehensive diagnostic, single axis system of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association that uses a dimensional assessment model (mild, moderate, severe, and very severe) when assessing mental disorders.
ASVAB CEP - ASVAB Career Exploration Program
a comprehensive, no cost, no commitment career planning resource designed to help young people align their strengths and interests with a post-secondary plan that works
The Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC)
a division of ACA - an organization of counselors, educators, and other professionals that advances the counseling profession by promoting best practices in assessment, research, and evaluation in counseling.
Scatterplot
a graph of two sets of test scores used to visually display the relationship or correlation. If the dots are plotted closer together, the correlation is moving toward a positive or negative 1. If the dots are spread out or completely random, the correlation is closer to zero.
Self Directed Search
a guide to educational and career planning developed by John Holland, most widely used interest inventory in the world, self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted career counseling tool
Cumulative distributions
a method converting a frequency distribution of scores into increasing percentages as a function of the percentage of scores counted, better for conveying information about the percentile rank
Internal Consistency
a method of determining reliability of an instrument by looking within the test itself, or not going "outside of the test" to determine a reliability estimate as is done with test-retest or parallel forms reliability; also called split-half, odd-even, Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha, and Kuder-Richardson.
Intelligence Testing
a subset of intellectual and cognitive functioning and assesses a broad range of cognitive capabilities.
This act or law assures the confidentiality of a conversation conducted with someone that the state or federal law has identified as having the legal right to confidentiality (i.e., attorney-client, doctor-patient, therapist-patient, clergypenitent, etc.).
a. Privileged communication laws
Correlation coefficients range from ?1.00 to +1.00 and generally are reported in decimals of one-hundredth. A positive correlation shows a tendency for scores to be ________.
a. related in the same direction.
Perceptual Ability
ability and speed of perception of words and numbers
Intellectual Ability
ability to grasp the meaning of words and symbols
Invasion of Privacy
accepting or refusing testing
The Family Education Rights and Privacy (FERPA) 1974
affirms the right of all individuals to gain access to their school records, including test records
Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT 4)
ages 5-75, screening test for learning problems, assesses basic reading, spelling, arithmetic skills, and sentence comprehension
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
aids in making clinical diagnoses, screening for psychopathology, and assist in treatment planning, 18 years +, 50-60 minutes, 4-point ordinal scale
Occupational Scales
allow individual to compare his or her interests to the interests of individuals of the same sex who are satisfied in their jobs
Behavior Checklists
allows an individual to identify behaviors that best describe typical or atypical behaviors
Semi-structured interview
allows flow between structured and unstructured approaches
Raw score
an untreated score before manipulation or processing to make it a standard score, as must be done for all norm-referenced tests. Raw scores alone tell us little, if anything, about how a person has done on a test. We must take an individual's raw score and do something to it to give it meaning.
Mean
arithmetic average of a set of scores
Assessment
as a process that integrates test information. It refers to entire process of collecting information about a person. (Clinical interview, Observation, Record)
Minnesota Mechanical Assembly Test
ask subject to put together parts of a mechanical device, geometric solution of problems, basic information and knowledge of mechanical tools, questions about mechanical principles
Kindergarten Readiness Test (Larson & Vatali)
asses five skill areas: awareness and interactions with one's environment, judgment and reasoning in problem solving, numerical awareness, visual and fine motor coordination, and auditory attention span and concentration
LSAT
assess reading comprehension, analytical reasoning, logical reasoning, and a writing sample
Gesell Developmental Observation—Revised
assess who child: social-emotional, physical, cognitive including language, and adaptive
Metropolitan Readiness Test, sixth edition (MRT6)
assesses beginning educational skills for preschoolers, kindergarteners, and first graders
Kindergarten Readiness Test (Anderhalter & Perney)
assesses competencies in 6 areas: vocabulary, identifying letters, visual discrimination, phonemic awareness, comprehension and interpretation, and mathematical knowledge
Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments Information Management System (CASE-IMS)
assesses entire school environment and climate through self-report surveys of students, parents, teachers, and principal
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Adult Version
assesses higher-order cognitive functioning of adults related to behaviors, emotions and thoughts
MCAT
assesses physical sciences, biological sciences, verbal reasoning
Stanford Achievement Test (SAT)
assesses reading, mathematics, and writing
Key Math Diagnostic Test (KeyMath-3)
assesses student's knowledge and understanding of basic mathematics and provides diagnostic information to teachers, K-9
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
assesses symptoms and severity of anxiety, published in 1993, ages 17-80, 5-10 minutes
Process
attitudinal and cognitive readiness
16 Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF)
based on Raymond Cattell's 16 primary personality components, describes human behavior, 16 Primary factors on bipolar scale, 45 minutes
Veracity
being truthful
Piaget
believed learning of information is essential to development, described four major periods of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (birth-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11), Formal operational (12-beyond)
Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT)
broad academic screening for children K-12 in 6 content areas
OCCU-Find
career catalog contains data related to 100s of careers with activities to help students put a plan together
Proper Diagnosis
choose appropriate assessment techniques for accurate diagnosis
Once client goals are determined the next step is to ___________ reach client goals.
choose the instrument types
Sentence Completion Tests
client is given sentence stem and responds
Rorschach Inkblot Test
clients are shown one card at a time and asks clients to tell them what they see on the card, Exner scoring system with 3 components: Location, Determinants, Content
Other Specified disorders and unspecified disorders
clinically significant but it does not meet the specific diagnostic criteria
Whether a client is oriented to time, place, and person; an assessment of the client's short- and long-term memory; an evaluation of the client's knowledge base and intellectual functioning; and a statement about the client's level of insight and ability to make judgments all refer to the client
cognitive functioning.
Environmental assessment
collecting information from client's home, school, or workplace, usually through observation or self-reports
Criterion-Referenced scores
comparison with an absolute score established by an authority, they tell us the relative position, within the norm group, of a person's score
Norm-referenced scores
comparison with scores obtained by other individuals (norm group), they allow us to compare results among test-takers who took the same test
Woodcock-Johnson III
comprehensive individually administered test, assesses cognitive abilities related to intelligence typically needed for school, normed for ages 2-90 but usually used for students around 10 years of age
Mechanical Aptitude Tests
comprise of sensory, motor, perception, spatial capacities
Nonmalefiscence
concept of "do no harm"
Alfred Binet
conceptualized intelligence as a general ability to judge, to comprehend, and to reason well
Symptom Check List - 90 - Revised (SCL-90-R)
contains a list of 90 symptoms such as "headaches", "feeling critical of others," and "feeling tense or keyed up"; provides scores for the following nine scales: Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsion, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism
Accommodation
creating new cognitive structures and behaviors based on new stimuli
Hobson v. Hansen, 1967 and Moses v. Washington Parish School Board, 1969 are examples of court decisions that looked at the issues highlighted by the Civil Rights Movement that declared that African Americans and Hispanics were being compared unfairly against the White majority. The term to describe awareness of cross-cultural factors and how they impact the development, administration, scoring, and interpretation of assessing an individual is _____.
cross-cultural fairness
Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet (WWI)
crude test to access for neuroses and pathology, forerunner MMPI
David Wechsler
defined intelligence as "the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment."
Robert Sternberg
defined intelligence as the ability to adapt to one's environment throughout the life span
Louis Thurstone
defined intelligence as the capacity for abstraction
Charles Spearman
described intelligence as the result of understanding from previous experience, noting relationships, and applying knowledge to new tasks
College and Graduate School Admission (ACT)
designed to assess educational development and ability to complete college level work
James Bryant Conant
developed SATs to equalize educational opportunities for all
WWI Army Alpha and Army Beta
developed by Yerkes, Terman, and others
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
developed in 1938 by Henry Murray, series of 31 cards with vague pictures on them, 8-12 cards generally used during assessment, create a story and describe story that has a beginning, middle, and end
The Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II)
developed in 1996, popular instrument, 21 questions on a 0 to 3 scale, assess symptoms and severity of depression
Musical Aptitude Tests
devised for discovering musical talent with the following aspects: discrimination of pitch, intensity of loudness, judgment of rhythm
Cross-cultural Fairness
diversity, awareness of cross-cultural factors and how they impact the development, administration, scoring, and interpretation
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
ensures the privacy of client records, including testing records, and the sharing of such information. In general, HIPAA restricts the amount of information that can be shared without client consent and allows clients to have access to their records, except for process notes used in counseling.
American Psychological Association's (APA)
ethical codes
Discrimination
evaluating an individual's abilities as well as his interest
Construct Validity
evidence that a test measures specific concept or trait, includes an analysis of a test through one or more of the following methods: experimental design, factor analysis, convergence with other instruments, and/or discrimination with other measures.
Concurrent Validity
evidence that test scores are related to an external source that can be measured at around the same time the test is being given ("here-and-now" validity)
Content Validity
evidence that the test developer adequately surveyed the domain (field) the test is to cover, that the test items match that domain, and that test items are accurately weighted for relative importance.
Unstructured Interview
examiner asks questions based on client responses
G.S. Hall (late 1800's)
experimental lab at Johns Hopkins, mentor to many, first president of American Psychological Association
Big Five Personality Traits
five-factor model of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Emotional or Behavior Disorder Scale-Revised
for use in the home or school to identify behavior or emotional problems through observation
O*Net
free online database that contains hundreds of occupational classifications and offers additional self-directed career exploration tools. Six major domains - 3 on worker, 3 are job-oriented
Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS)
geared for grades K through 8, sub-tests depending on the grade level: language, reading, vocabulary, listening, word analysis, math, social studies, science and sources of information (ex. Maps, dictionaries, etc.)
Personal Style Scales
give an estimate as to how comfortable the test-taker is in certain activities including work style, learning environment, leadership style
Test-retest Reliability
giving the test twice to the same group of people and then correlating the scores of the first test with those of the second test to determine the reliability of the instrument.
If one consulted books on testing, one would find that textbooks present an overview of testing that is usually ________ at presenting contemporary test information.
good
Class interval
grouping scores by a predetermined range
Intelligence
has been defined in many ways to include the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and problem solving.
The 16PF:
has five global scores developed from the primary 16 factors.
American Counseling Associations (ACA)
has specific section on Evaluation Assessment and interpretation.
Conners 3rd Edition
helps in diagnosis of ADHD, children from 6-18
Binet (1890's)
hired by French Ministry of Public Education to integrate "sub-normal" children into the schools, developed first modern-day intelligence test
Cattell's idea that there are two types of main intelligences, crystallized (acquired) and fluid (innate), came from:
his observations that as cultural factors were removed from intelligence tests, marked changes were seen in test scores.
Based on Piaget's understanding of cognitive development, he came up with the term assimilation, which is:
how information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures.
Validity
how well the examiner defines that which is being assessed
Basic Interest Scales
identify respondent's interest in 30 broad areas such as science, performing arts, marketing
Standardization
implies uniformity of procedures in administering and scoring the test.
Assimilation
incorporating new stimuli or information into existing cognitive structures
Monitoring
individual's career progress. Career maturity and adaptability
Feeling Word Checklists
individuals check feeling words on list to identify which they had, are currently experiencing, or hope to feel
Herman Rorschach (early 1900's)
inkblot test
Tests
instruments that show scores based on collected data. It is a subset of assessment techniques and represent only one source of information within the assessment process
Content
interests, values, and abilities
The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II):
is useful in identifying and assessing the severity of symptoms of depression.
Ratio Scales
it has a meaningful zero point and equal interval so it can be manipulated by all mathematical principles.
Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT 8)
k-12, assesses abstract thinking and reasoning skills via verbal and non-verbal sections
Americans with Disability Act (ADA)
law stating that to assure proper test administration, accommodations must be made for individuals with disabilities who are taking tests for employment and that testing must be shown to be relevant to the job in question.
Privileged Communication
legal right to maintain privacy of conversation. The privilege belongs to the client, and only the client can waive that privilege.
Clerical Aptitude Testing
like mechanical it is also a composite function; involves several specific abilities like Perceptual Ability, Motor Ability, and Intellectual Ability
Inventory of Common Problems
lists 24 specific problems that college students may confront
Fidelity
maintaining trust
Positively skewed curve
majority of scores at the lower end
Negatively skewed curve
majority of scores at the upper end
Sociometric Instruments
maps the relative position of an individual within a group
COPSystem
measurement package that contains three instruments; interests, abilities, and values
NEO Personality Inventory
measures 5 factors, each of which has 6 facets, 5-point Likert-type scale
Histograms
method of converting frequency distribution of scores into a bar graph
Frequency Polygons
method of converting frequency distribution of scores into a line graph
Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
most commonly used career inventories, five-point Likert scales, offers five different types of interpretive scales
General Occupational Themes
most commonly used score on the SII, GOT offers a three-letter code based on Holland's hexagon model
Mode
most frequently occurring scores
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
most widely used personality test, developed in 1942 and revised in 1989, shorter version and adolescent version, 90 minutes to take 567 items, requires grad testing and psychopathology courses for interpretation
Plato (428-327 B.C.E.)
noted that Greeks assessed intellectual and physical ability of men when screening for state service
Nominal Scale
numbers arbitrarily assigned to categories, there is no absolute zero so normal statistical calculations cannot be performance, gender, race
Interval Scales
numbers with equal distances between but no absolute zero reference point
Ordinal Scale
numbers with rank order but unequal distances between
In the results section of the assessment report, one should:
offer converted or standardized test scores that the reader will understand.
Normal distribution
often called the bell curve, distribution occurs naturally in many situations, bell curve is symmetrical - half of the data will fall to the left of the mean; half will fall to the right
Portfolio Assessment
one particular kind of performance-based measure
Thurstone's Multifactor Approach
opponent of Spearman, believed intelligence is composed of seven primary mental abilities: verbal meaning, number ability, word fluency, perception speed, spatial ability, reasoning, and memory
Frequency distributions
ordering a set of scores from high to low and listing the corresponding frequency of each score across from it.
Derived Scores
percentile rank, standard scores, developmental norms
James Cattell (late 1800's: American Psychologist)
phrased term "mental test", used statistical concepts to understand differences, examined associations made by "healthy people" to a standard list of words
The relationship between the amount of snow there is on the ground and the likelihood that one would get into a car accident driving their car in such weather would be best described as a(n) ________ correlation.
positive
Practicality
practical nature makes them useful
If you are interested in examining whether or not the GREs can accurately tell how students perform in graduate school, you would most likely want to investigate the ________ validity of the test.
predictive
By history
previous records indicate this diagnosis
Clinical Assessment
process of assessing the client through multiple methods
Beneficence
promoting the good of society
Cross-Cultural Sensitivity
protect clients from discrimination and bias in testing
Autonomy
protecting the independence, self determination, and freedom of choice of clients.
Rank Order Scales
provide a series of statements which the respondent can rank order based on their preference
Semantic Differential Scale
provide a statement followed by one or more pairs words that reflect opposing traits
Numerical Scales
provide a written statement that can be rated from high to low on a number line
Code of Fair Testing Practice (JCTP)
provide and use tests that are fair to all test takers regardless of age, gender, disability, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, linguistic background, or other personal characteristics
Justice
provide equal and fair treatment to all clients
Classification methods
provide information about whether or not an individual has, or does not have, certain attributes or characteristics.
Interquartile Range
provides the range of the middle 50% of score around the median, based on dividing a data set into quartiles, quartiles divide a rank-ordered data set into four equal parts
Informed Consent
providing information about nature and purpose of the process
Correlation coefficient (r)
range from -1 to +1 that indicates direction and strength of the relationship.
Situational Tests
real-to-life situations how an individual is likely to respond in a contrived, but natural situation
Holland's six personality types
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional
Percentage Correct
refers to the number of correct answers
Artistic Aptitude
related to the expression of all artistic abilities
Predictive Validity
relates a test to a criterion in the future
Importance of Choosing Assessment
reliability (consistency), validity, cultural issues, and test-retest
General Factor (g)
represent an individual's general intelligence involves a person ability to perform complex mental work, such as problem solving.
Second Factor (s)
represents a person's specific mental abilities, such as verbal or math skills
Informal Assessment
rigor has not been demonstrated in the test development
Formal Assessment
rigor in test development (ex. Good, valid, and reliable)
If Barnaby is looking at a graph that shows two or more sets of test scores, he is looking at a_______.
scatterplot
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (3rd edition) (MCMI-III)
second most used objective personality test, designed to assess DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and clinical symptomatology (axis II), adolescent version also exists, takes 25 minutes
Clinical Interview
sets tone for the types of information
NEO-FFI
shortened version, takes 15 minutes
Positive correlation
shows a tendency for scores to be related in the same direction
Negative correlation
shows an inverse relationship
Percentiles
simplest and most common method of comparing raw scores to a norm group
Readiness Testing
sometimes helpful in deciding whether a child is "ready" to move onto the next level
Motor Ability
speed and perfection of use of computer, duplicating machine and typewriter.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
states must show that "adequate yearly progress" is being made toward all students achieving at state-specific academic standards
Gathering Information for the Report
take into account the breadth and depth of your assessment procedures
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt
takes 5-10 minutes and measures developmental level, psychological functioning, as well as neurological deficits after a traumatic brain injury
Informal Assessment
techniques are subjective, mostly "homegrown"
Release of Test Data
test data are protected - client release required
Non-standardized
tests are informally constructed test without proven reliability or validity. Including interview, observation, and secondhand information.
Reliability
the better we define the behavior being assessed, the more reliable our data
By self-report
the client claims this diagnosis
Rule-out
the client meets many of the symptoms but not enough to make diagnosis at the time.
Validity
the degree to which all of the accumulated evidence supports the intended interpretation of test scores for the intended purpose. Validity is a unitary concept that attempts to answer the question: How well does a test measure what it's supposed to measure?
Reliability
the degree to which test scores are free from errors of measurement, also, the capacity of an instrument to provide consistent results
Performance-based assessment
the evaluation of an individual using a variety of informal assessment procedures that are often based on real-world responsibilities
Holistic Process
the idea that it is important to use multiple measures of assessment to draw adequate conclusions about a person.
Median
the middle score
Z-scores
the most fundamental standard score, help us see where an individual's raw score falls on a normal curve, converting a raw score to a z-score is almost the first step to take to understand the meaning of the raw score.
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
the most widely-used multiple aptitude test battery in the world, measures developed abilities and helps predict future academic and occupational success
Criterion-Related Validity
the relationship between a test and a standard (external source) to which the test should be related. The external standard may be in the here-and-now or a predictor of future criteria.
Darwin (mid 1800's)
theory of evolution: Scientific method, set tone for others who followed
Self-Referenced scores
they allow us to compare test results on two or more different tests taken by the same individual, individual's score on an achievement test and on an aptitude test
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
this act applies to all federally funded programs receiving financial assistance and was established to prevent discrimination based on disability.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
this legislative act assures the right of students to be tested, at the school system's expense, if they are suspected of having a disability that interferes with learning. These students must be given accommodations for their disability and taught within the "least restrictive environment," which often is a regular classroom.
Traits
this person does not meet criteria; however, they present with many of the features of the diagnosis
Delusions, distortions of body image, hallucinations, obsessions, or suicidal or homicidal ideation all refer to the client's:
thought components.
College and Graduate School Admission (GRE General Test)
three sections: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing
Three major reason for using a special aptitude test is:
to determine if an individual has interest in a particular occupation, to examine a heterogeneous area of ability in order to make career decisions, to determine if an individual has ability in a specific area of interest.
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
to provide criteria for the evaluation of tests, testing practices, and the effects of test use
Parallel Forms Reliability
two or more alternate, or parallel forms of the same test; gives the alternate form the second time
Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI)
two versions: adult and adolescent, suggests substance dependency, patterns of subscale responding helps in diagnosis, treatment planning, and validity of responses
Objective Personality Testing
type of personality assessment that uses paper-and-pencil tests, often in multiple-choice or true/false formats to assess various aspects of personality based on the specific constructs defined by the test developer.
Projective Testing
type of personality assessment where a client is presented a stimuli and personality factors are interpreted, often used to identify psychopathology and to assist in treatment planning
Standards for Multicultural Assessment
understanding test biases facing diverse populations
Test administration
use established and standardized methods
Evaluation
use of assessment tools to measure how well individual career goals have been met
Esquirol (1830's)
used language ability to identify intelligence, "idiocy to low grade", forerunner of verbal intelligence testing
Rating Scales
used to assess and quantify of an attribute being presented to the rater
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
used to compare states to one another, called "The National Report Card"
Prediction
used to predict future career-related performance
Structured Interview
uses pre-established questions to assess broad range of behaviors
Direct observation
visit client's home, classroom, workplace, or other setting
Kraeplin (1892)
word association test to study schizophrenia
Sequin (1800's)
worked with individuals with intellectual deficits to increase motor control and sensory discrimination, developed "Form Board", forerunner of performance intelligence testing